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Pérez-Lucas G, Navarro G, Navarro S. Understanding How Chemical Pollutants Arise and Evolve in the Brewing Supply Chain: A Scoping Review. Foods 2024; 13:1709. [PMID: 38890939 PMCID: PMC11171931 DOI: 10.3390/foods13111709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, a critical review was carried out using the Web of ScienceTM Core Collection database to analyse the scientific literature published to date to identify lines of research and future perspectives on the presence of chemical pollutants in beer brewing. Beer is one of the world's most popular drinks and the most consumed alcoholic beverage. However, a widespread challenge with potential implications for human and animal health is the presence of physical, chemical, and/or microbiological contaminants in beer. Biogenic amines, heavy metals, mycotoxins, nitrosamines, pesticides, acrylamide, phthalates, bisphenols, microplastics, and, to a lesser extent, hydrocarbons (aliphatic chlorinated and polycyclic aromatic), carbonyls, furan-derivatives, polychlorinated biphenyls, and trihalomethanes are the main chemical pollutants found during the beer brewing process. Pollution sources include raw materials, technological process steps, the brewery environment, and packaging materials. Different chemical pollutants have been found during the beer brewing process, from barley to beer. Brewing steps such as steeping, kilning, mashing, boiling, fermentation, and clarification are critical in reducing the levels of many of these pollutants. As a result, their residual levels are usually below the maximum levels allowed by international regulations. Therefore, this work was aimed at assessing how chemical pollutants appear and evolve in the brewing process, according to research developed in the last few decades.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Simón Navarro
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Geology and Pedology, School of Chemistry, University of Murcia, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia, Spain; (G.P.-L.); (G.N.)
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Xu A, Zhou H, Yu S, Li Y, Wang L, Wu A, Liang J, Peng S, Liu N. Fusarium Mycotoxins and OTA in Beer from Shanghai, the Largest Megacity in China: Occurrence and Dietary Risk Assessment. Foods 2023; 12:3071. [PMID: 37628069 PMCID: PMC10452965 DOI: 10.3390/foods12163071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Beer is susceptible to mycotoxin contamination originating from infected grains. It could be that mycotoxins are not completely removed during the brewing process and remain in the final product. Nevertheless, there have been no surveys of exposure to mycotoxin for Chinese inhabitants through beer consumption. This study aimed to investigate the presence of eight mycotoxins in 158 beer samples purchased in Shanghai, the largest megacity in China. The multiple mycotoxins determination was carried out using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Our findings revealed that 48.1% (76/158) of the beer samples were contaminated with Fusarium toxins. Deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (D3G) and zearalenone (ZEN) were detected in 34.81% and 16.46% of the total samples, respectively. The significant differences between D3G/ZEN contamination and various beer types were performed. Furthermore, this study performed a health risk assessment for Shanghai residents based on data for Fusarium toxins and ochratoxin A (OTA) present in beer for the first time. The results revealed that the 95th percentile dietary exposures of Shanghai residents did not pose any chronic or acute health risks, either individually or in combination. Dietary exposures to Fusarium toxins revealed different risk levels among residents. The cumulative health risk for women is higher than that for men at the same beer consumption. In addition, the acute risk of DONs exposure for adults deserves concern. The insights obtained from this study may be of assistance for beer manufacturers and governmental regulators to further develop beer monitoring and guarantee public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Xu
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; (A.X.); (H.Z.); (L.W.); (A.W.)
| | - Haiyan Zhou
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; (A.X.); (H.Z.); (L.W.); (A.W.)
| | - Shenghao Yu
- Information Application Research Center of Shanghai Municipal Administration for Market Regulation, Shanghai 200030, China; (S.Y.); (Y.L.); (S.P.)
| | - Yiqi Li
- Information Application Research Center of Shanghai Municipal Administration for Market Regulation, Shanghai 200030, China; (S.Y.); (Y.L.); (S.P.)
| | - Lan Wang
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; (A.X.); (H.Z.); (L.W.); (A.W.)
| | - Aibo Wu
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; (A.X.); (H.Z.); (L.W.); (A.W.)
| | - Jiang Liang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (2019RU014), Department of Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, No. 37, Guangqu Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Shaojie Peng
- Information Application Research Center of Shanghai Municipal Administration for Market Regulation, Shanghai 200030, China; (S.Y.); (Y.L.); (S.P.)
| | - Na Liu
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; (A.X.); (H.Z.); (L.W.); (A.W.)
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López-Balladares O, Espinoza-Montero PJ, Fernández L. Electrochemical Evaluation of Cd, Cu, and Fe in Different Brands of Craft Beers from Quito, Ecuador. Foods 2023; 12:foods12112264. [PMID: 37297508 DOI: 10.3390/foods12112264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of heavy metals in craft beers can endanger human health if the total metal content exceeds the exposure limits recommended by sanitary standards; in addition, they can cause damage to the quality of the beer. In this work, the concentration of Cd(II), Cu(II), and Fe(III) was determined in 13 brands of craft beer with the highest consumption in Quito, Ecuador, by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV), using as boron-doped diamond (BDD) working electrode. The BDD electrode used has favorable morphological and electrochemical properties for the detection of metals such as Cd(II), Cu(II), and Fe(III). A granular morphology with microcrystals with an average size between 300 and 2000 nm could be verified for the BDD electrode using a scanning electron microscope. Double layer capacitance of the BDD electrode was 0.01412 μF cm-2, a relatively low value; Ipox/Ipred ratios were 0.99 for the potassium ferro-ferricyanide system in BDD, demonstrating that the redox process is quasi-reversible. The figures of merit for Cd(II), Cu(II), and Fe(III) were; DL of 6.31, 1.76, and 1.72 μg L-1; QL of 21.04, 5.87, and 5.72 μg L-1, repeatability of 1.06, 2.43, and 1.34%, reproducibility of 1.61, 2.94, and 1.83% and percentage of recovery of 98.18, 91.68, and 91.68%, respectively. It is concluded that the DPASV method on BDD has acceptable precision and accuracy for the quantification of Cd(II), Cu(II), and Fe(III), and it was verified that some beers did not comply with the permissible limits of food standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar López-Balladares
- Escuela de Ciencias Químicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito 170525, Ecuador
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170521, Ecuador
| | | | - Lenys Fernández
- Escuela de Ciencias Químicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito 170525, Ecuador
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Beer Safety: New Challenges and Future Trends within Craft and Large-Scale Production. Foods 2022; 11:foods11172693. [PMID: 36076878 PMCID: PMC9455588 DOI: 10.3390/foods11172693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of physical, chemical, or microbiological contaminants in beer represents a broad and worthy problem with potential implications for human health. The expansion of beer types makes it more and more appreciated for the sensorial properties and health benefits of fermentation and functional ingredients, leading to significant consumed quantities. Contaminant sources are the raw materials, risks that may occur in the production processes (poor sanitation, incorrect pasteurisation), the factory environment (air pollution), or inadequate (ethanol) consumption. We evaluated the presence of these contaminants in different beer types. This review covers publications that discuss the presence of bacteria (Lactobacillus, Pediococcus), yeasts (Saccharomyces, Candida), moulds (Fusarium, Aspergillus), mycotoxins, heavy metals, biogenic amines, and micro- and nano-plastic in beer products, ending with a discussion regarding the identified gaps in current risk reduction or elimination strategies.
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Ge L, Liu D, Mao X, Liu S, Guo J, Hou L, Chen X, Huang K. Low Dose of Deoxynivalenol Aggravates Intestinal Inflammation and Barrier Dysfunction Induced by Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Infection through Activating Macroautophagy/NLRP3 Inflammasomes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:3009-3022. [PMID: 35201764 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c07834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of deoxynivalenol (DON) in healthy humans and animals has been extensively studied. However, whether the natural-low-dose DON is scatheless under unhealthy conditions, especially intestinal injury, is unknown. Infection of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a classical intestinal injury model. In this study, we explored the effects of low-dose DON on intestinal injury induced by the ETEC infection and the underlying mechanism in piglets, mice, and IPEC-J2 monolayer cells. Results showed that significant growth slowdown, severe diarrhea, and intestinal damage, bacterial multiplication, and translocation were observed in the experimental group (low-dose DON, 0.75 mg/kg in feed for piglets, and 1 mg/kg body weight for mice, combined with the ETEC infection). Meanwhile, more aggressive intestinal inflammation and barrier dysfunction were observed in animals and IPEC-J2 monolayer cells. Higher expression levels of NLRP3 inflammasome and LC3B were observed in jejunum and IPEC-J2 in the experimental group. After treatment with NLRP3 or caspase1 inhibitors, excessive intestinal inflammation rather than barrier dysfunction in the experimental group was limited. CRISPR-Cas9-mediated knockout of LC3B alleviated intestinal inflammation and barrier dysfunction and also inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome. In conclusion, a low dose of DON aggravates intestinal inflammation and barrier dysfunction induced by the ETEC infection by activating macroautophagy and NLRP3 inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ge
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
- Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
| | - Dandan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
- Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
| | - Xinru Mao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
- Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
| | - Shuiping Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
- Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
| | - Junyan Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
- Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
| | - Lili Hou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
- Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
| | - Xingxiang Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
- Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
| | - Kehe Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
- Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
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Schabo DC, Alvarenga VO, Schaffner DW, Magnani M. A worldwide systematic review, meta-analysis, and health risk assessment study of mycotoxins in beers. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:5742-5764. [PMID: 34668294 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins, including aflatoxins (AFs), ochratoxin A (OTA), deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisins (FBs), and zearalenone (ZEN), have been reported as beer contaminants. This systematic review and meta-analysis provide the prevalence and concentration of mycotoxins in beers and their worldwide distribution. Mycotoxin's exposure and cancer risk through beer consumption were determined. The overall pooled prevalence of mycotoxins in beers was 31% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 28%-35%; I2 = 90%, p = .00). The most prevalent mycotoxins in beers were DON and its derivatives (53%), OTA (52%), FBs (47%), followed by AFs (12%). Iran (99%), Hungary (95%), Denmark (92%), Armenia (83%), and Cyprus (83%) had the highest mycotoxin prevalence in beers. The global mycotoxins average concentration in beers was 12.52 μg/L (95% CI = 10.70-14.75 μg/L; I2 = 100%, p = .00). DON and its derivatives showed the highest concentration (26.91 μg/L), followed by FBs (23.19 μg/L), ZEN and its derivatives (20.25 μg/L), and AFs (15.65 μg/L). African region had the highest mycotoxins concentration (73.95 μg/L) mostly due to the high levels reported in beers from Cameroon (293.02 μg/L), Malawi (132.34 μg/L), and Eastern Cape province (126.12 μg/L). The meta-regression indicated stability (p ≥ .05) of the global pooled concentration of mycotoxins in beers over the years, whereas FBs concentration increased. The intake of DON and its derivatives, FBs, ZEN and its derivatives, and OTA through beers is of concern in African countries. OTA is also of concern in Brazil and Belgium. Results show high mycotoxins concentration in beers worldwide and highlight the health risks through contaminated beer consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danieli C Schabo
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rondônia, Colorado do Oeste, Brazil.,Department of Food Engineering, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | | | - Donald W Schaffner
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Marciane Magnani
- Department of Food Engineering, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
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Lago LO, Nievierowski TH, Mallmann LP, Rodrigues E, Welke JE. QuEChERS-LC-QTOFMS for the simultaneous determination of legislated and emerging mycotoxins in malted barley and beer using matrix-matched calibration as a solution to the commercial unavailability of internal standards for some mycotoxins. Food Chem 2020; 345:128744. [PMID: 33333360 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The combination of QuEChERS-LC-QTOFMS and matrix-matched calibration (MMC) to simultaneously determinate legislated and emerging mycotoxins in malt and beer was evaluated for the first time. The method performance was satisfactory displaying suitable linearity (R2 >0.99) and recovery (71-102%). The lowest values (in μg kg-1) of LOD (0.01) and LOQ (0.05) were found for enniatins, while the highest LOD (15) and LOQ (50) were reported for fumonisin B1. Precision and sensitivity (RSD <10%) were in accordance with the different guidelines of method validation. MMC was important to avoid inaccurate quantification of all mycotoxins due to signal enhancement or suppression. Another advantage was the enhanced throughput, requiring 1.2 min of analysis per analyte. The detection of legislated (aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, fumonisin B1, zearalanone, T-2 and HT-2 toxin) and emerging mycotoxins (enniatins, beauvericin, moniliformin and sterigmatocystin) allowed verifying compliance with legislation and generating data to support the establishment of limits for emerging mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Oliveira Lago
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos (ICTA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 91501970, Brazil
| | - Tássia Henrique Nievierowski
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos (ICTA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 91501970, Brazil
| | - Luana Peixoto Mallmann
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos (ICTA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 91501970, Brazil
| | - Eliseu Rodrigues
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos (ICTA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 91501970, Brazil
| | - Juliane Elisa Welke
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos (ICTA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 91501970, Brazil.
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Barbosa AC, da Silva FA, da Silva LP, Azevedo Vargas E, Veloso Terra JC, Alves Dos Santos E, Augusti R. Development and validation of an analytical method for the extraction, identification, and quantification of multi-mycotoxins in beer using a modified QuEChERS procedure and UHPLC-MS/MS. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 37:2135-2148. [PMID: 33136536 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1812735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Although beer is one of the most popular alcoholic beverages in the world, there is no specific legislation regarding contaminants, especially mycotoxins, for this product. The present manuscript reports the development and validation of an analytical methodology based on the QuEChERS approach, followed by quantification via UHPLC-MS/MS for the simultaneous determination of seventeen mycotoxins in beer. During the validation, amatrix effect was observed for 82% of the analytes. Linearity and recovery were evaluated using spiked blank samples, and the chosen methodology proved to be efficient for all analytes, with recoveries ranging from 71 to 118%, excepting ergonovine, for which recovery of 57% was achieved. Precision was estimated in terms of repeatability and reproducibility, with variations from 2.6 to 28.2% and 9.7 to 28.7%, respectively. The detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) limits, determined from the values of CCα and CCβ, ranged from 0.26 to 117 µgkg-1 and from 0.30 to 135 µgkg-1, respectively. Measurement uncertainties were based on the bottom-up methodology, with uncertainties ranging from 0.03 to 17 µgkg-1. Finally, thirty-eight beer samples, collected at the local market, were analysed, and 16 of them showed contamination by deoxynivalenol in concentrations ranging from 159 ± 26 µgkg-1 to 648 ± 106 µgkg-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cristina Barbosa
- Departamento De Química, Centro Federal De Educação Tecnológica De Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Lucas Pinto da Silva
- Departamento De Química, Universidade Federal De Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Rodinei Augusti
- Departamento De Química, Universidade Federal De Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Gilbert-Sandoval I, Wesseling S, Rietjens IMCM. Occurrence and Probabilistic Risk Assessment of Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2 and Deoxynivalenol in Nixtamalized Maize in Mexico City. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12100644. [PMID: 33036310 PMCID: PMC7600745 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12100644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Fumonisins (FB1+FB2) and deoxynivalenol (DON) are mycotoxins produced by Fusarium species that might be present in maize and maize products. Knowledge on their occurrence in nixtamalized maize from Mexico together with an accompanying risk assessment are scarce, while nixtamalized maize is an important food in Mexico. This study presents the occurrence of FB1 + FB2 and DON in nixtamalized maize samples collected in Mexico City and analyses their distribution and resulting estimated daily intake for Mexican consumers by a probabilistic approach using a two-dimensional Monte-Carlo simulation. The results obtained reveal that for FB1 + FB2, 47% of the Mexican men and 30% of the Mexican women might exceed the provisional tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) of 2 µg/kg bw/day for fumonisins and for DON, 9% of men and 5% of women would be exceeding the PMTDI of 1 µg/kg bw/day, corresponding to the high consumers. The results raise a flag for risk managers in Mexico, to consider regulations and interventions that lower mycotoxin levels in nixtamalized maize for human consumption.
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Fate of the mycotoxins in the wort and yeast during ale and lager fermentation and their evaluation under different technological parameters. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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11
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Ge L, Lin Z, Le G, Hou L, Mao X, Liu S, Liu D, Gan F, Huang K. Nontoxic-dose deoxynivalenol aggravates lipopolysaccharides-induced inflammation and tight junction disorder in IPEC-J2 cells through activation of NF-κB and LC3B. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 145:111712. [PMID: 32877744 PMCID: PMC7456579 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the key factor in various intestinal inflammation which could disrupt the epithelial barrier function. Deoxynivalenol (DON), a well-known mycotoxin, can induce intestinal injury. However, the combined enterotoxicity of LPS and DON has rarely been studied. In this study, IPEC-J2 cell monolayers were exposed to LPS and nontoxic-dose DON for 12 and 24 h to investigate the effects of DON on LPS-induced inflammatory response and tight junction variation, and specific inhibitor and CRISPR-Cas9 were used to explore the underlying mechanisms. Our results showed that nontoxic-dose DON aggravated LPS-induced cellular inflammatory response, reflecting on more significant changes of inflammatory cytokines mRNA expression, higher protein expression of NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) and procaspase-1. Moreover, nontoxic-dose DON aggravated LPS-induced mRNA and protein expression decreased, and distribution confused of tight junction proteins. We found that DON further enhanced LPS-induced phosphorylation and nucleus translocation of p65, and expression of LC3B-Ⅱ. NF-κB inhibitor and CRISPR-Cas9-mediated knockout of LC3B attenuated the effects of combination which indicated nontoxic-dose DON aggravated LPS-induced intestinal inflammation and tight junction disorder through activating NF-κB signaling pathway and autophagy-related protein LC3B. It further warns that ingesting low doses of mycotoxins may exacerbate the effects of intestinal pathogens on the body. Nontoxic-dose DON aggravates LPS-induced cellular inflammatory response in IPEC-J2 cell monolayers. Nontoxic-dose DON aggravates LPS-induced decrease and distribution disorder of tight junction in IPEC-J2 cell monolayers. Nontoxic-dose DON aggravates LPS-induced inflammatory response and tight junction disorder by activating NF-κB and LC3B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ge
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ziman Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Guannan Le
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lili Hou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xinru Mao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shuiping Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dandan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Fang Gan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Kehe Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Rausch AK, Brockmeyer R, Schwerdtle T. Development and validation of a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry multi-method for the determination of 41 free and modified mycotoxins in beer. Food Chem 2020; 338:127801. [PMID: 32798820 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A fast high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry multi-method based on an ACN-precipitation extraction was developed for the analysis of 41 (modified) mycotoxins in beer. Validation according to the performance criteria defined by the European Commission (EC) in Commission Decision no. 657/2002 revealed good linearity (R2 > 0.99), repeatability (RSDr < 15%), reproducibility (RSDR < 15%), and recovery (79-100%). Limits of quantification ranging from 0.04 to 75 µg/L were obtained. Matrix effects varied from -67 to +319% and were compensated for using standard addition. In total, 87 beer samples, produced worldwide, were analyzed for the presence of mycotoxins with a focus on modified mycotoxins, whereof 76% of the samples were contaminated with at least one mycotoxin. The most prevalent mycotoxins were deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (63%), HT-2 toxin (15%), and tenuazonic acid (13%). Exposure estimates of deoxynivalenol and its metabolites for German beer revealed no significant contribution to intake of deoxynivalenol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kristin Rausch
- Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; Eurofins SOFIA GmbH, Rudower Chaussee 29, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | | | - Tanja Schwerdtle
- Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
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Wall-Martínez HA, Pascari X, Bigordà A, Ramos AJ, Marín S, Sanchis V. The fate of Fusarium mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol and zearalenone) through wort fermenting by Saccharomyces yeasts (S. cerevisiae and S. pastorianus). Food Res Int 2019; 126:108587. [PMID: 31732066 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 15 commercial yeasts in the mitigation of the Fusarium mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) during the brewing process. Saccharomyces strains (10 strains of S. cerevisiae and 5 of S. pastorianus) were used to ferment DON and ZEN contaminated wort. Wort samples were taken every 24 h during fermentation, while mycotoxin analysis in yeast was performed at the end of fermentation (96 h); additionally, pH and ethanol content were measured daily. For mycotoxin analysis, after immunoaffinity purification of sample extracts, analysis was performed using an Ultra-High-Pressure Liquid Chromatograph coupled with a diode array or fluorescence detector (UHPLC-DAD/FLD). Mycotoxin presence had no significant effect on the ethanol production during brewing. At the end of fermentation, 10-17% of DON and 30-70% of ZEN had been removed, 6% of the initial concentration of DON and 31% of the ZEN being adsorbed by the yeast. Beermakers must pay careful attention to the raw material since a high percentage of DON could be present at the end of the beer fermentation process. Future studies should focus on the quantification of "masked" mycotoxins that are relevant to food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiram A Wall-Martínez
- Unit of Research and Food Development (UNIDA), Veracruz Institute of Technology, Miguel Ángel de Quevedo 2779, 91860 Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Xenia Pascari
- Applied Mycology Unit, Food Technology Department, University of Lleida, UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnio, Av. Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Aleix Bigordà
- Applied Mycology Unit, Food Technology Department, University of Lleida, UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnio, Av. Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Antonio J Ramos
- Applied Mycology Unit, Food Technology Department, University of Lleida, UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnio, Av. Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Sonia Marín
- Applied Mycology Unit, Food Technology Department, University of Lleida, UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnio, Av. Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Vicente Sanchis
- Applied Mycology Unit, Food Technology Department, University of Lleida, UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnio, Av. Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain.
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