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Rotimi OA, De Campos OC, Adelani IB, Olawole TD, Rotimi SO. Early-life AFB1 exposure: DNA methylation and hormone alterations. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2023; 122:237-252. [PMID: 36863796 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are secondary metabolites of mold that contaminate food and feedstuff. They are found in various food including grains, nuts, milk and eggs. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is the most poisonous and commonly found of the various types of aflatoxins. Exposures to AFB1 start early in life viz. in utero, during breastfeeding, and during weaning through the waning foods which are mainly grain based. Several studies have shown that early-life exposures to various contaminants may have various biological effects. In this chapter, we reviewed the effects of early-life AFB1 exposures on changes in hormone and DNA methylation. In utero AFB1 exposure results in alterations in steroid and growth hormones. Specifically, the exposure results in a reduction in testosterone levels later in life. The exposure also affects the methylation of various genes that are significant in growth, immune, inflammation, and signaling pathways.
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2
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Krausová M, Braun D, Buerki-Thurnherr T, Gundacker C, Schernhammer E, Wisgrill L, Warth B. Understanding the Chemical Exposome During Fetal Development and Early Childhood: A Review. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2023; 63:517-540. [PMID: 36202091 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-051922-113350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Early human life is considered a critical window of susceptibility to external exposures. Infants are exposed to a multitude of environmental factors, collectively referred to as the exposome. The chemical exposome can be summarized as the sum of all xenobiotics that humans are exposed to throughout a lifetime. We review different exposure classes and routes that impact fetal and infant metabolism and the potential toxicological role of mixture effects. We also discuss the progress in human biomonitoring and present possiblemodels for studying maternal-fetal transfer. Data gaps on prenatal and infant exposure to xenobiotic mixtures are identified and include natural biotoxins, in addition to commonly reported synthetic toxicants, to obtain a more holistic assessment of the chemical exposome. We highlight the lack of large-scale studies covering a broad range of xenobiotics. Several recommendations to advance our understanding of the early-life chemical exposome and the subsequent impact on health outcomes are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdaléna Krausová
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; , ,
| | - Dominik Braun
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; , ,
| | - Tina Buerki-Thurnherr
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Particles Biology Interactions, St. Gallen, Switzerland;
| | - Claudia Gundacker
- Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; .,Exposome Austria, Research Infrastructure and National EIRENE Hub, Austria
| | - Eva Schernhammer
- Exposome Austria, Research Infrastructure and National EIRENE Hub, Austria.,Center for Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; .,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lukas Wisgrill
- Exposome Austria, Research Infrastructure and National EIRENE Hub, Austria.,Division of Neonatology, Pediatric Intensive Care and Neuropediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria;
| | - Benedikt Warth
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; , , .,Exposome Austria, Research Infrastructure and National EIRENE Hub, Austria
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3
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A preliminary study on aflatoxin exposure by urine biomonitoring in Chile. Mycotoxin Res 2022; 38:185-191. [PMID: 35641685 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-022-00459-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We assessed the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in urine in a sample of the MAUCO population-based cohort (n = 120) using an enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA) kit specially designed for the analysis of AFM1 in urine. We found AFM1 in the urine of 59% of the participants (> limit of detection), with 12% of the samples being over the limit of quantification. The mean of the quantifiable samples was 0.66 (± 0.35) ng/mg adjusted creatinine, ranging from 0.31 to 1.39 ng/mg creatinine. The mean probable daily intake (PDI) of AFB1 was 0.23 (± 0.37) ng/kg bw according to the upper bound (UB), being significantly higher in women and 0.14 (± 0.23) ng/kg bw in the modified lower bound (mLB) approach, ranging from 0.01 to 1.98 ng/kg bw. The risk of AFB1 was assessed with the margin of exposure (MOE) approach estimated at 2800 in the mean mLB and 1733 in the mean UB. According to the MOE values obtained in this study, aflatoxin B1 exposure must be considered a public health concern and must be taken as a priority for food risk management.
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4
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Ezekiel CN, Abia WA, Braun D, Šarkanj B, Ayeni KI, Oyedele OA, Michael-Chikezie EC, Ezekiel VC, Mark BN, Ahuchaogu CP, Krska R, Sulyok M, Turner PC, Warth B. Mycotoxin exposure biomonitoring in breastfed and non-exclusively breastfed Nigerian children. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 158:106996. [PMID: 34991256 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A multi-specimen, multi-mycotoxin approach involving ultra-sensitive LC-MS/MS analysis of breast milk, complementary food and urine was applied to examine mycotoxin co-exposure in 65 infants, aged 1-18 months, in Ogun state, Nigeria. Aflatoxin M1 was detected in breast milk (4/22 (18%)), while six other classes of mycotoxins were quantified; including dihydrocitrinone (6/22 (27%); range: 14.0-59.7 ng/L) and sterigmatocystin (1/22 (5%); 1.2 ng/L) detected for the first time. Seven distinct classes of mycotoxins including aflatoxins (9/42 (21%); range: 1.0-16.2 µg/kg) and fumonisins (12/42 (29%); range: 7.9-194 µg/kg) contaminated complementary food. Mycotoxins covering seven distinct classes with diverse structures and modes of action were detected in 64/65 (99%) of the urine samples, demonstrating ubiquitous exposure. Two aflatoxin metabolites (AFM1 and AFQ1) and FB1 were detected in 6/65 (9%), 44/65 (68%) and 17/65 (26%) of urine samples, respectively. Mixtures of mycotoxin classes were common, including 22/22 (100%), 14/42 (33%) and 56/65 (86%) samples having 2-6, 2-4, or 2-6 mycotoxins present, for breast milk, complementary food and urine, respectively. Aflatoxin and/or fumonisin was detected in 4/22 (18%), 12/42 (29%) and 46/65 (71%) for breast milk, complimentary foods and urine, respectively. Furthermore, the detection frequency, median concentrations and occurrence of mixtures were typically greater in urine of non-exclusively breastfed compared to exclusively breastfed infants. The study provides novel insights into mycotoxin co-exposures in early-life. Albeit a small sample set, it highlights transition to higher levels of infant mycotoxin exposure as complementary foods are introduced, providing impetus to mitigate during this critical early-life period and encourage breastfeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chibundu N Ezekiel
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria; University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria.
| | - Wilfred A Abia
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria; Queen's University Belfast, School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Global Food Security, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK; Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Dominik Braun
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Währinger Str. 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bojan Šarkanj
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria; Department of Food Technology, University North, Center Koprivnica, Trg dr. Zarka Dolinara 1, HR, 48000 Koprivnica, Croatia
| | - Kolawole I Ayeni
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | | | - Emmanuel C Michael-Chikezie
- Clifford University, Owerrinta (Ihie Campus), Abia State, Nigeria; Benjamin Carson (Snr.) School of Medicine, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | | | - Beatrice N Mark
- Department of Community Health, Babcock University Teaching Hospital, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Chinonso P Ahuchaogu
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Babcock University Teaching Hospital, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Rudolf Krska
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria; Queen's University Belfast, School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Global Food Security, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Michael Sulyok
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Paul C Turner
- MIAEH, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Benedikt Warth
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Währinger Str. 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Higashioka K, Kluczkovski A, Lima E, Lucas A. Biomonitoring aflatoxin B1 exposure of residents from the Amazon region: a pilot study. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2021. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2020.2627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The present study was a pilot study that aimed to evaluate the occurrence of aflatoxins (AF) in the human diets and its presence in human urine as a metabolite (aflatoxin M1; AFM1). Volunteers from the Amazon region were evaluated before and after the consumption of 2 Brazil nuts/day for thirty days. At the end of 30 days (t=30) without the consumption of Brazil nuts, 9 samples (30%) were positive for AFM1. After 30 days (t=30) consuming 2 Brazil nuts per day, there was a reduction to 2 positive samples (7%). Questionnaires were also applied to volunteers, and the foods most often cited as consumed in their normal diet were cereals and bovine milk. However, there was no statistical relationship between these foods and the levels of AFM1 in the urine or in relation to those who already consumed Brazil nuts in culinary preparations or derived products. Despite the reduction of positive samples for AFM1 after 30 days of Brazil nut consumption, we suggest further studies regarding the clinical condition and genetics of individuals from the Amazon region, as well as the nutrient levels of the diet, e.g. for selenium, and which may protect the human body against aflatoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- K.M. Higashioka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Amazonas (UFAM), Av. General Rodrigo Octávio Jordão Ramos, 6200, Coroado I, Manaus, AM 69080-900, Brazil
| | - A.M. Kluczkovski
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Amazonas (UFAM), Av. General Rodrigo Octávio Jordão Ramos, 6200, Coroado I, Manaus, AM 69080-900, Brazil
| | - E.S. Lima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Amazonas (UFAM), Av. General Rodrigo Octávio Jordão Ramos, 6200, Coroado I, Manaus, AM 69080-900, Brazil
| | - A.C.S. Lucas
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Amazonas (UFAM), Av. General Rodrigo Octávio Jordão Ramos, 6200, Coroado I, Manaus, AM 69080-900, Brazil
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Ismail A, Naeem I, Gong YY, Routledge MN, Akhtar S, Riaz M, Ramalho LNZ, de Oliveira CAF, Ismail Z. Early life exposure to dietary aflatoxins, health impact and control perspectives: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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7
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Assessment of aflatoxins exposure through urinary biomarker approach and the evaluation of the impacts of aflatoxins exposure on the selected health parameters of the children of Multan city of Pakistan. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.107863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Ali N, Manirujjaman M, Rana S, Degen GH. Determination of aflatoxin M 1 and deoxynivalenol biomarkers in infants and children urines from Bangladesh. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:3775-3786. [PMID: 32880717 PMCID: PMC7603468 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02857-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The mycotoxins aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and deoxynivalenol (DON) are found worldwide in crops and dietary staples. The prevalence and levels of these contaminants can vary greatly, and data in Bangladeshi food commodities are scarce. To characterize human exposure, we have conducted biomonitoring, analyzing AFM1 (a metabolite of AFB1) and DON levels in urines of adult cohorts in Bangladesh. Yet, AFM1 and DON occurrence has not been studied in the very young population of this country. Thus, the same methods, HPLC-FD for AFM1 and LC-MS/MS for DON analysis, were now applied to determine these biomarkers in urines of infants (n = 49) and young children (n = 105) in Rajshahi and Dhaka district. Overall, AFM1 and DON detection frequency was 43.5% and 33.4%, with 34.7% and 11.5% in infant and 47.6% and 39.4% in children urines, respectively. The mean AFM1 levels in all infants (9.1 ± 14.3, max 55.6 pg/mL) and children (8.8 ± 12.9, max 75.3 pg/mL) were not significantly different. The AFM1 mean level was slightly higher in Dhaka (9.4 ± 12.4) compared to Rajshahi (8.5 ± 13.9 pg/mL) district. The average DON level was about 2-fold higher in infant (3.8 ± 2.9, max 6.8 ng/mL) than children urines (1.6 ± 1.8, max 8.6 ng/mL), and higher in Rajshahi (2.1 ± 2.3 ng/mL) than Dhaka (1.4 ± 1.6 ng/mL) district. The biomarker-based estimated average daily DON intake (29.6 ± 108.3 ng/kg bw in infants and 36.4 ± 81.8 ng/kg bw in children) or the maximum exposure (560 ng/kg bw) do not exceed the current maximum provisional tolerable daily intake value of 1 µg/kg bw for DON, although DON exposure in infants and children is higher than that of Bangladeshi adults. The AFM1 urine levels in young children are somewhat lower than those found previously in adult cohorts in Bangladesh, but the frequent detection of this biomarker for AFB1 exposure raises further concerns, also for this vulnerable part of the population. Therefore, continuous surveillance for aflatoxins in Bangladeshi food commodities is clearly required, first to identify major sources of intake and then to reduce exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurshad Ali
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114 Bangladesh
| | - M. Manirujjaman
- Department of Biochemistry, Gonoshasthaya Samaj Vittik Medical College, Gono University, Savar, Dhaka, 1344 Bangladesh
| | - Sohel Rana
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Rajshahi University, Rajshahi, 6205 Bangladesh
| | - Gisela H. Degen
- Leibniz-Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo) at the TU Dortmund, Ardeystr. 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
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9
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Screening of the aflatoxin M 1 metabolite in urine samples of residents in Terengganu, Malaysia. Toxicon 2020; 186:120-125. [PMID: 32771393 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A study was conducted to screen the occurrence and level of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in urine samples of 206 urban and rural residents in Terengganu, Malaysia. The level of AFM1 was quantified by competitive enzyme-linked immune-absorbent assay (ELISA). Of the 206 samples, 84 were positive for AFM1 (40.8%) in a range of 0.07-5.53 ng/ml (mean = 0.589 ng/ml). Residents of Terengganu are moderately exposed to AFM1. Age, ethnicity, marital status and employment status were associated with urinary level of AFM1. Subjects aged 30 years and above, non-Malays, married, and those unemployed had significantly higher levels of urinary AFM1 (p < 0.05). Since aflatoxin is recognised as a potent-carcinogen for liver cancer and a continuous exposure to this toxin can be fatal, the present findings could provide a baseline for future studies where larger samples and more advanced techniques might be used to find the possible effects of the exposure of this toxin on the community's health.
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Soriano JM, Rubini A, Morales-Suarez-Varela M, Merino-Torres JF, Silvestre D. Aflatoxins in organs and biological samples from children affected by kwashiorkor, marasmus and marasmic-kwashiorkor: A scoping review. Toxicon 2020; 185:174-183. [PMID: 32693007 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Originally, the kwashiorkor is a pathology justified by the low consumption of proteins and high carbohydrates in weaned children. However, today, it can appear due to multifactorial causes, one of the hypotheses being the presence of aflatoxins in foods consumed by the child population and detected in biological fluids. The objective of this work is to scoping review the presence of aflatoxins in kwashiorkor, marasmus and marasmic-kwashiorkor from organs and biological samples in children. Results reflected that the presence of aflatoxins in kwashiorkor is greater compared to marasmic-kwashiorkor and marasmus in the organs and biological samples analyzed. The relationship of this mycotoxin with the pathology shows that it can affect both genders, even up to 12 years, in addition they are detected in eight biological samples and organs, except in the spleen, and in ten African countries and in the Philippines. The appearance of this pathology has been associated in children when after weaning they consume foods with low protein content and rich in carbohydrates, but coincidentally coincides with foods where the growth of aflatoxigenic fungi is more prevalent, and even the presence of other fungi that can generate other mycotoxins, such as ochratoxin A and fumonisin B1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Soriano
- Food & Health Lab, Institute of Materials Science, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Joint Research Unit on Endocrinology, Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics, University of Valencia-Health Research Institute La Fe, Spain.
| | - Ana Rubini
- Food & Health Lab, Institute of Materials Science, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Departament of Pharmacy, Cardenal Herrera-CEU University, Spain
| | - María Morales-Suarez-Varela
- Unit of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Sciences, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, University of Valencia, Avda. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain; CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Institute of Health Carlos III, Avda. Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan F Merino-Torres
- Joint Research Unit on Endocrinology, Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics, University of Valencia-Health Research Institute La Fe, Spain; Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Spain
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