Analysis of stones formed in the human gall bladder and kidney using advanced spectroscopic techniques

Elemental and statistical analysis of small individual urinary stones using TXRF spectrometry

Due to the small quantity of most of the extracted human urinary stone samples, there is an urgent need for an analytical technique that is able to perform a multi‐elemental quantitative analysis for a small fraction of these samples. In the present work, a few milligrams of different types of urinary stones were microwave digested in ultra‐pure nitric acid, and the elemental determination was achieved by total reflection X‐ray fluorescence (TXRF). The elements P, S, Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn, Se, and Sr were detected in most of the different stones. However, the trace elements: K, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Ni, As, Pb, and U were also found in a certain number of samples. Furthermore, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP‐OES) was used and the elements Mg, Ti, Mn, Cu, Zn, and Cd were determined. A good agreement between the results of TXRF and ICP‐OES was obtained with respect to the elements Ti, Mn, Cu, and Zn. Cadmium and magnesium were only determined by ICP‐OES. More attention was given to the existence and the spectral interference of As‐Kα and Pb‐Lα as well as As‐Kβ and Br‐Kα in a limited number of urinary stones. Based on the analysis of variance and Pearson's correlation analysis, an additional statistical analysis study was performed in terms of quantified elements and the types of urinary stones. Calcium has a remarkable positive correction with Ni, Zn, and P, whereas a negative correlation was found with K, S, and Cu. Based on the hierarchical cluster analysis, the square Euclidean showed four main groups of urinary stones starting with high to trace amounts of calcium oxalate. Furthermore, the squared Euclidean showed further subgroups of the urinary stones. The role of certain elements in terms of forming or inhabiting the urinary stone formation was discussed. Uranium was determined in a limited number of urinary stones using TXRF and ICP‐OES. The origin of the uranium may be the drinking and groundwater. Uranium could be accumulated in the urinary stones from these sources. In addition, the divalent uranium compounds can deposit on the surface of hydroxyapatite crystal, which is one of the main compounds in the urinary stones.

Applied Analytical Methods for Detecting Heavy Metals in Medicinal Plants

For thousands of years, medicinal plants (MPs) have been one of the main sources of drugs worldwide. However, recently, heavy metal pollution has seriously affected the quality and safety of MPs. Consuming MPs polluted by heavy metals such as Pb, Hg, and Cu significantly threaten the health of consumers. To manage this situation, the levels of heavy metals in MPs must be controlled. In recent years, this field has attracted significant attention, but few researchers have systematically summarized various analytical methods. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate methods that can accurately and effectively detect the amount of heavy metals in MPs. Herein, some important analytical methods used to detect heavy metals in MPs and their applications have been introduced and summarized in detail. These include atomic absorption spectrometry, atomic fluorescence spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, neutron activation analysis, and anodic stripping voltammetry. The characteristics of these methods were subsequently compared and analyzed. In addition, high-performance liquid chromatography, ultraviolet spectrophotometry, and disposable electrochemical sensors have also been used for heavy metal detection in MPs. To elucidate the systematic and comprehensive information, these methods have also been briefly introduced in this review.

A monochromatic confocal micro-x-ray fluorescence (μXRF) spectrometer for the lab

Confocal micro-x-ray fluorescence (μXRF) is a powerful tool to analyze the spatial distribution of major, minor, and trace elements in three dimensions. Typical (confocal) μXRF measurements in the lab use polychromatic excitation, complicating quantification and fundamental parameter-based corrections and furthermore deteriorating peak-to-background ratios due to scattered bremsstrahlung. The goal for the new setup was to remedy these problems, without sacrificing spatial resolution, and keep it flexible for different excitation energies and transportation to other sources. The source assembly consists of a water-cooled fine-focus x-ray diffraction tube and a parallel beam-mirror, which produces a quasi-parallel, monochromatic beam. The presented results were obtained using a 2 kW molybdenum tube and a mirror for Mo-Kα. The confocal setup itself consists of two polycapillary half-lenses, one for the source side and the other for the detector side, where a 50 mm² silicon drift detector is mounted. Both polycapillaries have a focus size of ∼15 μm for Mo-Kα. The second polycapillary can also be exchanged for a custom-designed collimator in order to perform non-confocal μXRF. Details of the technical setup and results from technical and biological samples are presented. Detection limits for selected elements from Ca to Pb in the confocal and non-confocal mode were established (e.g., 1 μg/g non-confocal and 20 μg/g confocal for As) using the NIST standard reference materials (SRMs) 621 and 1412. Furthermore, the results of the measurements of SRM 621 were evaluated using the fundamental parameter based quantification software ATI-QUANT. The results are compared with the certified values and generally are in good agreement.

Biophysical Reviews-Quantitative analysis of biological phenomenon

This Editorial first describes the articles constituting the current Issue (Volume 12 Issue 3). It then goes on to outline the formal invitation procedure for those interested in submitting a review article to the journal. The Editorial concludes by describing the nomination process for the 2021 Michèle Auger Award for Young Scientists' Independent Research.