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Rotenstreich L, Eran A, Siegler Y, Grossman R, Edery N, Cohen R, Marom A. Unveiling the vulnerability of the human abducens nerve: insights from comparative cranial base anatomy in mammals and primates. Front Neuroanat 2024; 18:1383126. [PMID: 38741761 PMCID: PMC11089250 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2024.1383126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The topographic anatomy of the abducens nerve has been the subject of research for more than 150 years. Although its vulnerability was initially attributed to its length, this hypothesis has largely lost prominence. Instead, attention has shifted toward its intricate anatomical relations along the cranial base. Contrary to the extensive anatomical and neurosurgical literature on abducens nerve anatomy in humans, its complex anatomy in other species has received less emphasis. The main question addressed here is why the human abducens nerve is predisposed to injury. Specifically, we aim to perform a comparative analysis of the basicranial pathway of the abducens nerve in mammals and primates. Our hypothesis links its vulnerability to cranial base flexion, particularly around the sphenooccipital synchondrosis. We examined the abducens nerve pathway in various mammals, including primates, humans (N = 40; 60% males; 40% females), and human fetuses (N = 5; 60% males; 40% females). The findings are presented at both the macroscopic and histological levels. To associate our findings with basicranial flexion, we measured the cranial base angles in the species included in this study and compared them to data in the available literature. Our findings show that the primitive state of the abducens nerve pathway follows a nearly flat (unflexed) cranial base from the pontomedullary sulcus to the superior orbital fissure. Only the gulfar segment, where the nerve passes through Dorello's canal, demonstrates some degree of variation. We present evidence indicating that the derived state of the abducens pathway, which is most pronounced in humans from an early stage of development, is characterized by following the significantly more flexed basicranium. Overall, the present study elucidates the evolutionary basis for the vulnerability of the abducens nerve, especially within its gulfar and cavernous segments, which are situated at the main synchondroses between the anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossae-a unique anatomical relation exclusive to the abducens nerve. The principal differences between the pathways of this nerve and those of other cranial nerves are discussed. The findings suggest that the highly flexed human cranial base plays a pivotal role in the intricate anatomical relations and resulting vulnerability of the abducens nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liat Rotenstreich
- Laboratory for Anatomy and Human Evolution, The Farkas Family Center for Anatomical Research and Education, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ayelet Eran
- Laboratory for Anatomy and Human Evolution, The Farkas Family Center for Anatomical Research and Education, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Radiology, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yoav Siegler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Rachel Grossman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Nir Edery
- Department of Pathology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Roni Cohen
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Assaf Marom
- Laboratory for Anatomy and Human Evolution, The Farkas Family Center for Anatomical Research and Education, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Hirouchi H, Suzuki R, Hanada S, Takeuchi Y, Sugiyama Y, Takayama T, Hayashi K, Murakami G, Abe S. Exploratory Study of Growth of Circumference of Mandibular Fossa Adjacent to Petrous Portion of Temporal Bone Using Dried Skulls. THE BULLETIN OF TOKYO DENTAL COLLEGE 2024; 65:11-17. [PMID: 38355117 DOI: 10.2209/tdcpublication.2023-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The morphogenetic process of development of the circumference of the mandibular fossa during tooth eruption, which involves the replacement of deciduous teeth with permanent teeth, is strongly affected by occlusion. To the best of our knowledge, no studies have investigated the effect of occlusion on this process. This study investigated the morphogenetic process of development during tooth eruption using dried skulls harvested from Indian donors. The average distance between the ala-major-squamosa suture and the foramen ovale according to age group was as follows: 3.24 mm in the 8-month-old group and 8.92 mm in the adult group. The average distance between the ala-major-squamosa suture and the apex of the articular tubercle according to age groups was as follows: 10.38 mm in the 8-month-old group and 19.34 mm in the adult group. The average distance between the point of intersection of the petrosquamous fissure and petrotympanic fissure located on the perpendicular line drawn posteriorly from the shortest distance of the medio-lateral axis between the ala-major-squamosa suture and the apex of the articular tubercle according to age group was as follows: 9.68 mm in the 8-month-old group and 14.3 mm in the adult group. These results suggest that the mandibular fossa is strongly affected by load due to occlusion, unlike the growth of the neurocranium. This indicates that the effect of occlusion is a secondary element in the morphogenetic process of development of the circumference of the mandibular fossa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryu Suzuki
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College
| | | | | | - Yuki Sugiyama
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College
- Dentistry and Oral surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine
| | - Takeshi Takayama
- Dentistry and Oral surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine
| | | | - Gen Murakami
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College
- Division of Internal Medicine, Cupid Clinic
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Bonente D, Barone V, Muzii VF, Ottolenghi S, Durante M, Bracco S, Nicoletti C, Bertelli E. Clinical anatomy of the spina musculi recti lateralis: A frequently overlooked variation of the greater wing of the sphenoid. Ann Anat 2024; 251:152168. [PMID: 37839616 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2023.152168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The spina musculi recti lateralis (SMRL) is often visible along the lateral rim of the superior orbital fissure (SOF). Aim of this study is to characterize SMRL morphology and topography relative to known bony landmarks. METHODS Orbits from 291 adult dry skulls and from 60 CT scans were analyzed to measure the distance between the SMRL and the SOF or the inferior orbital fissures (IOF) as well as its height, width and orientation. Processes other than SMRLs were also recorded. Fetal skulls were observed for comparison with adult samples. RESULTS Forty-one per cent of orbits on dry skulls and 43.3% by CT showed an SMRL. Additional 32.9% of orbits on dry skulls had processes with a different shape. On average, SMRL were orientated almost along the transverse plane and showed implant bases as wide as 141.9° or as narrow as 36.8°. SMRLs were close to the infero-posterior angle of the orbital plate of the sphenoid, 1.21 ± 0.84 mm in front of the SOF, 5.8 ± 1.9 mm above the IOF and 12 ± 2.3 mm from the anterior end of the SOF. They were 1.58 ± 0.64 mm high and did not show any age or sex-related prevalence. By CT, the SMRL appeared as the insertion site for the lateral rectus, tendinous ring and, sometimes, inferior rectus. CONCLUSIONS The SMRL is a process of the sphenoidal orbital plate rather than of the SOF. It is also a reliable landmark for the insertion of the tendinous ring and lateral rectus. Orbital surgeons should be aware of this common variant of the orbital apex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Bonente
- Dept. of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; Dept of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Virginia Barone
- Dept. of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Sara Ottolenghi
- Radiology Department, Santa Corona Hospital, Pietra Ligure, Italy
| | - Miriam Durante
- Dept. of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Sandra Bracco
- Neuroradiologia Interventistica, Ospedale S. Maria delle Scotte-University Hospital, Siena, Italy
| | - Claudio Nicoletti
- Dept. of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Eugenio Bertelli
- Dept. of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
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Watanabe G, Yamamoto M, Taniguchi S, Sugiyama Y, Hirouchi H, Ishizuka S, Kitamura K, Mizoguchi T, Takayama T, Hayashi K, Abe S. Chronological Changes in the Expression and Localization of Sox9 between Achilles Tendon Injury and Functional Recovery in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11305. [PMID: 37511063 PMCID: PMC10379325 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Tendons help transmit forces from the skeletal muscles and bones. However, tendons have inferior regenerative ability compared to muscles. Despite studies on the regeneration of muscles and bone tissue, only a few have focused on tendinous tissue regeneration, especially tendon regeneration. Sex-determining region Y-box transcription factor 9 (Sox9) is an SRY-related transcription factor with a DNA-binding domain and is an important control factor for cartilage formation. Sox9 is critical to the early-to-middle stages of tendon development. However, how Sox9 participates in the healing process after tendon injury is unclear. We hypothesized that Sox9 is expressed in damaged tendons and is crucially involved in restoring tendon functions. We constructed a mouse model of an Achilles tendon injury by performing a 0.3 mm wide partial excision in the Achilles tendon of mice, and chronologically evaluated the function restoration and localization of the Sox9 expressed in the damaged sites. The results reveal that Sox9 was expressed simultaneously with the formation of the pre-structure of the epitenon, an essential part of the tendinous tissue, indicating that its expression is linked to the functional restoration of tendons. Lineage tracing for Sox9 expressed during tendon restoration revealed the tendon restoration involvement of cells that switched into Sox9-expressing cells after tendon injury. The stem cells involved in tendon regeneration may begin to express Sox9 after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genji Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Kandamisaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Masahito Yamamoto
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Kandamisaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Shuichirou Taniguchi
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Kandamisaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Yuki Sugiyama
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Kandamisaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Hidetomo Hirouchi
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Kandamisaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ishizuka
- Department of Pharmacology, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Kandamisaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Kei Kitamura
- Department of Histology and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Kandamisaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Toshihide Mizoguchi
- Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Kandamisaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Takashi Takayama
- Department of Dentistry, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-19-18 Nishi-shinnbashi, Minato, Tokyo 105-8471, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Hayashi
- Department of Dentistry, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-19-18 Nishi-shinnbashi, Minato, Tokyo 105-8471, Japan
| | - Shinichi Abe
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Kandamisaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
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Amemiya H, Yamamoto M, Higa K, Watanabe G, Taniguchi S, Kitamura K, Jeong J, Yanagisawa N, Fukuda KI, Abe S. Effects of Myostatin on Nuclear Morphology at the Myotendinous Junction. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076634. [PMID: 37047606 PMCID: PMC10094852 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Myostatin (Myo) is known to suppress skeletal muscle growth, and was recently reported to control tendon homeostasis. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the regulatory involvement of Myo in the myotendinous junction (MTJ) in vivo and in vitro. After Achilles tendon injury in mice, we identified unexpected cell accumulation on the tendon side of the MTJ. At postoperative day 7 (POD7), the nuclei had an egg-like profile, whereas at POD28 they were spindle-shaped. The aspect ratio of nuclei on the tendon side of the MTJ differed significantly between POD7 and POD28 (p = 4.67 × 10−34). We then investigated Myo expression in the injured Achilles tendon. At the MTJ, Myo expression was significantly increased at POD28 relative to POD7 (p = 0.0309). To investigate the action of Myo in vitro, we then prepared laminated sheets of myoblasts (C2C12) and fibroblasts (NIH3T3) (a pseudo MTJ model). Myo did not affect the expression of Pax7 and desmin (markers of muscle development), scleraxis and temonodulin (markers of tendon development), or Sox9 (a common marker of muscle and tendon development) in the cell sheets. However, Myo changed the nuclear morphology of scleraxis-positive cells arrayed at the boundary between the myoblast sheet and the fibroblast sheet (aspect ratio of the cell nuclei, myostatin(+) vs. myostatin(-): p = 0.000134). Myo may strengthen the connection at the MTJ in the initial stages of growth and wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikari Amemiya
- Division of Special Needs Dentistry and Orofacial Pain, Department of Oral Health and Clinical Science, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Kandamisaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Masahito Yamamoto
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Kandamisaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Kazunari Higa
- Ophthalmology/Cornea Center, Tokyo Dental College Ichikawa General Hospital, 5-11-13 Sugano, Ichikawa, Chiba 272-8513, Japan
| | - Genji Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Kandamisaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Shuichiro Taniguchi
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Kandamisaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Kei Kitamura
- Department of Histology and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Kandamisaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Juhee Jeong
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, 345 E. 24th Street, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Nobuaki Yanagisawa
- Division of Oral Health Sciences, Department of Health Sciences, School of Health and Social Services, Saitama Prefectural University, 820 Sannomia, Koshigaya-shi, Saitama 343-0036, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Fukuda
- Division of Special Needs Dentistry and Orofacial Pain, Department of Oral Health and Clinical Science, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Kandamisaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Shinichi Abe
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Kandamisaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
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Ma C, Zhu X, Chu X, Xu L, Zhang W, Xu S, Liang L. Formation and Fixation of the Annulus of Zinn and Relation With Extraocular Muscles: A Plastinated Histologic Study and Its Clinical Significance. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:16. [DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.12.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chunjing Ma
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xingyu Zhu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xuan Chu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Liu Xu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Human Brain Tissue Resource Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Shengchun Xu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Human Brain Tissue Resource Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Liang Liang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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