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Feng Z, Cui S, Yang H, Wang Y, Zhou X, Wong J, Lai L, Yang Z, Huang B, Zheng H, Xu M. Acupuncture for neuropathic pain: A meta-analysis of randomized control trials. Front Neurol 2023; 13:1076993. [PMID: 36698895 PMCID: PMC9868276 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1076993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neuropathic pain (NP) is expected to increase due to the high risk of global population aging. Acupuncture has a definite clinical effect on NP. Therefore, a systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to evaluate the effect on pain intensity and safety of acupuncture in patients with NP. Methods An encompassing search of specific authoritative databases in English, from their inception to 2022, was performed. The databases were as follows: Scopus, Ovid EMBASE, Ovid Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Ovid Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Ovid MEDLINE(R) and Epub Ahead of Print, In-Process and Other Non-Indexed Citations, and Daily. All the randomized controlled trials regarding the acupuncture treatment of NP will be included. Methodological quality assessment of the included trials was assessed based on the risk of bias from the Cochrane handbook. A meta-analysis was performed for the main outcomes. In addition, sensitivity analysis, subgroup analysis, and funnel plot were also carried out. Results A total of 16 studies with 1,021 patients with NP were evaluated in a systematic review. According to the results of the overall meta-analysis in eight RCTs with 338 participants, the acupuncture group was better than the control group in improving changes in pain intensity (SMD -0.59, 95% CI: -0.95 to -0.23, P = 0.001). In subgroup analysis, five trials indicated that acupuncture was more effective in improving changes in pain intensity than sham acupuncture (SMD -0.54, 95% CI: -0.95 to -0.13, P = 0.01), two trials evaluated the effect on changes in pain intensity in the comparison of acupuncture and conventional treatments, no significant difference existed (SMD -0.61, 95% CI: -1.83 to 0.61, P = 0.33), and one trial compared acupuncture with blank control evaluating the effect of changes in pain intensity with a significant difference. Eleven studies mentioned the safety conditions and acupuncture-induced AEs were mild and reversible. Both the sensitivity analysis and funnel plot analysis showed that the meta-analysis was stable and irreversible without publication bias. The GRADE was rated as "very low." Conclusion The acupuncture group had higher effectiveness than sham intervention or blank control for changes in pain intensity, but there is no significant difference between acupuncture and conventional treatments in treating NP. The acupuncture-induced adverse events were mild and reversible. However, the interpretation of our results should be performed cautiously due to the low methodological quality of selected publications. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42022306461.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zitong Feng
- Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaoyang Cui
- Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China,Department of Rehabilitation, Shenzhen Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huijun Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Shenzhen Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yixiao Wang
- Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - John Wong
- School of Nursing, MGH Institute of Health Professions, Boston, MA, United States,Department of Occupational Therapy, MGH Institute of Health Professions, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Liting Lai
- Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zeyu Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Shenzhen Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bingjing Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Shenzhen Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huiyan Zheng
- Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingzhu Xu
- Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China,*Correspondence: Mingzhu Xu ✉
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Selvy M, Mattévi C, Dalbos C, Aissouni Y, Chapuy E, Martin PY, Collin A, Richard D, Dumontet C, Busserolles J, Condé S, Balayssac D. Analgesic and preventive effects of donepezil in animal models of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy: Involvement of spinal muscarinic acetylcholine M2 receptors. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 149:112915. [PMID: 35635358 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Donepezil, a cholinesterase inhibitor approved in Alzheimer's disease, has demonstrated analgesic and preventive effects in animal models of oxaliplatin-induced neuropathy. To improve the clinical interest of donepezil for the management and prevention of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN), a broader validation is required in different animal models of CIPN. METHODS using rat models of CIPN (bortezomib, paclitaxel, and vincristine), the analgesic and preventive efficacies of donepezil were evaluated on tactile, cold and heat hypersensitivities. The involvement of muscarinic M2 acetylcholine receptors (m2AChRs) in analgesic effects was investigated at the spinal level. The absence of interference of donepezil with the cytotoxic effect of chemotherapy has been controlled in cancer cell lines. RESULTS the analgesic efficacy of donepezil was demonstrated for all CIPN models, mainly on tactile hypersensitivity (maximal efficacy at 60 min, p < 0.05 vs. vehicle group). This effect was suppressed by an intrathecal injection of methoctramine (m2AChR antagonist). Regarding preventive effects, donepezil limited tactile hypersensitivity induced by paclitaxel, but not for other CIPN models. Donepezil did not modify the viability of cancer cells or the efficacy of anticancer drugs. CONCLUSIONS donepezil had a broad analgesic effect on animal models of CIPN and this effect involved spinal m2AChRs. This work validates the repositioning of donepezil in the management of CIPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Selvy
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Chirurgie et d'oncologie digestive, INSERM U1107 NEURO-DOL, Clermont-Ferrand F-63000, France.
| | - Catherine Mattévi
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Chirurgie et d'oncologie digestive, INSERM U1107 NEURO-DOL, Clermont-Ferrand F-63000, France.
| | - Cristelle Dalbos
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INSERM U1107 NEURO-DOL, Clermont-Ferrand F-63000, France.
| | - Youssef Aissouni
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INSERM U1107 NEURO-DOL, Clermont-Ferrand F-63000, France.
| | - Eric Chapuy
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INSERM U1107 NEURO-DOL, Clermont-Ferrand F-63000, France.
| | - Pierre-Yves Martin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INSERM U1107 NEURO-DOL, Clermont-Ferrand F-63000, France.
| | - Aurore Collin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INSERM U1107 NEURO-DOL, Clermont-Ferrand F-63000, France.
| | - Damien Richard
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Laboratoire de Pharmacologie et de Toxicologie, Clermont-Ferrand F-63000, France.
| | - Charles Dumontet
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Inserm 1052/CNRS, Université de Lyon, France - Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon 69000, France.
| | - Jérôme Busserolles
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INSERM U1107 NEURO-DOL, Clermont-Ferrand F-63000, France.
| | - Sakahlé Condé
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Neurologie, INSERM U1107 NEURO-DOL, Clermont-Ferrand F-63000, France.
| | - David Balayssac
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Délégation à la Recherche Clinique et à l'Innovation, INSERM U1107 NEURO-DOL, Clermont-Ferrand F-63000, France.
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Bouali-Benazzouz R, Landry M, Benazzouz A, Fossat P. Neuropathic pain modeling: Focus on synaptic and ion channel mechanisms. Prog Neurobiol 2021; 201:102030. [PMID: 33711402 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Animal models of pain consist of modeling a pain-like state and measuring the consequent behavior. The first animal models of neuropathic pain (NP) were developed in rodents with a total lesion of the sciatic nerve. Later, other models targeting central or peripheral branches of nerves were developed to identify novel mechanisms that contribute to persistent pain conditions in NP. Objective assessment of pain in these different animal models represents a significant challenge for pre-clinical research. Multiple behavioral approaches are used to investigate and to validate pain phenotypes including withdrawal reflex to evoked stimuli, vocalizations, spontaneous pain, but also emotional and affective behaviors. Furthermore, animal models were very useful in investigating the mechanisms of NP. This review will focus on a detailed description of rodent models of NP and provide an overview of the assessment of the sensory and emotional components of pain. A detailed inventory will be made to examine spinal mechanisms involved in NP-induced hyperexcitability and underlying the current pharmacological approaches used in clinics with the possibility to present new avenues for future treatment. The success of pre-clinical studies in this area of research depends on the choice of the relevant model and the appropriate test based on the objectives of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Bouali-Benazzouz
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Marc Landry
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - Abdelhamid Benazzouz
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - Pascal Fossat
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
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Zheng Y, Jia C, Jiang X, Chen J, Chen XL, Ying X, Wu J, Jiang M, Yang G, Tu W, Zhou K, Jiang S. Electroacupuncture effects on the P2X4R pathway in microglia regulating the excitability of neurons in the substantia gelatinosa region of rats with spinal nerve ligation. Mol Med Rep 2021; 23:175. [PMID: 33398365 PMCID: PMC7821227 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Electroacupuncture (EA) has been used to treat neuropathic pain induced by peripheral nerve injury (PNI) by applying an electrical current to acupoints with acupuncture needles. However, the mechanisms by which EA treats pain remain indistinct. High P2X4 receptor (P2X4R) expression levels demonstrate a notable increase in hyperactive microglia in the ipsilateral spinal dorsal horn following PNI. In order to demonstrate the possibility that EA analgesia is mediated in part by P2X4R in hyperactive microglia, the present study performed mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT) and thermal withdrawal latency (TWL) tests in male Sprague-Dawley rats that had undergone spinal nerve ligation (SNL). The expression levels of spinal P2X4R were determined using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, western blotting analysis and immunofluorescence staining. Furthermore, spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs) were recorded using whole-cell patch clamp to demonstrate the effect of EA on synaptic transmission in rat spinal substantia gelatinosa (SG) neurons. The results of the present study demonstrated that EA increased the MWT and TWL and decreased overexpression of P2X4R in hyperactive microglia in SNL rats. Moreover, EA attenuated the frequency of sEPSCs in SG neurons in SNL rats. The results of the present study indicate that EA may mediate P2X4R in hyperactive spinal microglia to inhibit nociceptive transmission of SG neurons, thus relieving pain in SNL rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyin Zheng
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, P.R. China
| | - Chengqian Jia
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, P.R. China
| | - Xia Jiang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, P.R. China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Long Chen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, P.R. China
| | - Xinwang Ying
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, P.R. China
| | - Jiayu Wu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, P.R. China
| | - Mingchen Jiang
- China‑USA Institute for Acupuncture and Rehabilitation, Integrative and Optimized Medicine Research Center, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, P.R. China
| | - Guanhu Yang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, P.R. China
| | - Wenzhan Tu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, P.R. China
| | - Kecheng Zhou
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, P.R. China
| | - Songhe Jiang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, P.R. China
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Role of Muscarinic Receptors in Hypoalgesia Induced by Crocin in Neuropathic Pain Rats. ScientificWorldJournal 2020; 2020:4046256. [PMID: 33299384 PMCID: PMC7710400 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4046256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Crocin as an important constituent of saffron has antineuropathic pain properties; however, the exact mechanism of this effect is not known. The aim of this study was whether the hypoalgesic effect of crocin can be exerted through muscarinic receptors. Materials and Methods In the present project, 36 male Wistar rats (200 ± 20 g) were used. Animals randomly divided into six groups (sham, neuropathy, neuropathy + crocin, neuropathy + atropine 0.5 mg/kg, neuropathy + atropine 1 mg/kg, and neuropathy + atropine 1 mg/kg + crocin). Neuropathy was induced by the chronic constriction injury (CCI) method on the sciatic nerve. Crocin and atropine was administered intraperitoneally during 14 days following the 14th day after surgery. Pain response was detected every three days, two hours after each injection and 3 days following last injection. Mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia were detected using the Von Frey filaments and plantar test device, respectively. Results CCI significantly reduced the paw withdrawal response to mechanical and thermal stimulus (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively). Crocin therapy significantly reduced mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia induced by CCI (P < 0.05). Atropine pretreatment significantly blocked the hypoalgesic effect of crocin (P < 0.05 in mechanical allodynia and P < 0.01 in thermal hyperalgesia). Fourteen days administration of atropine alone at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg but not 1 mg/kg significantly reduced CCI-induced mechanical allodynia at day 30 after surgery. Conclusion Crocin significantly decreased CCI-induced neuropathic pain. The hypoalgesic effect of crocin was blocked by atropine pretreatment, which indicates an important role for muscarinic receptors in the effect of crocin.
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Zhou Z, Li H, Li H, Zhang J, Fu K, Cao C, Deng F, Luo J. Comprehensive analysis of the differential expression profile of microRNAs in rats with spinal cord injury treated by electroacupuncture. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:751-762. [PMID: 32468009 PMCID: PMC7339738 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal microRNA (miRNA) expression has been implicated in spinal cord injury (SCI), but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. To observe the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) on miRNA expression profiles in SCI rats and investigate the potential mechanisms involved in this process, Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into sham, SCI and SCI+EA groups (n=6 each). Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan (BBB) scoring and hematoxylin-eosin staining of cortical tissues were used to evaluate spinal cord recovery with EA treatment 21 days post-surgery across the three groups. To investigate miRNA expression profiles, 6 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into SCI and SCI+EA groups (n=3 in each group) and examined using next-generation sequencing. Integrated miRNA-mRNA-pathway network analysis was performed to elucidate the interaction network of the candidate miRNAs, their target genes and the involved pathways. Behavioral scores suggested that hindlimb motor functions improved with EA treatments. Apoptotic indices were lower in the SCI+EA group compared with the SCI group. It was also observed that 168 miRNAs were differentially expressed between the SCI and SCI+EA groups, with 29 upregulated and 139 downregulated miRNAs in the SCI+EA group. Changes in miRNA expression are involved in SCI physiopathology, including inflammation and apoptosis. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR measurement of the five candidate miRNAs, namely rno-miR-219a-5p, rno-miR-486, rno-miR-136-5p, rno-miR-128-3p, and rno-miR-7b, was consistent with RNA sequencing data. Integrated miRNA-mRNA-pathway analysis suggested that the MAPK, Wnt and NF-κB signaling pathways were involved in EA-mediated recovery from SCI. The present study evaluated the miRNA expression profiles involved in EA-treated SCI rats and demonstrated the potential mechanism and functional role of miRNAs in SCI in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhidong Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330000, P.R. China
| | - Hejian Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330000, P.R. China
| | - Hongchun Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330000, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330000, P.R. China
| | - Kaiwen Fu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330000, P.R. China
| | - Cao Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330000, P.R. China
| | - Fumou Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330000, P.R. China
| | - Jun Luo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330000, P.R. China
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Choi S, Chae HK, Heo H, Hahm DH, Kim W, Kim SK. Analgesic Effect of Melittin on Oxaliplatin-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy in Rats. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E396. [PMID: 31288453 PMCID: PMC6669583 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11070396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxaliplatin is a chemotherapeutic agent used for metastatic colon and other advanced cancers. Most common side effect of oxaliplatin is peripheral neuropathy, manifested in mechanical and cold allodynia. Although the analgesic effect of bee venom has been proven to be effective against oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy, the effect of its major component; melittin has not been studied yet. Thus, in this study, we investigated whether melittin has an analgesic effect on oxaliplatin-induced allodynia. Intraperitoneal single injection of oxaliplatin (6 mg/kg) induced mechanical and cold allodynia, resulting in increased withdrawal behavior in response to von Frey filaments and acetone drop on hind paw. Subcutaneous melittin injection on acupoint ST36 (0.5 mg/kg) alleviated oxaliplatin-induced mechanical and cold allodynia. In electrophysiological study, using spinal in vivo extracellular recording, it was shown that oxaliplatin-induced hyperexcitation of spinal wide dynamic range neurons in response to peripheral stimuli, and melittin administration inhibited this neuronal activity. In behavioral assessment, analgesic effect of melittin was blocked by intrathecal α1- and α2- adrenergic receptor antagonists administration. Based on these results, we suggest that melittin could be used as an analgesic on oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy, and that its effect is mediated by activating the spinal α1- and α2-adrenergic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghwan Choi
- Department of East-West Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Hyeon Kyeong Chae
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Ho Heo
- Anapn Korean Traditional Medical Clinic, 11, Seongnae-ro, Gangdong-gu, Seoul 05392, Korea
| | - Dae-Hyun Hahm
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Woojin Kim
- Department of East-West Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.
| | - Sun Kwang Kim
- Department of East-West Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.
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Electroacupuncture for Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy after Stroke: A Meta-Analysis. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2019; 28:1388-1399. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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9
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Kim MJ, Lee JH, Jang JU, Quan FS, Kim SK, Kim W. The efficacy of combination treatment of gabapentin and electro-acupuncture on paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 21:657-666. [PMID: 29200909 PMCID: PMC5709483 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2017.21.6.657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Paclitaxel, a chemotherapeutic drug, induces severe peripheral neuropathy. Gabapentin (GBT) is a first line agent used to treat neuropathic pain, and its effect is mediated by spinal noradrenergic and muscarinic cholinergic receptors. Electro-acupuncture (EA) is used for treating various types of pain via its action through spinal opioidergic and noradrenergic receptors. Here, we investigated whether combined treatment of these two agents could exert a synergistic effect on paclitaxel-induced cold and mechanical allodynia, which were assessed by the acetone drop test and von Frey filament assay, respectively. Significant signs of allodynia were observed after four paclitaxel injections (a cumulative dose of 8 mg/kg, i.p.). GBT (3, 30, and 100 mg/kg, i.p.) or EA (ST36, Zusanli) alone produced dose-dependent anti-allodynic effects. The medium and highest doses of GBT (30 and 100 mg/kg) provided a strong analgesic effect, but they induced motor dysfunction in Rota-rod tests. On the contrary, the lowest dose of GBT (3 mg/kg) did not induce motor weakness, but it provided a brief analgesic effect. The combination of the lowest dose of GBT and EA resulted in a greater and longer effect, without inducing motor dysfunction. This effect on mechanical allodynia was blocked by spinal opioidergic (naloxone, 20 μg), or noradrenergic (idazoxan, 10 μg) receptor antagonist, whereas on cold allodynia, only opioidergic receptor antagonist blocked the effect. In conclusion, the combination of the lowest dose of GBT and EA has a robust and enduring analgesic action against paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain, and it should be considered as an alternative treatment method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Joon Kim
- Department of East-West Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Ji Hwan Lee
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Jo Ung Jang
- Department of East-West Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Fu Shi Quan
- Department of Medical Zoology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Sun Kwang Kim
- Department of East-West Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.,Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.,Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Woojin Kim
- Department of East-West Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.,Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
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Seo BK, Sung WS, Park YC, Baek YH. The electroacupuncture-induced analgesic effect mediated by 5-HT1, 5-HT3 receptor and muscarinic cholinergic receptors in rat model of collagenase-induced osteoarthritis. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 16:212. [PMID: 27411565 PMCID: PMC4943008 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1204-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoarthritis (OA) is an degenerative disease characterized by chronic joint pain. Complementary and alternative treatment such as acupuncture have been utilized to alleviate pain. The objective of this study was to investigate the analgesic mechanisms of electroacupuncture (EA) in the collagenase-induced osteoarthritis (CIOA) rat model. METHODS Four weeks after inducing CIOA by injecting collagenase solution into the left knee of 5-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats, 2 Hz and 100 Hz EA on Zusanli (ST 36) was performed. The analgesic effect of EA was evaluated by the tail flick latency (TFL) and paw pressure threshold (PPT) tests. To investigate the analgesic mechanism, serotonergic and muscarinic cholinergic receptor agonists and antagonists were injected 20 min prior to EA and the resultant changes were evaluated by the TFL and PPT tests. RESULTS EA on Zusanli (ST 36) demonstrated an analgesic effect in the CIOA rat model. The 2 Hz EA treatment showed a significantly greater analgesic effect than the 100 Hz treatment. The analgesic effect of 2 Hz EA was not strengthened by 5-HT1, 5-HT2, 5-HT3, and muscarinic cholinergic receptor agonist pretreatment, was blocked by 5-HT1, 5-HT3, and muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonist pretreatment, but not blocked by 5-HT2 receptor antagonist pretreatment. CONCLUSIONS In the CIOA rat model, EA on Zusanli (ST 36) exhibited analgesic effects, and 2 Hz EA resulted in a significantly greater analgesic effect than 100 Hz EA. The analgesic effect of 2 Hz EA was reduced by pretreatment of 5-HT1 receptor, 5-HT3 receptor and muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Kwan Seo
- Department of Clinical Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Korea
| | - Won-Suk Sung
- Department of Clinical Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Korea
| | - Yeon-Cheol Park
- Department of Clinical Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Korea
| | - Yong-Hyeon Baek
- Department of Clinical Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Korea.
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Lee JH, Go D, Kim W, Lee G, Bae H, Quan FS, Kim SK. Involvement of spinal muscarinic and serotonergic receptors in the anti-allodynic effect of electroacupuncture in rats with oxaliplatin-induced neuropathic pain. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 20:407-14. [PMID: 27382357 PMCID: PMC4930909 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2016.20.4.407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
This study was performed to investigate whether the spinal cholinergic and serotonergic analgesic systems mediate the relieving effect of electroacupuncture (EA) on oxaliplatin-induced neuropathic cold allodynia in rats. The cold allodynia induced by an oxaliplatin injection (6 mg/kg, i.p.) was evaluated by immersing the rat's tail into cold water (4℃) and measuring the withdrawal latency. EA stimulation (2 Hz, 0.3-ms pulse duration, 0.2~0.3 mA) at the acupoint ST36, GV3, or LI11 all showed a significant anti-allodynic effect, which was stronger at ST36. The analgesic effect of EA at ST36 was blocked by intraperitoneal injection of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist (atropine, 1 mg/kg), but not by nicotinic (mecamylamine, 2 mg/kg) receptor antagonist. Furthermore, intrathecal administration of M2 (methoctramine, 10 µg) and M3 (4-DAMP, 10 µg) receptor antagonist, but not M1 (pirenzepine, 10 µg) receptor antagonist, blocked the effect. Also, spinal administration of 5-HT3 (MDL-72222, 12 µg) receptor antagonist, but not 5-HT1A (NAN-190, 15 µg) or 5-HT2A (ketanserin, 30 µg) receptor antagonist, prevented the anti-allodynic effect of EA. These results suggest that EA may have a signifi cant analgesic action against oxaliplatin-induced neuropathic pain, which is mediated by spinal cholinergic (M2, M3) and serotonergic (5-HT3) receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hwan Lee
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Donghyun Go
- Department of East-West Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Woojin Kim
- Department of East-West Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.; Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Giseog Lee
- Department of East-West Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.; Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Hyojeong Bae
- Department of East-West Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Fu Shi Quan
- Department of Medical Zoology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Sun Kwang Kim
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.; Department of East-West Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.; Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
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Lin L, Skakavac N, Lin X, Lin D, Borlongan MC, Borlongan CV, Cao C. Acupuncture-Induced Analgesia: The Role of Microglial Inhibition. Cell Transplant 2016; 25:621-8. [PMID: 26849399 DOI: 10.3727/096368916x690872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The last three decades have documented preclinical and clinical data supporting the use of acupuncture in relieving symptoms of many diseases, including allergies, infections, and neurological disorders. The advent of electroacupuncture has not only modernized the practice of acupuncture, but also has improved its efficacy, especially for producing analgesic-like effects. Although the mechanism of action of acupuncture-induced analgesia remains largely unknown, several lines of investigation have implicated modulation of pain processes via brain opioid signaling and neuroimmunoregulatory pathways. Here, we review key findings demonstrating the efficacy and underlying mechanisms of acupuncture-induced analgesia. In particular, we discuss potent analgesic effects of acupuncture via neural pain processes through inhibition of microglial activation. The safe and effective use of acupuncture stands as a nonpharmacological alternative for induction of analgesia, which has direct clinical applications, especially for pain-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Lin
- College of Acupuncture, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
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Wang J, Liu J, Chen S, Gao Y, Meng F, Qiao L. Acupuncture effects on the hippocampal cholinergic system in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Neural Regen Res 2015; 7:212-8. [PMID: 25767502 PMCID: PMC4353117 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study observed the effects of repeated electroacupuncture of Zusanli (ST36) and Yanglingquan (GB34) on expression of hippocampal acetylcholinesterase, vesicular acetylcholine transporter, and muscarinic M1 receptor mRNA in chronic constrictive injury (neuropathic pain) and/or ovariotomy rats. Results demonstrated increased expression of hippocampal acetylcholinesterase, vesicular acetylcholine transporter, and muscarinic M1 receptor mRNA, as well as decreased pain threshold, in a rat model of chronic neuropathic pain after electroacupuncture. The effects of electroacupuncture increased with prolonged time, but the above-mentioned effects decreased in memory-deficient animals. Results indicated that repeated electroacupuncture has a cumulative analgesic effect, which is closely associated with upregulation of acetylcholinesterase and vesicular acetylcholine transporter activity, as well as M1 receptor mRNA expression and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junying Wang
- Institute of Acu-moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Junling Liu
- Institute of Acu-moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Shuping Chen
- Institute of Acu-moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yonghui Gao
- Institute of Acu-moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Fanying Meng
- Institute of Acu-moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Lina Qiao
- Institute of Acu-moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
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Choi JW, Kang SY, Choi JG, Kang DW, Kim SJ, Lee SD, Park JB, Ryu YH, Kim HW. Analgesic effect of electroacupuncture on paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain via spinal opioidergic and adrenergic mechanisms in mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2015; 43:57-70. [PMID: 25640847 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x15500044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to determine the antinociceptive effect and related neuronal mechanism of electroacupuncture (EA) on paclitaxel (PTX)-induced neuropathic pain in mice. PTX (4 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered once a day for 5 consecutive days to induce neuropathic pain. EA stimulation (2 mA, 2 Hz, 30 min) was applied at the ST36 acupoint bilaterally once in every 2 days. Repeated EA stimulation significantly attenuated PTX-induced mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia. In a separate set of experiment, the antinociceptive effect of a single EA stimulation 8 days after PTX treatment was reduced by intrathecal pretreatment with naloxone (opioid receptor antagonist), idazoxan (alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist) or propranolol (beta-adrenoceptor antagonist), but not prazosin (alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonist). Moreover, EA remarkably suppressed the PTX-enhanced phosphorylation of the NMDA receptor NR2B subunit in the spinal dorsal horn, and intrathecal pretreatment of naloxone, idazoxan (IDA) or propranolol blocked the effect of EA. In conclusion, EA stimulation at the ST36 acupoint significantly diminished PTX-induced neuropathic pain in mice via the mediation of spinal opioid receptor, alpha2- and beta-adrenoceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Wan Choi
- Department of Physiology and Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University, School of Medicine, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea
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Chen XM, Xu J, Song JG, Zheng BJ, Wang XR. Electroacupuncture inhibits excessive interferon-γ evoked up-regulation of P2X4 receptor in spinal microglia in a CCI rat model for neuropathic pain. Br J Anaesth 2015; 114:150-7. [DOI: 10.1093/bja/aeu199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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Yoon H, Kim MJ, Yoon I, Li DX, Bae H, Kim SK. Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Mediate the Suppressive Effect of an Injection of Diluted Bee Venom into the GV3 Acupoint on Oxaliplatin-Induced Neuropathic Cold Allodynia in Rats. Biol Pharm Bull 2015; 38:710-4. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b14-00797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heera Yoon
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University
| | - Min Joon Kim
- Department of East-West Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University
| | - Insoo Yoon
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University
| | - Dong Xing Li
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University
| | - Hyunsu Bae
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University
| | - Sun Kwang Kim
- Department of East-West Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University
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Ju Z, Cui H, Guo X, Yang H, He J, Wang K. Molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of acupuncture on neuropathic pain. Neural Regen Res 2014; 8:2350-9. [PMID: 25206545 PMCID: PMC4146043 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.25.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Acupuncture has been used to treat neuropathic pain for a long time, but its mechanisms of action remain unknown. In this study, we observed the effects of electroacupuncture and manual acu-puncture on neuropathic pain and on ephrin-B/EphB signaling in rats models of chronic constriction injury-induced neuropathic pain. The results showed that manual acupuncture and elec-puncture significantly reduced mechanical hypersensitivity following chronic constriction injury, es-pecially electroacupuncture treatment. Real-time PCR results revealed that ephrin-B1/B3 and EphB1/B2 mRNA expression levels were significantly increased in the spinal dorsal horns of chronic constriction injury rats. Electroacupuncture and manual acupuncture suppressed the high sion of ephrin-B1 mRNA, and elevated EphB3/B4 mRNA expression. Electroacupuncture signifi-cantly enhanced the mRNA expression of ephrin-B3 and EphB3/B6 in the dorsal horns of neuro-pathic pain rats. Western blot results revealed that electroacupuncture in particular, and manual acupuncture, significantly up-regulated ephrin-B3 protein levels in rat spinal dorsal horns. The re-sults of this study suggest that acupuncture could activate ephrin-B/EphB signaling in neuropathic pain rats and improve neurological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyong Ju
- College of Acumox and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Huashun Cui
- Department of Acupuncture, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaohui Guo
- College of Acumox and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Huayuan Yang
- College of Acumox and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jinsen He
- College of Acumox and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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Effect of electro-acupuncture stimulation of Ximen (PC4) and Neiguan (PC6) on remifentanil-induced breakthrough pain following thoracal esophagectomy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 34:569-574. [PMID: 25135729 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-014-1317-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The clinical analgesic effect of electro-acupuncture (EA) stimulation (EAS) on breakthrough pain induced by remifentanil in patients undergoing radical thoracic esophagectomy, and the mechanisms were assessed. Sixty patients (ASAIII) scheduled for elective radical esophagectomy were randomized into three groups: group A (control) receiving a general anesthesia only; group B (sham) given EA needles at PC4 (Ximen) and PC6 (Neiguan) but no stimulation; and group C (EAS) electrically given EAS of the ipsilateral PC4 and PC6 throughout the surgery. The EAS consisting of a disperse-dense wave with a low frequency of 2 Hz and a high frequency of 20 Hz, was performed 30 min prior to induction of general anesthesia and continued through the surgery. At the emergence, sufentanil infusion was given for postoperative analgesia with loading dose of 7.5 μg, followed by a continuous infusion of 2.25 μg/h. The patient self-administration of sufentanil was 0.75 μg with a lockout of 15 min as needed. Additional breakthrough pain was treated with dezocine (5 mg) intravenously at the patient's request. Blood samples were collected before (T1), 2 h (T2), 24 h (T3), and 48 h (T4) after operation to measure the plasma β-EP, PGE2, and 5-HT. The operative time, the total dose of sufentanil and the dose of self-administration, and the rescue doses of dezocine were recorded. Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) scores at 2, 12, 24 and 48 h postoperatively and the incidence of apnea and severe hypotension were recorded. The results showed that the gender, age, weight, operative time and remifentanil consumption were comparable among 3 groups. Patients in EAS group had the lowest VAS scores postoperatively among the three groups (P<0.05). The total dose of sufentanil was 115±6.0 μg in EAS group, significantly lower than that in control (134.3±5.9 μg) and sham (133.5±7.0 μg) groups. Similarly, the rescue dose of dezocine was the least in EAS group (P<0.05) among the three groups. Plasma β-EP levels in EAS group at T3 (176.90±45.73) and T4 (162.96±35.00 pg/mL) were significantly higher than those in control (132.33±36.75 and 128.79±41.24 pg/mL) and sham (136.56±45.80 and 129.85±36.14 pg/mL) groups, P<0.05 for all. EAS could decrease the release of PGE2. Plasma PGE2 levels in EAS group at T2 and T3 (41±5 and 40±5 pg/mL respectively) were significantly lower than those in control (64±5 and 62±7 pg/mL) and sham (66±6 and 62±6 pg/mL) groups. Plasma 5-HT levels in EAS group at T2 (133.66±40.85) and T3 (154.66±52.49 ng/mL) were significantly lower than those in control (168.33±56.94 and 225.28±82.03) and sham (164.54±47.53 and 217.74±76.45 ng/mL) groups. For intra-group comparison, plasma 5-HT and PGE2 levels in control and sham groups at T2 and T3, and β-EP in EAS group at T3 and T4 were significantly higher than those at T1 (P<0.05); PGE2 and 5-HT levels in EAS group showed no significant difference among the different time points (P>0.05). No apnea or severe hypotension was observed in any group. It was concluded that intraoperative ipsilateral EAS at PC4 and PC6 provides effective postoperative analgesia for patients undergoing radical esophagectomy with remifentanil anesthesia and significantly decrease requirement for parental narcotics. The underlying mechanism may be related to stimulation of the release of endogenous β-EP and inhibition of inflammatory mediators (5-HT and PGE2).
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Electroacupuncture reduces hyperalgesia after injections of acidic saline in rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:485043. [PMID: 24772181 PMCID: PMC3977512 DOI: 10.1155/2014/485043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background. Injections of acidic saline into the gastrocnemius muscle in rats produce a bilateral long-lasting hyperalgesia similar to fibromyalgia in humans. No previous study investigated the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) on this acidic saline model. This study aimed to identify the effects of EA in the hyperalgesia produced by repeated intramuscular injections of acidic saline. Methods. Rats were divided into four groups (n = 6, each group): control, acupuncture, EA 15 Hz, and 100 Hz. Left gastrocnemius muscle was injected with 100 μL of pH 4.0 sterile saline twice five days apart. EA, acupuncture, or control therapy was daily administered (20 min) for 5 consecutive days under anesthesia. Needles were placed in the St36 and Sp6 acupoints. The assessment of secondary mechanical hyperalgesia, thermal hyperalgesia, and motor performance was performed before injections and before and after the treatment performed on each day. The paw withdrawal threshold was tested using the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test and differences within the group Wilcoxon Matched Pairs. The latency and motor performance were tested for ANOVA parametric test for independent measures, and for differences in the group, we used t-test for paired samples. Post hoc Tukey test was used for multiple corrections. P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results. Indicate that there was a significant reduction of mechanical withdrawal threshold and paw withdrawal latency 24 hours following the second injection. Moreover, mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia were significantly reversed by EA 15, 100 Hz, and acupuncture. Conclusions. The results suggest that EA high and low frequency as well as acupuncture are effective in reducing hyperalgesia in chronic muscle pain model.
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Moon HJ, Lim BS, Lee DI, Ye MS, Lee G, Min BI, Bae H, Na HS, Kim SK. Effects of electroacupuncture on oxaliplatin-induced neuropathic cold hypersensitivity in rats. J Physiol Sci 2014; 64:151-6. [PMID: 24158835 PMCID: PMC10717245 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-013-0297-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated whether and how electroacupuncture (EA) attenuates cold hypersensitivity (allodynia) in a rat model of oxaliplatin-induced neuropathic pain. Cold allodynia [evaluated by immersing the tail into cold water (4 °C) and measuring the withdrawal latency] was induced 3 days after an oxaliplatin administration (6 mg/kg, i.p.). EA stimulation (2/100 Hz, 0.3-ms pulse duration, 0.2-0.3 mA) was delivered to ST36 acupoint or non-acupoint for 20 min. Low-frequency (2 Hz) EA at ST36 relieved cold allodynia more effectively than high-frequency EA at ST36 or low-frequency EA at non-acupoint. Naloxone (opioid antagonist, 2 mg/kg, i.p.) completely blocked such EA-induced anti-allodynia, whereas phentolamine (α-adrenergic antagonist, 2 mg/kg, i.p.) did not. Moreover, plasma β-endorphin levels significantly increased right after the end of EA and subsequently decreased. These results indicate that low-frequency EA at ST36 in rats has a marked relieving effect on oxaliplatin-induced cold allodynia that is mediated by the endogenous opioid, but not noradrenergic, system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hak Jin Moon
- Department of East-West Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Soo Lim
- Department of East-West Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Il Lee
- Department of East-West Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Min Sook Ye
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, #1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemoon-gu, Seoul, 130-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Giseog Lee
- Department of East-West Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701 Republic of Korea
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, #1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemoon-gu, Seoul, 130-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Il Min
- Department of East-West Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701 Republic of Korea
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunsu Bae
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, #1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemoon-gu, Seoul, 130-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Heung Sik Na
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 136-705 Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Kwang Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, #1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemoon-gu, Seoul, 130-701 Republic of Korea
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Abstract
In the last decade, preclinical investigations of electroacupuncture mechanisms on persistent tissue injury (inflammatory), nerve injury (neuropathic), cancer, and visceral pain have increased. These studies show that electroacupuncture activates the nervous system differently in health than in pain conditions, alleviates both sensory and affective inflammatory pain, and inhibits inflammatory and neuropathic pain more effectively at 2 to 10 Hz than at 100 Hz. Electroacupuncture blocks pain by activating a variety of bioactive chemicals through peripheral, spinal, and supraspinal mechanisms. These include opioids, which desensitize peripheral nociceptors and reduce proinflammatory cytokines peripherally and in the spinal cord, and serotonin and norepinephrine, which decrease spinal N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit GluN1 phosphorylation. Additional studies suggest that electroacupuncture, when combined with low dosages of conventional analgesics, provides effective pain management which can forestall the side effects of often-debilitating pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixin Zhang
- Assistant Professor, Center for Integrative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lixing Lao
- Professor, Center for Integrative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ke Ren
- Professor, Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, Dental School, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Brian M. Berman
- Professor, Center for Integrative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
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Electroacupuncture at 2/100 hz activates antinociceptive spinal mechanisms different from those activated by electroacupuncture at 2 and 100 hz in responder rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:205316. [PMID: 24159340 PMCID: PMC3789442 DOI: 10.1155/2013/205316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effects of intrathecal injection of desipramine and fluoxetine (selective inhibitors of norepinephrine and 5-HT uptake, resp.), thiorphan and neostigmine (inhibitors of enkephalinase and acetylcholinesterase, resp.), gabapentin (a GABA releaser), and vigabatrin (an inhibitor of GABA-transaminase) on the antinociception induced by 2 Hz, 100 Hz, or 2/100 Hz electroacupuncture (EA) applied bilaterally to the Zusanli (ST36) and Sanyinjiao (SP6) acupoints using the rat tail-flick test. We show that 2 Hz EA antinociception lasts longer after the administration of drugs that increase the spinal availability of norepinephrine, acetylcholine, or GABA; 100 Hz EA antinociception lasts longer after drug that increases the spinal availability of norepinephrine; 2/100 Hz EA antinociception lasts longer after drugs that increase the spinal availability of endogenous opioids or GABA. We conclude that the antinociceptive effect of 2/100 Hz EA is different from the synergistic effect of alternate stimulation at 2 and 100 Hz because the effect of the former is not changed by increasing the spinal availability of serotonin and lasts longer after the administration of vigabatrin. The combination of EA with drugs that increase the availability of spinal neurotransmitters involved in the modulation of nociceptive inputs may result in a synergistic antinociceptive effect in the rat tail-flick test.
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Effect of bee venom acupuncture on oxaliplatin-induced cold allodynia in rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:369324. [PMID: 24058370 PMCID: PMC3766591 DOI: 10.1155/2013/369324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Oxaliplatin, a chemotherapy drug, often leads to neuropathic cold allodynia after a single administration. Bee venom acupuncture (BVA) has been used in Korea to relieve various pain symptoms and is shown to have a potent antiallodynic effect in nerve-injured rats. We examined whether BVA relieves oxaliplatin-induced cold allodynia and which endogenous analgesic system is implicated. The cold allodynia induced by an oxaliplatin injection (6 mg/kg, i.p.) was evaluated by immersing the rat's tail into cold water (4°C) and measuring the withdrawal latency. BVA (1.0 mg/kg, s.c.) at Yaoyangguan (GV3), Quchi (LI11), or Zusanli (ST36) acupoints significantly reduced cold allodynia with the longest effect being shown in the GV3 group. Conversely, a high dose of BVA (2.5 mg/kg) at GV3 did not show a significant antiallodynic effect. Phentolamine (α-adrenergic antagonist, 2 mg/kg, i.p.) partially blocked the relieving effect of BVA on allodynia, whereas naloxone (opioid antagonist, 2 mg/kg, i.p.) did not. We further confirmed that an intrathecal administration of idazoxan (α2-adrenergic antagonist, 50 μg) blocked the BVA-induced anti-allodynic effect. These results indicate that BVA alleviates oxaliplatin-induced cold allodynia in rats, at least partly, through activation of the noradrenergic system. Thus, BVA might be a potential therapeutic option in oxaliplatin-induced neuropathy.
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Mechanisms of electroacupuncture-induced analgesia on neuropathic pain in animal model. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:436913. [PMID: 23983779 PMCID: PMC3747484 DOI: 10.1155/2013/436913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain remains as one of the most difficult clinical pain syndromes to treat. Electroacupuncture (EA), involving endogenous opioids and neurotransmitters in the central nervous system (CNS), is reported to be clinically efficacious in various fields of pain. Although multiple experimental articles were conducted to assess the effect of EA-induced analgesia, no review has been published to assess the efficacy and clarify the mechanism of EA on neuropathic pain. To this aim, this study was firstly designed to evaluate the EA-induced analgesic effect on neuropathic pain and secondly to guide and help future efforts to advance the neuropathic pain treatment. For this purpose, articles referring to the analgesic effect of acupuncture on neuropathic pain and particularly the work performed in our own laboratory were analyzed. Based on the articles reviewed, the role of spinal opioidergic, adrenergic, serotonergic, cholinergic, and GABAergic receptors in the mechanism of EA-induced analgesia was studied. The results of this research demonstrate that μ and δ opioid receptors, α2-adrenoreceptors, 5-HT1A and 5-HT3 serotonergic receptors, M1 muscarinic receptors, and GABAA and GABAB GABAergic receptors are involved in the mechanisms of EA-induced analgesia on neuropathic pain.
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Park CH, Kim PN, Lee SH, Yoon MH. Additive interaction of intrathecal ginsenosides and neostigmine in the rat formalin test. Korean J Anesthesiol 2013; 64:152-60. [PMID: 23459683 PMCID: PMC3581785 DOI: 10.4097/kjae.2013.64.2.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The authors evaluated the effect of intrathecal mixture of ginsenosides with neostigmine on formalin-induced nociception and made further clear the role of the spinal muscarinic (M) receptors on the activity of ginsenosides. Methods A catheter was located in the intrathecal space of male Sprague-Dawley rats. Pain was evoked by injection of formalin solution (5%, 50 µl) to the hindpaw. Isobolographic analysis was done to characterize drug interaction between ginsenosides and neostigmine. The antagonism of ginsenosides-mediated antinociception was determined with M1 receptor antagonist (pirenzepine), M2 receptor antagonist (methoctramine), M3 receptor antagonist (4-DAMP), M4 receptor antagonist (tropicamide). The expression of muscarinic receptor subtypes was examined with RT-PCR. Results Intrathecal ginsenosides and neostigmine produced an antinociceptive effect during phase 1 and phase 2 in the formalin test. Isobolographic analysis revealed an additive interaction between ginsenosides and neostigmine in both phases. Intrathecal pirenzepine, methoctramine, 4-DAMP, and tropicamide reversed the antinociception of ginsenosides in both phases. M1-M4 receptors mRNA detected in spinal cord of naïve rats and the injection of formalin decreased the expression of M1 receptor mRNA, but it had no effect on the expression of other three muscarinic receptors mRNA. Intrathecal ginsenosides little affected the expression of all of muscarinic receptors mRNA in formalin-injected rats. Conclusions Intrathecal ginsenosides additively interacted with neostigmine in the formalin test. Furthermore, M1-M4 receptors exist in the spinal cord, all of which contribute to the antinocieption of intrathecal ginsenosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheon-Hee Park
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Kwangju Christian Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Park-Ne Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Kwangju Christian Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Seong-Heon Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University, Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Myung Ha Yoon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University, Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
- The Brain Korea 21 Project, Center for Biomedical Human Resources at Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
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Yu J, Zhao C, Luo X. The effects of electroacupuncture on the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2/P2X3 signal pathway in the spinal cord of rats with chronic constriction injury. Anesth Analg 2012; 116:239-46. [PMID: 23223107 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0b013e31826f0a4a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electroacupuncture (EA), as a traditional clinical method, is widely accepted in pain clinics, but the analgesic effect of EA has not been fully demonstrated. In the present study, we investigated the effect of EA on chronic pain and expression of P2X3 receptors in the spinal cord of rats with chronic constriction injury (CCI). METHODS The study was conducted in 2 parts. In part 1, Sprague Dawley rats were divided into 6 groups (n = 10): sham-CCI, CCI, LEA; CCI + 2 Hz EA at acupoints), HEA; CCI + 15 Hz EA at acupoints), NA-LEA (CCI + 2 Hz EA at nonacupoints), and NA-HEA (CCI + 15 Hz EA at nonacupoints). EA treatment was performed once a day on days 4 to 9 after CCI. Nociception was assessed using von Frey filaments and a hotplate apparatus. The protein and the messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of P2X3 receptors in the spinal cord were assayed by Western blotting and real-time polymerase chain reaction, respectively. In part 2, rats were divided into 5 groups (n = 10): sham-CCI, CCI, EA (CCI + EA at acupoints), NA-EA (CCI + EA at nonacupoints), and U0126 (CCI + intrathecal injection of U0126). EA treatment was conducted similar to part 1. Rats were given 5 µg U0126 in the U0126 group and 5% dimethyl sulfoxide intrathecally. Ten microliters was used as a vehicle for the other 4 groups twice a day on days 4 to 9 after CCI. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in the spinal cord were also assayed by Western blotting. RESULTS EA treatment exhibited significant antinociceptive effects and reduced the CCI-induced increase of both protein and mRNA expression of P2X3 receptors in the spinal cord. Furthermore, 2 Hz EA had a better analgesic effect than 15 Hz EA, and the protein and mRNA level of P2X3 receptor in spinal cord were lower in rats treated with 2 Hz EA at acupoints than 15 Hz EA at acupoints. Either EA at acupoints or intrathecal injection of U0126 relieved allodynia and hyperalgesia and reduced the expression of P2X3 receptors and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in the spinal cord. CONCLUSIONS The data demonstrated that EA alleviates neuropathic pain behavior, at least in part, by reducing P2X3 receptor expression in spinal cord via the ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Low frequency EA has a better analgesic effect than high frequency HEA on neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Sanwei Road 122, Nankai District, Tianjin, People's Republic of China 300100.
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Analysis on interrelation between electroacupuncture-induced cumulative analgesic effect and hypothalamic cholinergic activities in chronic neuropathic pain rats. Chin J Integr Med 2012; 18:699-707. [DOI: 10.1007/s11655-012-1059-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Activation of Spinal α2-Adrenoceptors Using Diluted Bee Venom Stimulation Reduces Cold Allodynia in Neuropathic Pain Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:784713. [PMID: 22969830 PMCID: PMC3434467 DOI: 10.1155/2012/784713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cold allodynia is an important distinctive feature of neuropathic pain. The present study examined whether single or repetitive treatment of diluted bee venom (DBV) reduced cold allodynia in sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury (CCI) rats and whether these effects were mediated by spinal adrenergic receptors. Single injection of DBV (0.25 or 2.5 mg/kg) was performed into Zusanli acupoint 2 weeks post CCI, and repetitive DBV (0.25 mg/kg) was injected for 2 weeks beginning on day 15 after CCI surgery. Single treatment of DBV at a low dose (0.25 mg/kg) did not produce any anticold allodynic effect, while a high dose of DBV (2.5 mg/kg) significantly reduced cold allodynia. Moreover, this effect of high-dose DBV was completely blocked by intrathecal pretreatment of idazoxan (α2-adrenoceptor antagonist), but not prazosin (α1-adrenoceptor antagonist) or propranolol (nonselective β-adrenoceptor antagonist). In addition, coadministration of low-dose DBV (0.25 mg/kg) and intrathecal clonidine (α2-adrenoceptor agonist) synergically reduced cold allodynia. On the other hand, repetitive treatments of low-dose DBV showing no motor deficit remarkably suppressed cold allodynia from 7 days after DBV treatment. This effect was also reversed by intrathecal idazoxan injection. These findings demonstrated that single or repetitive stimulation of DBV could alleviate CCI-induced cold allodynia via activation of spinal α2-adrenoceptor.
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Martino G, Puma C, Yu XH, Gilbert AK, Coupal M, Markoglou N, McIntosh FS, Perkins MN, Laird JMA. The M1/M4 preferring agonist xanomeline is analgesic in rodent models of chronic inflammatory and neuropathic pain via central site of action. Pain 2011; 152:2852-2860. [PMID: 22018972 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2011.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The role of muscarinic receptor subtype-1 (M1) in chronic pain is unclear. In an attempt to gain an understanding of its role, we have tested xanomeline, an M1/M4-preferring agonist, together with nonselective (scopolamine and pirenzepine), and selective (MT-7 and MT-3) muscarinic receptor (M1 and M4, respectively) antagonists in a number of inflammatory and neuropathic pain models. Xanomeline potently and effectively reversed tactile allodynia and heat hyperalgesia associated with established neuropathic and inflammatory pain in both rat and mouse models. Scopolamine and pirenzepine completely blocked the analgesic response to xanomeline, confirming that the analgesic effect is mediated by the muscarinic system. The highly selective M1 receptor toxin, MT-7, almost completely abolished the analgesic response to xanomeline when administered supraspinally. However, the highly selective M4 receptor toxin, MT-3, only marginally reversed the analgesia when given supraspinally, and had no effect when given spinally. In conclusion, the data presented show that the nonselective muscarinic agonist xanomeline is analgesic in models of persistent pain and suggest that the activation of supraspinal M1 receptors, and to a lesser extent supraspinal M4 receptors, contributes to that analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Martino
- AstraZeneca R&D Montreal, St-Laurent, QC, Canada Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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Electroacupuncture attenuates mechanical and warm allodynia through suppression of spinal glial activation in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Brain Res Bull 2011; 86:403-11. [PMID: 21958939 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2011.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain remains one of the most difficult clinical pain syndromes to treat. It is traditionally viewed as being mediated solely by neurons; however, glial cells have recently been implicated as powerful modulators of pain. It is known that the analgesic effects of electroacupuncture (EA) are mediated by descending pain inhibitory systems, which mainly involve spinal opioid, adrenergic, dopaminergic, serotonergic, and cholinergic receptors. However, studies investigating the suppressive effects of EA on spinal glial activation are rare. In the present study, we assessed the cumulative analgesic effects of EA on mechanical and warm allodynia in a rat model of neuropathic pain. We investigated the clinical efficacy of EA as long-term therapy and examined its effects on spinal glia, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9/MMP-2, proinflammatory cytokines and serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentration. Rats were randomly divided into four groups as follows: the operation group (OP), operation with EA-non acupoint (EA-NA), operation with EA-ST36 acupoint (EA-ST36), and sham operation (shamOP). Following neuropathic or sham surgery, repeated EA was performed every other day after the behavioral test. On day 53 after the behavioral test, rats were perfused for immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis to observe quantitative changes in spinal glial markers such as OX-42, astrocytic glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), MMP-9/MMP-2, and proinflammatory cytokines. Allodynia and OX-42/GFAP/MMP-9/MMP-2/tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α/interleukin (IL)-1β activity in the EA-ST36 group was significantly reduced, compared to the OP and EA-NA groups, and IgG in EA-ST36 rats significantly increased. Our results suggest that the analgesic effect of EA may be partly mediated via inhibition of inflammation and glial activation and repeated EA stimulation may be useful for treating chronic pain clinically.
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Silva JR, Silva ML, Prado WA. Analgesia Induced by 2- or 100-Hz Electroacupuncture in the Rat Tail-Flick Test Depends on the Activation of Different Descending Pain Inhibitory Mechanisms. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2011; 12:51-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2010.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Revised: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Jang HS, Jang IS, Lee MG. The effects of tramadol on electroencephalographic spectral parameters and analgesia in rats. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2010; 14:191-8. [PMID: 20631893 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2010.14.3.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2010] [Revised: 06/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The effects of different doses of tramadol on analgesia and electroencephalographic (EEG) spectral parameters were compared in rats. Saline or tramadol 5, 10, 20 or 40 mg/kg was administered. The degree of analgesia was evaluated by tail-flick latency, and the degree of seizure was measured using numerical seizure score (NSS). Additionally, band powers, median power frequency and spectral edge frequency 95 were measured to quantify the EEG response. All doses of tramadol produced spike-wave discharge. Tramadol significantly and dose-dependently increased the analgesia, but these effects did not correspond with the changes in the EEG spectral parameters. NSS significantly increased in the Tramadol 20 and 40 mg/kg treatment groups compared to the Control and TRA5 groups, and two rats given 40 mg/kg had convulsions. In conclusion, tramadol dose-dependently increased the analgesic effect, and the 10 mg/kg dose appears to be a reliable clinical dose for analgesia in rats, but dose-dependent increases in analgesia and seizure severity did not correlate with EEG spectral parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwan-Soo Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, Korea
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