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Grzeszczuk M, Dzięgiel P, Nowińska K. The Role of FNDC5/Irisin in Cardiovascular Disease. Cells 2024; 13:277. [PMID: 38334669 PMCID: PMC10854770 DOI: 10.3390/cells13030277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Disorders of cardiomyocyte metabolism play a crucial role in many cardiovascular diseases, such as myocardial infarction, heart failure and ischemia-reperfusion injury. In myocardial infarction, cardiomyocyte metabolism is regulated by mitochondrial changes and biogenesis, which allows energy homeostasis. There are many proteins in cells that regulate and control metabolic processes. One of them is irisin (Ir), which is released from the transmembrane protein FNDC5. Initial studies indicated that Ir is a myokine secreted mainly by skeletal muscles. Further studies showed that Ir was also present in various tissues. However, its highest levels were observed in cardiomyocytes. Ir is responsible for many processes, including the conversion of white adipose tissue (WAT) to brown adipose tissue (BAT) by increasing the expression of thermogenin (UCP1). In addition, Ir affects mitochondrial biogenesis. Therefore, the levels of FNDC5/Ir in the blood and myocardium may be important in cardiovascular disease. This review discusses the current knowledge about the role of FNDC5/Ir in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Grzeszczuk
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.G.); (P.D.)
| | - Piotr Dzięgiel
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.G.); (P.D.)
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Physiotherapy, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Nowińska
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.G.); (P.D.)
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Njire Braticevic M, Zarak M, Simac B, Perovic A, Dumic J. Effects of recreational SCUBA diving practiced once a week on neurohormonal response and myokines-mediated communication between muscles and the brain. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1074061. [PMID: 37063956 PMCID: PMC10090300 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1074061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveDuring physical activity, activation of muscular, endocrine, and nervous systems, results in intensive crosstalk between muscles and other organs, which enables response to physiological stress. In SCUBA diving, extreme environmental conditions represent an additional challenge for homeostasis maintenance, but underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. We aimed to contribute to the understanding of neurohormonal response and muscle-brain crosstalk by measuring the concentrations of the selected hormones secreted by the pituitary-target organ axis and myokines involved in the muscle-brain endocrine loop in recreational SCUBA (rSCUBA) divers.MethodsFourteen male divers performed five open-water recreational dives (one per week, depth of 20–30 m, lasting 30 min, between 9 and 10 am), after a winter non-diving period of 5 months. Blood samples were collected immediately before and after the first, third, and fifth dives. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (fT4), prolactin, total testosterone, growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), irisin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), S100B, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) were measured using commercially available immunoassays.ResultsCortisol and ACTH levels decreased after every dive, while total testosterone decreased only after the first dive. No significant changes in post-dive values, as well as the cumulative effect on any other measured hormone, were observed. Although irisin and BDNF levels decreased after the first and third dives, the fifth dive caused a significant increase in both myokines. Changes in IGF-1 levels were not observed. All three dives caused a significant increase in S100B levels. A statistically significant decrease in GFAP concentration was observed after every dive, while NSE pre-dive concentration declined over the studied period. The cumulative effect on myokine levels was reflected in a continuous decline in irisin and BDNF pre-dive levels throughout the studied period, but an increasing trend after the fifth dive was observed.ConclusionsObserved changes in myokines and hormone levels point to a specific response to rSCUBA practiced once a week, most likely due to extreme environmental conditions. Further studies on communication between muscles and other organ systems, particularly on the muscle-brain endocrine loop, are required for a deeper understanding of the adaptation mechanisms to this kind of physiological stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Njire Braticevic
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Dubrovnik General Hospital, Dubrovnik, Croatia
- Correspondence: Marina Njire Braticevic
| | - Marko Zarak
- Clinical Department for Laboratory Diagnostics, Dubrava University Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Brankica Simac
- Clinical Department for Laboratory Diagnostics, Dubrava University Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Antonija Perovic
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Dubrovnik General Hospital, Dubrovnik, Croatia
| | - Jerka Dumic
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Kara ÖS, Ercan A, Çelebier M, Kaplan O, Öncül S, Korkusuz F. Plasma irisin and metabolomic response differ between concentric and isometric exercise. Sci Sports 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Exercise in the heat induces similar elevations in serum irisin in young and older men despite lower resting irisin concentrations in older adults. J Therm Biol 2022; 104:103189. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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The production, detection, and origin of irisin and its effect on bone cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 178:316-324. [PMID: 33652046 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Irisin is a muscle factor discovered in 2012 that plays an important role in many tissues, including bone. Eight years since its discovery, there are still many controversies regarding its molecular biology, detection, and effects on bone. This article summarizes the points raised to date, and discusses the mechanisms by which irisin regulates bone cells. The information reviewed here provides a useful foundation for future research.
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