The Association between Tea Consumption and the Risk of Fracture: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies

Tea consumption and risk of bone health: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis

INTRODUCTION

Current research evaluating the association between tea consumption and bone health still has inconsistent findings.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The electronic databases of Embase, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were systematically searched from inception until December 2022 to identify eligible studies. The calculation of summary relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) was carried out using random-effects models. I2 statistics and Forest plots were used to assess the heterogeneity of RR values across studies.

RESULTS

The pooled relative risks for bone health-related outcomes of interest among tea drinkers, compared to non-drinkers, were 0.910 (95% confidence interval 0.845 to 0.980) for fractures, based on 20 studies, 0.332 (0.207-0.457) for BMD (13 studies), 0.800 (0.674-0.950) for osteoporosis (10 studies), and 1.006 (0.876-1.156) for osteopenia (5 studies). Subgroup analysis of locations showed that the pooled relative risks were 0.903 (0.844-0.966) for the hip, 0.735 (0.586-0.922) for the femur, 0.776 (0.610-0.988) for the lumbar, 0.980 (0.942-1.021) for the forearm and wrist, 0.804 (0.567-1.139) for the phalanges, and 0.612 (0.468-0.800) for Ward's triangle. One-stage dose-response analysis revealed that individuals who consumed less than 4.5 cups of tea per day had a lower risk of bone health-related outcomes than those who did not consume tea, with statistically significant results.

CONCLUSION

There is an association between tea consumption and a reduced risk of fractures, osteoporosis, hip, femur, and lumbar, as well as increased BMD.

Soft drinks, tea and coffee consumption in relation to risk of fracture: evidence from china health and nutrition survey

INTRODUCTION

To investigate the association between soft drinks, tea and coffee consumption, and risk of fracture in the China Health and Nutrition Survey.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A cross-sectional study with multi-stage random cluster sampling was conducted in nine Chinese provinces in 2004, 2006, 2009 and 2011. A total of 36,740 participants were included the data analyses. Self-administered questionnaires and physical examinations provided data on beverages consumption, fracture history, and other potential risk factors. Binary logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) adjusted for potentially confounding variables.

RESULTS

The prevalence of fracture increased over the 7-year period of the surveys, with 1833 (5.3%) participants reporting a fracture history. Soft drink consumption increased over this time period, and tea consumption was relatively stable, whereas coffee consumption tended to increase sharply. Consumers of soft drinks ≥ 3 times/week (versus never) had a higher risk of fracture (OR = 1.86, 95% CI = 1.43-2.32, p < 0.001, p for trend = 0.039). Consumers of tea ≥ 5 cups/day (versus never) also had a higher risk of fracture (OR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.09-1.45, p = 0.028, p for trend < 0.001). Similarly, consumers of coffee ≥ 2 cups/day (versus never) had a higher risk of fracture (OR = 1.84, 95% CI = 1.01-3.34, p = 0.045, p for trend = 0.002). Subgroup analyses by gender suggested that coffee consumption increased risk of fracture in females (OR = 1.84, 95% CI = 1.32-2.63, p = 0.001).

CONCLUSION

Our findings suggest that high consumption of soft drinks, tea and coffee is associated with an increased risk of fracture in the Chinese population. Which has important public health implications given the widespread consumption of these beverages.