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Liang W, Shi J, Xia H, Wei X. A Novel Ruthenium-Fluvastatin Complex Downregulates SNCG Expression to Modulate Breast Carcinoma Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis via Activating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR/VEGF/MMP9 Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:5537737. [PMID: 34221232 PMCID: PMC8221895 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5537737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cause of malignancy and cancer-related morbidity and death worldwide that requests effective and safe chemotherapy. Evaluation of metallodrug-based anticancer agents and statins as chemotherapeutics with fewer side effects is a largely unexplored research field. Synthesis and characterization of the ruthenium-fluvastatin complex were achieved using multiple spectroscopic techniques and thus further examined to evaluate its chemotherapeutic prospects in both MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cancer lines and eventually in vivo models of DMBA-induced mammary carcinogenesis in rodents. Our studies indicate that the metal and ligand chelation was materialized by the ligand's functional groups of carbonyl (=O) oxygen and hydroxyl (-OH), and the complex has been observed to be crystalline and able to chelate with CT-DNA. The complex was able to reduce cell proliferation and activate apoptotic events in breast carcinoma cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. In addition, the complex was able to modify p53 expressions to interfere with apoptosis in the carcinoma of the breast, stimulated by the intrinsic apoptotic path assisted by Bcl2 and Bax in vivo, yet at the same point, controlling the PI3K/Akt/mTOR/VEGF pathway, as obtained from western blotting, correlates with the MMP9-regulated tumor mechanisms. Our research reveals that ruthenium-fluvastatin chemotherapy may disrupt, rescind, or interrupt breast carcinoma progression by modifying intrinsic apoptosis as well as the antiangiogenic cascade, thereby taking the role of a potential candidate in cancer therapy for the immediate future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liang
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing First Hospital Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, China
| | - Junfeng Shi
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing First Hospital Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, China
| | - Haiyan Xia
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing First Hospital Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, China
| | - Xiaowei Wei
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing First Hospital Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, China
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Bens A, Langballe R, Bernstein JL, Cronin-Fenton D, Friis S, Mellemkjaer L. Preventive drug therapy and contralateral breast cancer: summary of the evidence of clinical trials and observational studies. Acta Oncol 2019; 58:1581-1593. [PMID: 31393200 DOI: 10.1080/0284186x.2019.1643915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Background: Breast cancer patients have a lifelong 2-4-fold increased risk of developing a second primary tumor in the contralateral breast compared with the risk for a first primary breast cancer in the general female population. Prevention of contralateral breast cancer (CBC) has received increased attention during recent decades. Here, we summarize and discuss the available literature on drug preventive therapy and CBC.Results: The endocrine-targetting drugs, tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors are used as standard adjuvant treatment for estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer. Both are associated with relative risk reductions of CBC of up to 50%, but incur serious side effects. Several prescription drugs originally developed for other purposes, including bisphosphonates, statins, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, metformin, anti-hypertensives and retinoids, have shown anti-cancer activity in preclinical models. However, results of observational studies on CBC are sparse and inconsistent, with only statins demonstrating promise as preventive agents and a potential treatment option for ER-negative breast cancer patients.Conclusion: Future studies are needed to assess the effect of statins in risk reduction and to identify other drugs with chemopreventive potential against CBC. Eventually, efforts must be directed towards identifying those breast cancer patients likely to benefit most from specific preventive therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annet Bens
- Unit of Virus, Lifestyle and Genes, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rikke Langballe
- Unit of Virus, Lifestyle and Genes, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Søren Friis
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Unit of Statistics and Pharmacoepidemiology, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lene Mellemkjaer
- Unit of Virus, Lifestyle and Genes, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Langballe R, Cronin-Fenton D, Dehlendorff C, Jensen MB, Ejlertsen B, Andersson M, Friis S, Mellemkjær L. Statin use and risk of contralateral breast cancer: a nationwide cohort study. Br J Cancer 2018; 119:1297-1305. [PMID: 30353047 PMCID: PMC6251024 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-018-0252-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Statins have demonstrated antineoplastic effects in breast cancer cell lines, particularly in oestrogen receptor (ER)-negative cell lines. However, epidemiological studies have not supported a preventive effect of statin use against breast cancer. Therefore, we examined the association between statin use and contralateral breast cancer (CBC) risk among women with breast cancer. Methods We identified 52,723 women with non-metastatic breast cancer during 1996–2012 from the Danish Breast Cancer Group database. We defined time-varying post-diagnosis statin use as minimum two prescriptions lagged by 1 year. Cox regression analyses were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for CBC associated with statin use. Results Statin use was associated with a lower CBC risk (HR = 0.88; 95% CI = 0.73–1.05). The inverse association was strongest for long-term use overall (HR = 0.64; 95% CI = 0.43–0.96), although the HR specifically for long-term consistent use and high-intensity use approached unity. Among ER-negative breast cancer patients, statin use was associated with a CBC risk reduction (HR = 0.67; 95% CI = 0.45–1.00). Conclusions We found some indication that statins reduce the risk of CBC. Further evaluations are needed to disentangle the equivocal results for long-term use and to establish if ER-negative breast cancer patients may benefit most from statin use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bent Ejlertsen
- Danish Breast Cancer Group, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Oncology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Søren Friis
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Public Health, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Ahmadi Y, Karimian R, Panahi Y. Effects of statins on the chemoresistance-The antagonistic drug-drug interactions versus the anti-cancer effects. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 108:1856-1865. [PMID: 30372891 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.09.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been growing interest in the potential anti-cancer activity of statins based on evidence of their anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, and radiosensitizing properties, but no studies have focused on the effects of statins on the chemoresistance. In spite of their direct cytostatic/cytotoxic effects on the cancer cells, statins via drug interactions may affect therapeutic effects of the chemotherapy agents and so cause chemoresistance in cancer cells. Here, we aim to present the molecular mechanisms underlying cytotoxic effects of statins on the cancer cells against those mechanisms by which statins may lead to chemoresistance, in order to clarify whether the positive effects of the co-treatment of statins on the efficiency of chemotherapeutic agents is due to the natural anti-cancer effects of statins or it is due to increasing the cellular concentrations of chemotherapy drugs in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasin Ahmadi
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems biology and poisonings institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ramin Karimian
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems biology and poisonings institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Yunes Panahi
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems biology and poisonings institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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The balance between induction and inhibition of mevalonate pathway regulates cancer suppression by statins: A review of molecular mechanisms. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 273:273-285. [PMID: 28668359 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Statins are widely used drugs for their role in decreasing cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic patients. Statins through inhibition of Hydroxy Methyl Glutaryl-CoA Reductase (HMGCR), the main enzyme of the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway, inhibit mevalonate pathway that provides isoprenoids for prenylation of different proteins such as Ras superfamily which has an essential role in cancer developing. Inhibition of the mevalonate/isoprenoid pathway is the cause of the cholesterol independent effects of statins or pleotropic effects. Depending on their penetrance into the extra-hepatic cells, statins have different effects on mevalonate/isoprenoid pathway. Lipophilic statins diffuse into all cells and hydrophilic ones use a variety of membrane transporters to gain access to cells other than hepatocytes. It has been suggested that the lower accessibility of statins for extra-hepatic tissues may result in the compensatory induction of mevalonate/isoprenoid pathway and so cancer developing. However, most of the population-based studies have demonstrated that statins have no effect on cancer developing, even decrease the risk of different types of cancer. In this review we focus on the cancer developing "potentials" and the anti-cancer "activities" of statins regarding the effects of statins on mevalonate/isoprenoid pathway in the liver and extra-hepatic tissues.
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Abstract
PURPOSE In an effort to explain racial disparities in breast cancer survival, this study aimed to investigate how comorbidity affects breast cancer-specific mortality by race. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was conducted using the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results-Medicare linked data including 68,090 women 66+ years, who were diagnosed with stage I-III breast cancer in the United States from 1994 to 2004. Hospital and outpatient claims from the year prior to breast cancer diagnosis were used to identify comorbid conditions and patients were followed for survival through 2010. RESULTS Competing risk survival analysis failed to demonstrate any negative comorbidity effects on breast cancer-specific survival for black women. An increased breast cancer-specific mortality hazard was observed for white women who had diabetes without complication relative to white women without this condition after adjusting for age and year of diagnosis (hazard ratio: 1.22, 95% confidence interval 1.13, 1.30). The Cochran-Armitage Test showed diabetes was associated with a later stage of diagnosis (p < 0.01) and a more aggressive tumor grade (p < 0.01) among white women in the study population. CONCLUSION Race specific comorbidity effects do not explain breast cancer-specific survival disparities. However, the relationship between diabetes and breast cancer, including the role of aggressive tumor characteristics, warrants special attention.
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Afghahi A, Telli ML, Kurian AW. Genetics of triple-negative breast cancer: Implications for patient care. Curr Probl Cancer 2016; 40:130-140. [PMID: 28340968 DOI: 10.1016/j.currproblcancer.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), defined as lacking expression of the estrogen and progesterone receptors (ER/PR) and amplification of the HER2 oncogene, often have a more aggressive disease course than do patients with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer, including higher rates of visceral and central nervous system metastases, early cancer recurrences and deaths. Triple-negative breast cancer is associated with a young age at diagnosis and both African and Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry, the latter due to three common founder mutations in the highly penetrant cancer susceptibility genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 (BRCA1/2). In the past decade, there has been a surge both in genetic testing technology and in patient access to such testing. Advances in genetic testing have enabled more rapid and less expensive commercial sequencing than could be imagined only a few years ago. Massively parallel, next-generation sequencing allows the simultaneous analysis of many different genes. Studies of TNBC patients in the current era have revealed associations of TNBC with mutations in several moderate penetrance breast cancer susceptibility genes, including PALB2, BARD1, BRIP1, RAD51C and RAD51D. Interestingly, many of these genes, like BRCA1/2, are involved in homologous recombination DNA double-stranded repair. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of pathogenic germline gene mutations associated with TNBC and the early detection and prevention strategies for women at risk of developing this high-risk breast cancer subtype. Furthermore, we discuss recent the advances in targeted therapies for TNBC patients with a hereditary predisposition, including the role of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors in BRCA1/2 mutation-associated breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anosheh Afghahi
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Aurora, CO
| | - Melinda L Telli
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Allison W Kurian
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford, CA; Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford, CA.
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Ji Y, Rounds T, Crocker A, Sussman B, Hovey RC, Kingsley F, Muss HB, Garber JE, Wood ME. The Effect of Atorvastatin on Breast Cancer Biomarkers in High-Risk Women. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2016; 9:379-84. [PMID: 26908565 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-15-0300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Statins have the potential to reduce breast cancer incidence and recurrence as shown in both epidemiologic and laboratory studies. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a lipophilic statin, atorvastatin, on breast cancer biomarkers of risk [mammographic density (MD) and insulin growth factor 1 (IGF-1)] in high-risk premenopausal women.Premenopausal women at increased risk for breast cancer received either 40 mg of atorvastatin or placebo for 1 year. Biomarker assessment was performed prior to initiation and at completion of study medication. MD was determined using both Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System and the visual analogue scale. Serum IGF-1 was determined by ELISA assay at the end of the study.Sixty-three women were enrolled between December 2005 and May 2010. Sixteen (25%) women withdrew. The mean age of participants was 43 (range, 35-50), 100% were white, and the average body mass index (BMI) was 26.4. The statin group demonstrated a significant decrease in cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL), suggesting compliance with study medication. After accounting for BMI, there was no difference in change in MD between groups. There was a significant increase in serum IGF-1 in the statin group.In this multi-institutional randomized prospective clinical trial of premenopausal women at increased risk for breast cancer, we did not see an effect of atorvastatin on MD. Further investigation of statins may be warranted; however, design of prior trials and potential mechanism of action of the agent need to be considered in the design of future trials. Cancer Prev Res; 9(5); 379-84. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- YongLi Ji
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Tiffany Rounds
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Abigail Crocker
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Betsy Sussman
- Department of Radiology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | | | - Fonda Kingsley
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Hyman B Muss
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | | | - Marie E Wood
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.
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Comorbidities and Their Management: Potential Impact on Breast Cancer Outcomes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 862:155-75. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16366-6_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Woditschka S, Habel LA, Udaltsova N, Friedman GD, Sieh W. Lipophilic statin use and risk of breast cancer subtypes. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19:2479-87. [PMID: 20729289 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-10-0524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Statins are widely used and of high interest as potential chemopreventive agents for cancer. Preclinical studies suggest that lipophilic statins have anticancer properties targeting hormone receptor (HR)-negative breast cancer. Few epidemiologic studies have investigated the relationship between lipophilic statin use and risk for breast cancer, stratified by HR status. We conducted a large case-control study within Kaiser Permanente of Northern California (KPNC) to determine whether chronic use of lipophilic statins is associated with decreased risk of HR-negative breast cancer or other breast cancer subtypes. METHODS We identified 22,488 breast cancer cases diagnosed from 1997 to 2007, and 224,860 controls matched to cases based upon birth year and duration of KPNC pharmacy coverage. Use of lipophilic statins was ascertained using the comprehensive electronic pharmacy records of KPNC. RESULTS We found no association between lipophilic statin use (≥2 y versus never) and overall breast cancer risk (odds ratio(adj), 1.02; 95% CI, 0.97-1.08) in conditional logistic regression models adjusted for oral contraceptive and hormone therapy use. Women who used lipophilic statins did not have a decreased risk of HR-negative breast cancer (odds ratio(adj), 0.98; 95% CI, 0.84-1.14) nor altered risk of HR-positive disease (odds ratio(adj), 1.03; 95% CI, 0.97-1.10). Furthermore, lipophilic statin use was not associated with risk of any of the intrinsic subtypes, luminal A, luminal B, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 positive/estrogen receptor negative, or triple negative. CONCLUSIONS Our results do not support an association of lipophilic statin use with the risk for breast cancer in general or with risks of HR-negative or other breast cancer subtypes specifically. IMPACT These findings do not confirm previous reports of a possible preventive association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Woditschka
- Cancer Prevention Fellowship Program, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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