1
|
Masoori L, Khalaf AK, Ezzatkhah F, Balaña-Fouce R, Mahmoudvand H. Promising effects of 1,8 Cineole to control Giardia lamblia infection: Targeting the inflammation, oxidative stress, and infectivity. Acta Trop 2024; 255:107201. [PMID: 38604329 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Reportedly, synthetic drugs such as metronidazole, furazolidone, tinidazole, and quinacrine are used for the treatment of giardiasis but are associated with adverse effects. In this study, we aimed to investigate the in vitro and in vivo effects of eucalyptol (ECT, 1,8 cineole) alone and in combination with metronidazole (MNZ) on Giardia lamblia. The effects of ECT on cell viability, plasma membrane permeability, and gene expression levels of adenylate cyclase (AK) and extracellular signal kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1 and ERK2) in trophozoites of G. lamblia were assessed. In vivo, the effects of ECT alone and in combination with MNZ were assessed on mice infected with G. lamblia. In addition, the gene expression of inflammatory genes (e.g., TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-10) and antioxidant genes (catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), glutathione peroxidase 2 (GPX2)) was determined by real-time PCR. The IC50 values of ECT, MNZ, and ECT+MNZ on trophozoites were 30.2 µg/mL, 21.6 µg/mL, and 8.5 µg/mL, respectively. The estimated Fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) values for ECT and MNZ were 0.28 and 0.39, respectively. The application of ECT on G. lamblia trophozoites resulted in a dose-dependent increase in plasma membrane permeability, particularly at concentrations of ½ IC50 and IC50 (P < 0.05). The treatment of infected mice with various doses of ECT, mainly in combination with MNZ for 7 days, resulted in a significant decrease (P < 0.001) in the average number and viability of cysts. ECT, especially when combined with MNZ, caused a significant (P < 0.001) reduction in the expression of TNF-α and IL-6 genes, and an increase (P < 0.05) in the expression of IL-10 genes. ECT alone and mainly in combination with MNZ leads to a significant (P < 0.001) increase in the gene expression of CAT, SOD, and GPX genes. These findings demonstrate that the use of ECT in these doses, even for 14 days, does not have any toxic effects on the function of vital liver and kidney tissues. The study findings confirmed the promising effects of ECT against G. lamblia infection both in vitro and in vivo. Considering the possible mechanisms, ECT increases plasma membrane permeability and reduces the expression levels of infectivity-related genes. In addition, ECT suppresses inflammation and oxidative stress, controlling giardiasis in mice. More studies are needed to clarify these findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leila Masoori
- Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Amal Khudair Khalaf
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Thiqar, Thiqar, Iraq
| | - Fatemeh Ezzatkhah
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Sirjan School of Medical Sciences, Sirjan, Iran
| | - Rafael Balaña-Fouce
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIOMED), Campus de Vegazana s/n, Universidad de León 24071 León, Spain
| | - Hossein Mahmoudvand
- Nutritional Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Worku KM, Asfaw BG, Mamo DN, Haile Y, Tesfa H, Aemero M. Medicinal plants with promising antileishmanial activity in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e38480. [PMID: 39259058 PMCID: PMC11142835 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000038480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Toxicity and resistance to chemotherapy used to treat leishmaniasis are increasing. Research on natural plant compounds has revealed their antileishmanial effects on certain Leishmania organisms. This review aimed to estimate the pooled IC50 values of medicinal plants with promising antileishmanial activity in Ethiopia. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted using Science Direct, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar to locate potential studies. Studies published in peer-reviewed journals and gray literature in university repositories before April 1, 2022, which included a full-length study reporting the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of Ethiopian medicinal plants that were written in English were included. Conference proceedings, review articles, letters to the editor, and correspondence were excluded. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the GIVIMP critical appraisal tools. Heterogeneity between studies was verified using Cochrane Q test statistics and I2 test statistics, and the effects were checked using Egger statistical test at a level of significance. A random-effects model was used to estimate the pooled IC50 of the medicinal plants. RESULTS Six articles that were conducted in Ethiopia that fulfilled the inclusion criteria, with a total of 62 in vitro experiments, were reviewed. The aggregated mean IC50 for medicinal plants in Ethiopia was 16.80 (95% CI: 12.44, 21.16) and 13.81 (95% CI: 13.12, 14.50) µg/mL for antipromastigote and antiamastigote activity, respectively. Aqueous was the significant preparation with IC50 of 0.53 (0.34, 0.73) µg/mL against promastigote and 0.98 (0.20, 1.76) µg/mL against the amastigote stage. DISCUSSION This review indicated that the pooled mean of IC50 for Ethiopian medicinal plants against promastigotes and amastigotes was relatively low and showed better efficacy. This strongly suggests the need to focus on antipromastigote and antiamastigote medicinal plants in Ethiopia for the development of antileishmanial drugs. It is necessary to identify their active components, and their potential toxic effects can lead to the production of well-tolerated and safe drugs for leishmaniasis. The high heterogeneity is the limitation of this study. REGISTRATION The review has been registered at Prospero with identification number CRD42022343543.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kassahun Misgana Worku
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Birhanu Genanew Asfaw
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Daniel Niguse Mamo
- Department of Health Informatics, School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Yosef Haile
- Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Habtie Tesfa
- Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Mulugeta Aemero
- Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zein R, Alghoraibi I, Soukkarieh C, Alahmad A. Investigation of Cytotoxicity of Biosynthesized Colloidal Nanosilver against Local Leishmania tropica: In Vitro Study. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15144880. [PMID: 35888346 PMCID: PMC9318884 DOI: 10.3390/ma15144880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is one of the biggest health problems in the world. Traditional therapeutic methods still depend on a small range of products, mostly chemically. However, the treatment with these drugs is expensive and can cause serious adverse effects, and they have inconsistent effectiveness due to the resistance of parasites to these drugs. The treatment of leishmanial disease has always been a challenge for researchers. The development of nanoscale metals such as silver has attracted significant attention in the field of medicine. The unique characteristic features of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) make them effective antileishmanial agents. In recent years, green nanotechnology has provided the development of green nanoparticle-based treatment methods for Leishmaniasis. Although there are many studies based on green nanoparticles against Leishmania parasites, this is the first study on the antileishmanial effect of biosynthesized AgNPs using an aqueous extract of Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaves (AEECL) as a reducing agent of silver ions. Different parameters such as AgNO3 concentration, AEECL concentration, and reaction time were studied to investigate the optimum factors for the preparation of stable and small-sized silver nanoparticles. The spherical shape of colloidal nanosilver (CN-Ag) was confirmed by atomic force microscope (AFM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images with sizes of 27 and 12 nm, respectively. A high density of nanoparticles with a small size of 10 nm has been confirmed from dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis. The zeta potential value of 23 mV indicated that colloidal silver nanoparticles were stable. The nano-tracker analysis (NTA) showed the Brownian motion of silver nanoparticles with a hydrodynamic diameter of 31 nm. The antioxidant property of CN-Ag was determined using the stable radical 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. In this study, a significant cytotoxic effect of biosynthesized CN-Ag has been shown against Leishmania tropica parasites at low concentrations (1.25, 2.5, and 3.75 µg/mL). These results could be used as a future alternative drug or could be a supportive treatment for Leishmaniasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raghad Zein
- Physics Department, Faculty of Sciences, Damascus University, Damascus P.O. Box 30621, Syria;
- Correspondence: (R.Z.); (A.A.)
| | - Ibrahim Alghoraibi
- Physics Department, Faculty of Sciences, Damascus University, Damascus P.O. Box 30621, Syria;
- Department of Basic and Supporting Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Arab International University, Daraa P.O. Box 30621, Syria
| | - Chadi Soukkarieh
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Damascus University, Damascus P.O. Box 30621, Syria;
| | - Abdalrahim Alahmad
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Callinstrasse 5, 30167 Hannover, Germany
- Correspondence: (R.Z.); (A.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ayrom F, Rasouli S, Shemshadi B. In Vitro Antileishmanial Activity of Achillea santolina Essential Oil against Leishmania infantum Promastigote by Methylthiazole Tetrazolium (MTT) and Trypan Blue Colorimetric Methods. ARCHIVES OF RAZI INSTITUTE 2021; 76:529-536. [PMID: 34824746 DOI: 10.22092/ari.2020.352245.1555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis causes parasitic infections, especially in developing countries. The disease has not yet been controlled because of the absence of an effective vaccine and low-cost treatment. Achillea santolina essential oil (ASEO) might control the disease as it has antimicrobial properties. This study investigated the in vitro antileishmanial activity of ASEO against Leishmania infantum promastigote using the methylthiazole tetrazolium (MTT) and trypan blue colorimetric methods. The standard strain of L. infantum (MCAN/IR/96/LON49) promastigotes was prepared and cultured in a 96-well Novy-MacNeal-Nicolle (NNN) medium. The effects of different concentrations of saline, ASEO, and glucantime (10, 50, 100, 200, 500, and 1000 mg/mL) were examined in 24-, 48-, and 72-hour intervals using the MTT and trypan blue test methods.The use of ASEO reduced viability in all concentrations compared to the control group in times of 48 (p<0.05) and 72 h (p<0.05). Treatment with glucantime and ASEO had similar efficiency with the concentration of 1000 mL/mg in both methods after 72 h. The results showed that viability was significantly lower in the ASEO group with increases in time using both methods (p<0.05). Cohen's Kappa coefficient showed a significant agreement between the obtained results for the two methods (Kappa=0.856; p<0.001).In sum, the results showed in vitro antileishmanial activity of ASEO, but more clinical studies are needed to confirm the efficiency. ASEO can be used as an agent and/or in combination with synthetic agents for the treatment of leishmaniasis disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Ayrom
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Rasouli
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad University, Urmia, Iran
| | - B Shemshadi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Talha MH, Alnomani Y, Mirforughi SA. Eucalyptus camaldulensis efficiency for application against microbial infections. REVIEWS IN MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2021; 32:1-5. [DOI: 10.1097/mrm.0000000000000234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
|
6
|
Mubarak SM, Alnomani Y. Synergistic effect of Eucalyptus camaldulensis essential oil with glucantime against cutaneous Leishmaniasis in vitro and in vivo. Meta Gene 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2020.100717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
7
|
Ghasemian A, Eslami M, Hasanvand F, Bozorgi H, Al-abodi HR. Eucalyptus camaldulensis properties for use in the eradication of infections. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 65:234-237. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
8
|
Aleksic Sabo V, Knezevic P. Antimicrobial activity of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn. plant extracts and essential oils: A review. INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS 2019; 132:413-429. [PMID: 32288268 PMCID: PMC7126574 DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Eucalyptus has become one of the world's most widely planted genera and E. camaldulensis (The River Red Gum) is a plantation species in many parts of the world. The plant traditional medical application indicates great antimicrobial properties, so E. camaldulensis essential oils and plant extracts have been widely examined. Essential oil of E. camaldulensis is active against many Gram positive (0.07-1.1%) and Gram negative bacteria (0.01-3.2%). The antibacterial effect is confirmed for bark and leaf extracts (conc. from 0.08 μg/mL to 200 mg/mL), with significant variations depending on extraction procedure. Eucalyptus camaldulensis essential oil and extracts are among the most active against bacteria when compared with those from other species of genus Eucalyptus. The most fungal model organisms are sensitive to 0.125-1.0% of E. camaldulensis essential oil. The extracts are active against C. albicans (0.2-200 mg/mL leaf extracts and 0.5 mg/mL bark extracts), and against various dermatophytes. Of particular importance is considerable the extracts' antiviral activity against animal and human viruses (0.1-50 μg/mL). Although the antiprotozoal activity of E. camaldulensis essential oil and extracts is in the order of magnitude of concentration several hundred mg/mL, it is considerable when taking into account current therapy cost, toxicity, and protozoal growing resistance. Some studies show that essential oils' and extracts' antimicrobial activity can be further potentiated in combinations with antibiotics (beta-lactams, fluorochinolones, aminoglycosides, polymyxins), antivirals (acyclovir), and extracts of other plants (e.g. Annona senegalensis; Psidium guajava). The present data confirm the river red gum considerable antimicrobial properties, which should be further examined with particular attention to the mechanisms of antimicrobial activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Verica Aleksic Sabo
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 2, Novi Sad, Vojvodina, Serbia
| | - Petar Knezevic
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 2, Novi Sad, Vojvodina, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mossalem HS, Habib MR, Ghareeb MA. Control of infection of Biomphalaria alexandrina (Ehrenberg, 1831) with Schistosoma mansoni Sambon, 1907 using Eucalyptus camaldulensis. FOLIA MALACOLOGICA 2018. [DOI: 10.12657/folmal.026.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
10
|
Soosaraei M, Fakhar M, Hosseini Teshnizi S, Ziaei Hezarjaribi H, Banimostafavi ES. Medicinal plants with promising antileishmanial activity in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2017; 21:63-80. [PMID: 28794869 PMCID: PMC5536386 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2017.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmaniasis is a major public health problem worldwide. The aim of the present study was to investigate medicinal plants with anti-Leishmania activity which used in Iran. METHODS Data were systematically gathered from five English databases including Ebsco, Science Direct, PubMed, Google Scholar and Scopus, four Persian databases including Magiran, Iran doc, Iran medex and the Scientific Information Database (SID) from 1999 to April 2015. Information obtained included plant family, extraction method, concentrations of extracts, animal models and parasite strains. RESULTS A total of 68 articles including 188 experiments (140 in vitro and 48 in vivo) between 1999 and 2015, met our eligibility criteria. Thoroughly, 98 types of plants were examined against three genera of Leishmania spp. For the heterogeneity study conducted, it was showed that there was a great deal of variation among studies. Based on random effect, meta-analysis pooled mean of IC50 was obtained 456.64 (95% CI: 396.15, 517.12). CONCLUSION The most Iranian plants used as anti-leishmanial activity were Artemisia species, Allium sativum, Achilleamille folium, Peganum harmala and Thymus vulgaris. The present systematic and meta-analysis review provide valuable information about natural products with anti-Leishmania activity, which would be examined in the future experimental and clinical trials and herbal combination therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Soosaraei
- Student Research Committee, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mahdi Fakhar
- Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | | | - Hajar Ziaei Hezarjaribi
- Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Motazedian MH, Mikaeili F, Mohebali M, Miri R, Habibi P, Kamarloie S. The antileishmanial effects of Lowsonia inermis and Cedrus libani on Leishmania major promastigotes: an in vitro study. J Parasit Dis 2016; 41:375-379. [PMID: 28615844 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-016-0809-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease caused by different species of protozoan parasites belonging to the genus Leishmania. In this study, Leishmania major (MRHO/IR/75/ER) promastigotes were cultured at 23-25 °C in brain heart infusion (BHI) medium supplemented with 10 % heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS) and penicillin and streptomycin. Antileishmanial effects of Lowsonia inermis and Cedrus libani methanolic extracts (0.07, 0.15, 0.31, 0.62, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10 mg/mL) on Leishmania major promastigotes were evaluated using the MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. All experiments were repeated at least three times. Cedrus libani methanolic extract did not show any activity while Lowsonia inermis methanolic extract inhibited the growth of promastigote forms of L. major in vitro after 72 h of incubation and had a 50 % inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 1.25 mg/mL. The methanolic extract of Lawsonia inermis (henna) can be a promising antileishmanial agent in the future. Further experiments are needed for isolation of active fractions and identification of the active components of methanolic extract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fattaneh Mikaeili
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mohebali
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Miri
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Parvaneh Habibi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sakineh Kamarloie
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mirzaei F, Bafghi AF, Mohaghegh MA, Jaliani HZ, Faridnia R, Kalani H. In vitro anti-leishmanial activity of Satureja hortensis and Artemisia dracunculus extracts on Leishmania major promastigotes. J Parasit Dis 2016; 40:1571-1574. [PMID: 27876985 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-015-0730-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis is one of the important skin diseases with diverse clinical manifestations. With an incidence of 0.7-1.3 million cases annually, this disease is often reported from six countries, including Iran. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the anti-leishmanial effect of the three plant hydroalcoholic extracts including fleawort (Plantago psyllium L.), savory (Satureja hortensis L.) and tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus L.) on Leishmania major promastigotes. The hydroalcoholic extract from each plant was extracted and its anti-leishmanial effect was evaluated in different concentrations (100-1000 µg/ml) and at various hours (24, 48 and 72 h). Savory herb inhibitory concentration 50 % (IC50) at 24, 48 and 72 h was 790.81, 398.11 and 298.42 µg/ml, respectively. In addition, tarragon herb IC50 at 24, 48 and 72 h was 962.03, 688.36 and 585.51 µg/ml, respectively. Moreover, the fleawort extract was showed the lowest effect, considering that its effect at the concentration of 1000 µg/ml was 48 % after 72 h (P > 0.05). Furthermore, the statistical analysis showed a significant difference for interaction between concentration and time regarding the tarragon and savory extracts with a P value of lower than 0.05. According to the results, the anti-leishmanial effect of the tarragon and savory extracts may make it possible to use them in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis as a complementary or alternative therapy; however, further studies are necessary and should be evaluated in cell culture and in vivo conditions to confirm it.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Mirzaei
- Faculty of Para-Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran ; Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ali Fattahi Bafghi
- Medical Parasitology and Mycology Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Mohaghegh
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein Zarei Jaliani
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Roghiyeh Faridnia
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hamed Kalani
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|