1
|
Eskandari SE, Memariani M, Memariani H, Mohebali M, Khamesipour A. Molecular Diagnosis of Human Cutaneous Leishmaniasis and Identification of the Causative Leishmania Species in Iran: A Narrative Review. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2024; 28:148-55. [PMID: 39275812 PMCID: PMC11444478 DOI: 10.61186/ibj.4239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a common form of leishmaniasis in underdeveloped countries. Although CL tends to be self-limiting, it can cause significant scars and may progress to more severe manifestations. Additionally, Leishmania species vary in susceptibility to the available treatments. The selection of treatment and clinical outcome of CL depend on the accurate determination of the Leishmania species. This mini-review aims to provide an overview of the molecular diagnosis techniques such as PCR-based assays, nucleic acid sequence-based amplification, and loop-mediated isothermal amplification utilized in the identification of Leishmania species in Iran.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Ebrahim Eskandari
- Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Memariani
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Memariani
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mohebali
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Centers for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Khamesipour
- Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Khazal RM, Flaih MH, Kadhim MK, Hussein KR. Genetic Diversity of Leishmania major Isolated from Different Dermal Lesions Using ITS2 Region. Acta Parasitol 2024; 69:831-838. [PMID: 38436865 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-024-00817-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is still considered to be an uncontrolled endemic disease that spreads in many countries. The current study aimed to determine intra-species relationships of L. major using ITS2 sequencing. METHODS The study was conducted from the beginning of March to the end of November 2022. All medical information regarding CL was collected from patients of Thi-Qar province who attended the Dermatology Department of Al-Hussein Teaching Hospital in Nasiriyah city. Seventy-three samples were selected for the molecular identification after confirming microscopy with Giemsa stain. In this study, the primers were designed using NCBI GenBank sequence database and Primer 3 plus primer design online software. RESULTS The results recorded 21 (28.77%) positive samples of L. major using the internal transcribed spacer 2 region (ITS2) in ribosomal RNA gene. The local L. major IQN.1-IQN.10 were submitted to NCBI GenBank database with accession numbers OM069357.1-OM069366.1, respectively. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that local isolates of L. major showed a close relationship with NCBI-BLAST L. major Iran isolate (KU680848.1). CONCLUSION ITS2-PCR is suitable for identifying Leishmania spp. and determining genetic diversity. A phylogenetic data analysis may provide an idea on the genetic homogeneity of local isolates and knowing the genetic origin of the dermal lesion. However, the local isolates showed genetic proximity to the KU680848.1 isolate. This signifies the possibility of infection prevalence from Iranian areas. In general, genetic variation of L. major isolates may give several clinical manifestations of the cutaneous lesion. Therefore, determination of the heterogeneity is important for detecting the infection origin, epidemiology, therapy, and control strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruaa M Khazal
- Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, Nasiriyah Technical Institute, Southern Technical University, Nasiriyah, 64001, Iraq
| | - Mohammed H Flaih
- Department of Nursing Techniques, Nasiriyah Technical Institute, Southern Technical University, Nasiriyah, 64001, Iraq.
| | - Manar K Kadhim
- Education Directorate of Thi-Qar, Ministry of Education, Nasiriyah, 64001, Iraq
| | - Khwam R Hussein
- Department of Nursing Techniques, Nasiriyah Technical Institute, Southern Technical University, Nasiriyah, 64001, Iraq
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Delprete JA, de Almeida LV, Barros AM, Soler RDC, Bittencourt AA, Luna EJDA, Lindoso JAL, Braz LMA. Detection of Internal Transcribed Spacer 1 and hsp70 Genetic Markers Using Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms and Sequencing in Identification of Leishmania Species Causing Tegumentary Leishmaniasis in Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2024; 110:52-58. [PMID: 38081057 PMCID: PMC10793006 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.23-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The identification of Leishmania species that cause tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL) is important for taxonomic and prognostic purposes. Molecular analysis using different Leishmania genomic targets is the most useful method for identifying Leishmania species. Therefore, we evaluated the performance of ribosomal RNA internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) and heat shock protein (hsp70) genetic markers by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (RFLP) and sequencing, for identification of Leishmania species. Samples from 84 Brazilian patients were amplified. Internal transcribed spacer 1 PCR followed by RFLP (HaeIII) [ITS1-RFLP (HaeIII)] identified 46.4% (39/84) of the samples as compatible with the Viannia subgenus. Internal transcribed spacer 1 PCR followed by sequencing (ITS1-sequencing) identified Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis in 91.7% (77/84) of the TL samples, Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis in 3.6% (3/84), L. (V.) guyanensis in 2.4% (2/84), and L. (L.) infantum in 1.2% (1/84). One of the samples showed the same proportion of similarity with L. (V.) guyanensis and L. (V.) panamensis. hsp70 nested PCR followed by RFLP (HaeIII) [nested hsp70-RFLP (HaeIII)] identified 91.7% (77/84) of the samples as compatible with L. (V.) braziliensis/L. (V.) naiffi, 3.6% (3/84) with L. (L.) amazonensis, 1.2% (1/84) with L. (L.) infantum, and 3.6% (3/84) with L. (V.) guyanensis. hsp70 PCR followed by sequencing (hsp70-sequencing) identified L. (V.) braziliensis in 91.7% (77/84) of the TL samples, L. (L.) amazonensis in 3.6% (3/84), L. (V.) guyanensis in 3.6% (3/84), and L. (L.) infantum in 1.2% (1/84). Our findings clearly showed that nested hsp70-RFLP (HaeIII) is better than ITS1-RFLP (HaeIII) and that ITS1 or hsp70 PCR followed by sequencing was adequate for identifying Leishmania species. We also found that Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis is the most common species causing TL in Brazil. Therefore, sequencing multiple target genes such as ITS1 and hsp 70 is more accurate than RFLP for identifying Leishmania species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline Alves Delprete
- Departamento de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto de Infectologia Emílio Ribas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - José Angelo Lauletta Lindoso
- Departamento de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto de Infectologia Emílio Ribas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratório de Protozoologia (LIM-56 HC-FMUSP), Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lúcia Maria Almeida Braz
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nasiri Z, Kalantari M, Mohammadi J, Daliri S, Mehrabani D, Azizi K. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran: A review of epidemiological aspects, with emphasis on molecular findings. Parasite 2022; 29:47. [PMID: 36269100 PMCID: PMC9585930 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2022047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania parasites can cause zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) by circulating between humans, rodents, and sandflies in Iran. In this study, published data were collected from scientific sources such as Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, Springer, ResearchGate, Wiley Online, Ovid, Ebsco, Cochrane Library, Google scholar, and SID. Keywords searched in the articles, theses, and abstracts from 1983 to 2021 were cutaneous leishmaniasis, epidemiology, reservoir, vector, climatic factors, identification, and Iran. This review revealed that CL was prevalent in the west of Iran, while the center and south of Iran were also involved in recent years. The lack of facilities in suburban regions was an aggravating factor in the human community. Some parts of southern Iran were prominent foci of CL due the presence of potential rodent hosts in these regions. Rhombomys opimus, Meriones lybicus, and Tatera indica were well-documented species for hosting the Leishmania species in Iran. Moreover, R. opimus has been found with a coinfection of Leishmania major and L. turanica from the northeast and center of Iran. Mashhad, Kerman, Yazd, and sometimes Shiraz and Tehran foci were distinct areas for L. tropica. Molecular identifications using genomic diagnosis of kDNA and ITS1 fragments of the parasite indicated that there is heterogeneity in leishmaniasis in different parts of the country. Although cutaneous leishmaniasis has been a predicament for the health system, it is relatively under control in Iran.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Nasiri
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Department of Vector Biology and Control of Diseases, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences 7153675541 Shiraz Iran
- Department of Health, Firoozabad Branch, Islamic Azad University 7471913113 Firoozabad Iran
| | - Mohsen Kalantari
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Department of Vector Biology and Control of Diseases, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences 7153675541 Shiraz Iran
| | - Jalal Mohammadi
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Department of Vector Biology and Control of Diseases, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences 7153675541 Shiraz Iran
| | - Salman Daliri
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Imam Hospital, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences Shahroud Iran
| | - Davood Mehrabani
- Li Ka Shing Center for Health Research and Innovation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences 7134814336 Shiraz Iran
| | - Kourosh Azizi
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Department of Vector Biology and Control of Diseases, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences 7153675541 Shiraz Iran
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tawfeeq HM, Ali SA. Molecular-based assay for genotyping Leishmania spp. from clinically suspected cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions in the Garmian area, Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2022; 17:e00240. [PMID: 35141432 PMCID: PMC8810569 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2022.e00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Mohammad Tawfeeq
- Nursing Department, Kalar Technical College, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Sulaimani 46001 Kalar, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
- Corresponding author at: Nursing Department, Kalar Technical College, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, 46001 Kalar, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.
| | - Shahnaz AbdulKader Ali
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Molecular Identification of Leishmania Species in an Outbreak of Re-Emerged Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Southwestern Iran During 2015 - 2016. ARCHIVES OF CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2021. [DOI: 10.5812/archcid.82209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Dezful and its suburbs, as the second city in Khuzestan Province, southwest of Iran, has been an endemic area of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) with a low incidence rate since the last decades. However, the disease incidence has rapidly increased, and now is considered as a re-emerging parasitic disease in the area. Objectives: The aim of this study was to identify the most prevalent CL species in Dezful Region. Methods: A total of 196 microscopically confirmed slides from CL patients referred to Dezful Health Center were randomly collected in the period of 2015 - 2016. After DNA extraction from microscopically positive slides, polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was carried out on 61 eligible specimens using ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) gene. The HaeIII restriction enzyme was used for the identification of species. Results: Samples were randomly collected from 196 acute CL cases, including 110 (56.2%) males and 86 (43.8%) females. Most infections were seen in the age range of 2 - 7 years (65/196, 33.1%). Totally, 60.1% of the cases had only one lesion, and half of the lesions appeared on hands. Furthermore, 162 (82.7%) cases were referred to Dezful Health Center in the cold seasons (autumn and winter). Results of PCR-RFLP on 61 eligible isolates showed that 60 (98.4%) isolates were Leishmania major, and only 1 (1.6%) isolate was Leishmania tropica. Conclusions: Our findings indicated that L. major is the main agent of re-emerged CL in Dezful and its suburbs, and the disease is a zoonosis.
Collapse
|
7
|
Hajjaran H, Saberi R, Borjian A, Fakhar M, Hosseini SA, Ghodrati S, Mohebali M. The Geographical Distribution of Human Cutaneous and Visceral Leishmania Species Identified by Molecular Methods in Iran: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis. Front Public Health 2021; 9:661674. [PMID: 34249836 PMCID: PMC8267797 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.661674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is one of the most common vector-borne parasitic diseases in Iran. Leishmania species identification is necessary for epidemiological aspects, precise prognosis, control and treatment of the disease. We systematically searched all the studies, reports, and documentation related to species identification and geographical distribution of causative agents of cutaneous (CL), mucosal (ML), and visceral leishmaniasis (VL) using DNA-based molecular diagnostic techniques in Iran. International databases including PubMed, ScienceDirect, Embase, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science were systemically searched for English articles and Iran's databases including SID, IranMedex and Magiran were searched for Persian reports and articles. Searches were performed from 1999 to 2019 (20 years). The current review was conducted using the keywords: cutaneous leishmaniasis, visceral leishmaniasis, Leishmania species, Human, Molecular, PCR, and Iran. The study quality was evaluated using the NOS checklist. This meta-analysis procedure was accomplished using STATA, version 2.7.9. Of the 3,426 records identified in the initial search, 154 articles met inclusion criteria and qualified for the systematic review and meta-analysis. In subgroup analysis, the pooled frequency of causative agents of CL isolates was 67.3% (95% CI: 59.51–74.67%) for L. major and 32.1% (95% CI: 24.72–39.87%) for L. tropica. In addition, the pooled frequency of causative agents of VL isolates was 97.1% (95% CI: 94.6–98.8%) for L. infantum and 2.9% (95% CI: 1.12–5.37%) for L. tropica. The findings of this study showed that the main causative agents of CL and VL in Iran are L. major and L. infantum, respectively. Moreover, kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) and internal transcriber spacer (ITS) were the most used markers for identifying Leishmania species. The current study provides valuable data to encourage and direct researchers as well as public health managers in the comprehensive leishmaniasis control and prevention planning in Iran.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Homa Hajjaran
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Saberi
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Iranian National Registry Center for Lophomoniasis and Toxoplasmosis, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Alireza Borjian
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Fakhar
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Iranian National Registry Center for Lophomoniasis and Toxoplasmosis, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Seyed Abdollah Hosseini
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Iranian National Registry Center for Lophomoniasis and Toxoplasmosis, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Sajjad Ghodrati
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mohebali
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Namazi MJ, Javaheri E, Atabati H, Mojadadi MS. Identification of Leishmania species by high-resolution melting analysis in newly emerged foci in Sabzevar, northeast of Iran. J Parasit Dis 2021; 45:191-196. [PMID: 33746403 PMCID: PMC7921233 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-020-01294-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a zoonotic disease with 1 to 1.5 million annual incidences. Microscopic examination of the Giemsa stained slides is the most common diagnostic method for CL. However, this method cannot distinguish leishmania species. Hence the present study was conducted to identify leishmania species by high-resolution melting (HRM) analysis in the newly emerged foci of CL in Sabzevar, northeast of Iran. In this cross-sectional study, fifty patients with suspicious cutaneous lesions referring to the designated health center for diagnosis and treatment of CL in Sabzevar during 2017-2018, were recruited. All collected samples and prepared slides were stained for microscopic examination and then undergone HRM real-time PCR (HRM-PCR) assay to identify species of Leishmania parasites. The results of HRM-PCR technique showed that Leishmania major (L. major) was the dominant causative parasite in the newly emerged foci whereas L. tropica (L. tropica) was positive only in two patients. This was the first time that 7SL RNA-HRM-PCR assay was performed to precisely identify leishmania parasites in the northeast of Iran. We proved the newfound foci in which both L. major and L. tropica were present. In contrast to the recent studies which identified only L. major in the region, we showed that L. tropica was still present.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Javad Namazi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation. College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ehsan Javaheri
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Hadi Atabati
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Shahidi-Hakak F, Aivazi AA, Mokhtari F, Jalilian A, Khosravani M, Rafatpanah A. Typical features of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Ilam province, Iran. J Parasit Dis 2020; 44:748-753. [PMID: 33184542 PMCID: PMC7596117 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-020-01258-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Since Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a problematic parasitic infection in the west of Iran, this study was carried out to clarify the epidemiological aspects of Cl. Our database includes all Cl cases with detailed information during 2014-2018 in Ilam province, west of Iran. Patients referred to health and clinical centers in our study areas then health providers and laboratory technicians took smears to detect leishmania parasites under light microscope. SPSS24 software used for analyzing data by the Chi square test. Mehran and Dehloran districts were alone accounted for 50% of all reported cases. ≥ 36 age group was dominant cases also housekeepers were at the top of categories in case of occupation. Hand and leg entangled with this infection more than other organs. Moreover, most cases observed in the winter season, and lesions were 1-3 cm in size. Apart from decreasing Cl cases in our study location compared to 2014, building debris around the urban area should be cleaned up concerning standards of hygiene in each phase to keep rodents away. Additionally, citizens at the land border of Iran-Iraq should protect themselves from sand fly biting at least by insect repellent at peak travel times.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Shahidi-Hakak
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Ashraf Aivazi
- Department of Public Health, School of Health, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Fariba Mokhtari
- Department of Public Health, School of Health, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Ali Jalilian
- Department of Public Health, School of Health, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Mousa Khosravani
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Research Centre for Health Sciences, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Azam Rafatpanah
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, P.O. Box 71645-111, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Epidemiology, Associated Factors and Treatment Methods of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Based on Previous Data from 2013 to 2018 in Ilam, Western Iran. Acta Parasitol 2020; 65:760-767. [PMID: 32436051 DOI: 10.2478/s11686-020-00198-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the epidemiology, clinical presentation and types of treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in the province of Ilam (Western Iran) in 5 years (from May 2013 to January 2018). This cross-sectional study involved patients diagnosed with CL who were referred to Mehran City Health center. METHODS All patients were diagnosed by clinical and parasitological (Giemsa staining of lesion to observe the parasite) methods. Moreover, a structured questionnaire on demographic data including age, sex, occupation, number and site of the lesions, treatment regimen was administered to each case. RESULTS In total, 2001 positive CL cases were observed in this study. The highest prevalence of CL was reported in the autumn season and mainly among male subjects residing in urban communities. The prevalence of CL varied with the age group: higher in the age group of 1-10 years than other groups. Besides, hands and faces were the most affected regions of the body. Most of the cases (47.35%) were managed by topical treatment (glucantime) and cryotherapy followed by systemic treatment (pentavalent antimony) 26.85%. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of disease varied with age, increasing the prevalence rate in children due to their habitats, the highest prevalence in autumn due to climatic conditions. These findings help to better discuss the prevention and treatment of infections.
Collapse
|
11
|
Ghatee MA, Taylor WR, Karamian M. The Geographical Distribution of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Causative Agents in Iran and Its Neighboring Countries, A Review. Front Public Health 2020; 8:11. [PMID: 32133334 PMCID: PMC7039857 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania tropica and Leishmania major are both the main cause of anthroponotic (ACL) and zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL), respectively, in the Old World. Leishmania infantum and Leishmania donovani, which are important causes of visceral leishmaniasis, have also occasionally been reported in CL patients. The present study investigates the current distribution of causative species of CL in Iran and neighboring countries in the Middle East. There has been expansion of L. tropica into new urban and rural foci in Iran, with well-documented cases of visceralization, a substantial increase of CL in Syria, and the emergence of new foci and outbreaks in Turkey and Iraq, especially due to L. major. Civil war in Syria and Iraq, population movement, poverty, and climatic change play important roles in the changing CL distribution in this region. Control programs should adopt a multidisciplinary approach based on active surveillance and case finding, especially in vulnerable refugee populations, determination of hazard maps for CL hot points using GIS and other advanced technology, the free distribution of drugs, rodent control, and greater community engagement in poor and marginalized populations. Comprehensive molecular studies that could show the species and strains of Leishmania in different areas of each country can give a better view from the distribution of CL in this region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Amin Ghatee
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran.,Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Walter R Taylor
- Clinical Therapeutics Unit, Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mehdi Karamian
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Genotyping of Causative Agents of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Patients Using PCR-RFLP Method in Dasht-e-Azadegan County, Southwest of Iran, in 2016. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2019. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.91181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
|
13
|
Moradi M, Rassi Y, Abai MR, Zahraei Ramazani A, Mohebali M, Rafizadeh S. Some epidemiological aspects of cutaneous leishmaniasis with emphasis on vectors and reservoirs of disease in the borderline of Iran and Iraq. J Parasit Dis 2018; 42:243-251. [PMID: 29844629 PMCID: PMC5962500 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-018-0991-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is endemic and a major health problem in 17 provinces out of 31 in Iran. This study aimed to determine vectors and reservoirs of the disease using molecular techniques in the borderline of Iran and Iraq. Sand flies and rodents were sampled using sticky paper traps and metal wire live traps, respectively, in the selected villages. About 10% of archived confirmed human positive slides was randomly checked for Leishmania by PCR-RFLP assay. The female sand flies were dissected in alcohol 96% in a sterile condition, the head and two segments of the abdomen end permanently mounted for identification and the remaining of body used for DNA extraction. The direct parasitological tests were carried out on the stained slides of rodents for Leishmania as well as PCR-RFLP assay used for molecular detection of parasite. A total of 2050 sand flies were identified comprising of Phlebotomus papatasi, Sergentomyia sintoni, Se. clydei, Se. mervynae, Se. theodori, Se. dentate and Se. iranica. The Ph. papatasi was ranked as a prevailing sand fly species. Molecular tests on female sand flies revealed infection of Ph. papatasi to Leishmania major. Direct parasitology and molecular tests confirmed of 20% infection to L. major among the sole rodents species "Tatera indica". Due to wide dispersion of rodents colonies in the area and long favorite climate condition for sand flies, the CL foci will be provided the health risk for the religious tourists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Moradi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P. Box 6446-14155, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yavar Rassi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P. Box 6446-14155, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Abai
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P. Box 6446-14155, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Zahraei Ramazani
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P. Box 6446-14155, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mohebali
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sayena Rafizadeh
- Ministry of Health and Medical Education, National Institute for Medical Research Development (NIMAD), Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kuang Z, Zhang C, Pang H, Ma Y. A rapid high-resolution melting method for differentiation of Leishmania species targeting lack gene. Acta Trop 2018; 178:103-106. [PMID: 29107571 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this research is to verify that if lack gene can be used for differentiation of Leishmania under HRM assay. METHODS Two specific primers were designed targeting polymorphic sites on the lack gene sequence. DNA from promastigotes of six species of Leishmania based on reference strains were tested following a HRM protocol. We also tested ten Chinese isolates in blind to validate our method. RESULTS Combined with amplicon of the two primers, the six reference strains can be easily discriminated without the effect of initial concentration of DNA templates. Ten Chinese isolates detected by our HRM method resulted in full accord with the standard identification results in previous study. CONCLUSION HRM is a rapid and reproducible method to discriminate different Leishmania species and lack gene is a potential novel biological characteristic for easy differentiation of Leishmania isolates in China.
Collapse
|