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Karasova JZ, Kassa J, Hepnarova V, Pejchal J, Junova L, Andrys R, Malinak D, Bzonek P, Kohoutova Z, Musilek K. Toxicity, pharmacokinetics, and effectiveness of the ortho-chlorinated bispyridinium oxime, K870. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 167:113236. [PMID: 35738326 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Oxime reactivators are causal antidotes for organophosphate intoxication. Herein, the toxicity, pharmacokinetics, and reactivation effectiveness of o-chlorinated bispyridinium oxime K870 are reported. Oxime K870 was found to have a safe profile at a dose of 30 mg/kg in rats. It exhibited rapid absorption and renal clearance similar to those of other charged oximes after intramuscular administration. Its isoxazole-pyridinium degradation product was identified in vivo. Although it showed some improvement in brain targeting, it was nevertheless rapidly effluxed from the central nervous system. Its reactivation effectiveness was evaluated in rats and mice intoxicated with sarin, tabun, VX, and paraoxon and compared with pralidoxime and asoxime. K870 was found to be less effective in reversing tabun poisoning compared to its parent unchlorinated oxime K203. However, K870 efficiently reactivated blood acetylcholinesterase for all tested organophosphates in rats. In addition, K870 significantly protected against intoxication by all tested organophosphates in mice. For these reasons, oxime K870 seems to have a broader reactivation spectrum against multiple organophosphates. It seems important to properly modulate the oximate forming properties (pKa) to obtain more versatile oxime reactivators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Zdarova Karasova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiri Kassa
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Vendula Hepnarova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Pejchal
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Junova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Rudolf Andrys
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - David Malinak
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Bzonek
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Kohoutova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Musilek
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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Bajgar J, Kuca K, Kassa J. Inhibition of cholinesterases following percutaneous intoxication with V agents in rats. TOXIN REV 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2018.1564773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Bajgar
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Kassa
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Interaction of Cucurbit[7]uril with Oxime K027, Atropine, and Paraoxon: Risky or Advantageous Delivery System? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217883. [PMID: 33114215 PMCID: PMC7672622 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Antidotes against organophosphates often possess physicochemical properties that mitigate their passage across the blood–brain barrier. Cucurbit[7]urils may be successfully used as a drug delivery system for bisquaternary oximes and improve central nervous system targeting. The main aim of these studies was to elucidate the relationship between cucurbit[7]uril, oxime K027, atropine, and paraoxon to define potential risks or advantages of this delivery system in a complex in vivo system. For this reason, in silico (molecular docking combined with umbrella sampling simulation) and in vivo (UHPLC—pharmacokinetics, toxicokinetics; acetylcholinesterase reactivation and functional observatory battery) methods were used. Based on our results, cucurbit[7]urils affect multiple factors in organophosphates poisoning and its therapy by (i) scavenging paraoxon and preventing free fraction of this toxin from entering the brain, (ii) enhancing the availability of atropine in the central nervous system and by (iii) increasing oxime passage into the brain. In conclusion, using cucurbit[7]urils with oximes might positively impact the overall treatment effectiveness and the benefits can outweigh the potential risks.
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Sharma S, Singh P, Chadha P, Saini HS. Toxicity assessment of chlorpyrifos on different organs of rat: exploitation of microbial-based enzymatic system for neutralization. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:29649-29659. [PMID: 31401803 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06140-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study was aiming to treat the chlorpyrifos (CPF), an organophosphate (OP) pesticide with microbial enzyme extract, and assess the toxicity effects of CPF before/after its treatment on the integrity of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and the activities of enzymes AChE (acetylcholinestrase), GST (glutathione S-transferase), SOD (superoxide dismutase), CAT (catalase), and MDA (malondialdehyde) in different organs of rat. The untreated CPF in rat significantly increased the DNA damage and decreased the activities of all these enzymes. Among all the organs studied, the liver was the most affected organ. Further, CPF was treated with an OPH (organophosphate hydrolase) enzyme obtained from CPF degrading bacterial laboratory isolate Pseudomonas sp. (ChlD) to neutralize the toxicity of CPF. The crude intracellular enzyme extract degraded > 90% of added CPF and > 80% of its toxic intermediate 3,5,6-trichloropyridinol (TCP) which resulted in > 80% reduction of CPF toxicity in different organs of rat. Thus, this study not only illustrated the adverse effect of OPs on mammalian system but also suggested a highly efficient and eco-friendly way to remove the harmful pesticide from the environment and agricultural food products which may help to reduce the exposure of humans to such lethal toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly Sharma
- Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143 005, India.
| | - Partapbir Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143 005, India
| | - Pooja Chadha
- Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143 005, India
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Karasova JZ, Maderycova Z, Tumova M, Jun D, Rehacek V, Kuca K, Misik J. Activity of cholinesterases in a young and healthy middle-European population: Relevance for toxicology, pharmacology and clinical praxis. Toxicol Lett 2017; 277:24-31. [PMID: 28465191 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The activity of human cholinesterases, erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (AChE; EC 3.1.1.7) and plasma butyrylcholinesterase (BChE; EC 3.1.1.8) represents an important marker when monitoring exposure to pesticides/nerve agents, and may also be used in occupational medicine in diagnosis and prognosis of some diseases. In this study "normal/baseline" AChE and BChE activity has been investigated in a young and healthy population, with subsequent evaluation of several intra-population factors including sex, age (categories 18-25, 26-35 and 36-45 years old) and smoker status. The modified Ellman's method was used for enzyme activity assessment in 387 young and healthy individuals (201 males and 186 females aged 18-45). A significant inter-sexual difference in AChE and BChE activity was found (AChE: 351±67 for males and 377±65 for females, (μmol/min)/(μmol of hemoglobin), p<0.001; BChE: 140±33 for males and 109±29 for females, μkat/l, p<0.001; mean±SD). Despite the finding that mean AChE activity somewhat decreased whereas BChE activity grew within the age categories of the tested subjects, no significant effect of age on cholinesterase activity was found (p>0.05). Smoking influenced cholinesterase activity - AChE activity in smokers was elevated (approx. 3% in males; 8% in females) relative to that in non-smokers (p<0.05). Smoking was found not to have any effect on BChE activity. Reference values based on confidence intervals for AChE and BChE activity were established. The presented results might be useful in routine clinical practice where the monitoring of blood AChE and plasma BChE activity is crucial for prognosis and diagnosis of organophosphate poisoning, in occupational medicine and in relevant mass casualty scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Zdarova Karasova
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Zuzana Maderycova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Tumova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Jun
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Vit Rehacek
- Transfusion Department, University Hospital, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Cellular Biology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Florida, International University, Miami, USA
| | - Jan Misik
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Sharma S, Singh PB, Chadha P, Saini HS. Chlorpyrifos pollution: its effect on brain acetylcholinesterase activity in rat and treatment of polluted soil by indigenous Pseudomonas sp. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:381-387. [PMID: 27722883 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7799-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The study was aimed to evaluate the levels of chlorpyrifos (CPF) pollution in agricultural soil of Punjab, India, its detrimental effects on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in rat brain and bioremediation of soils polluted with CPF using indigenous and adapted bacterial lab isolate. The analysis revealed that soil samples of Bathinda and Amritsar regions are highly contaminated with chlorpyrifos showing 19 to 175 mg/kg concentrations of CPF. The non-targeted animals may get poisoned with CPF by its indirect dermal absorption, inhalation of toxic fumes and regular consumption of soiled food grains. The study indicated that even the lowermost concentrations of CPF, 19 and 76 mg/kg of soil found in the Amritsar and Bathinda regions respectively can significantly inhibit the AChE activity in rat brain within 24 h of its treatment. This represents the antagonistic effect of CPF on AChE which is a prime neurotransmitter present in all living beings including humans. In light of this, an attempt was made to remediate the polluted soil, a major reservoir of CPF, using Pseudomonas sp. (ChlD), an indigenous bacterial isolate. The culture efficiently degraded 10 to 100 mg/kg chlorpyrifos supplemented in the soil and utilized it as sole source of carbon and energy for its growth. Thus, this study provides a detailed insight regarding the level of CPF pollution in Punjab, its detrimental effects on mammals and bio-based solution to remediate the sites polluted with CPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly Sharma
- Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143 005, India
| | - Partap Bir Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143 005, India
| | - Pooja Chadha
- Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143 005, India.
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Sharma S, Chadha P. Induction of neurotoxicity by organophosphate pesticide chlorpyrifos and modulating role of cow urine. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:1344. [PMID: 27588237 PMCID: PMC4987744 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-3004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Organophosphate pesticides are among the most widely used synthetic chemicals for controlling a wide variety of pests and for domestic purposes. Among these chlorpyrifos (CPF) is the most extensively used pesticide throughout the world, including India. OBJECTIVE The present study was undertaken to examine the neurotoxicity induced by CPF and modulatory effect of cow urine as a natural antioxidant alternative to reduce the neurotoxic effects of CPF. DESIGN For this purpose LD50 was determined and one fourth of LD50 was selected (38 mg/kg body weight (b.wt)) for treatment of rats. The antioxidant level of cow urine was determined by ABTS assay. RESULTS Exposure to pesticides resulted in significant reduction in the acetylcholinestrase (AChE) activity (P ≤ 0.01). However, groups pretreated with cow urine had improved levels of AChE activity as compared to CPF treated groups. CONCLUSION Thus, the present findings clearly show that oral CPF has the propensity to cause significant neurotoxicity in rat brains while cow urine treatment alleviates CPF induced toxicity to a greater extent. In addition, AChE can be used as a potential biomarker of toxicity associated with pesticide exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly Sharma
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005 India
| | - Pooja Chadha
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005 India
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Cuquel AC, Dorandeu F, Ceppa F, Renard C, Burnat P. [The VR, the Russian version of the nerve agent VX]. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2015; 73:180-9. [PMID: 25592653 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A product of the arms race during the Cold War, the Russian VX, or VR, is an organophosphorus compound that is a structural isomer of the western VX compound (or A4), with which it shares a very high toxicity. It is much less studied and known than VX because the knowledge of its existence is relatively recent. A very low volatility and high resistance in the environment make it a persistent agent. Poisoning occurs mainly following penetration through skin and mucosa but vapour inhalation is a credible risk in some circumstances. The clinical presentation may be differed by several hours and despite the absence of signs and symptoms, the casualty should not be considered as contamination or intoxication-free. This agent has a long residence time in blood, a characteristics that clearly differentiates it from other compounds such as sarin. The protocols for antidote administration may thus have to be changed accordingly. The fact that VR poisoned individuals will less respond to the current oxime therapy used in France, the 2-PAM and that VR represents a higher threat than VX, being probably possessed by some proliferating states, justify the interest for this toxic product.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-C Cuquel
- Fédération de pharmacie-biologie médicale, HIA Val-de-Grâce, 74, boulevard de Port-Royal 75230 Paris cedex, France
| | - F Dorandeu
- Département de toxicologie et risques chimiques, institut de recherche biomédicale des armées, BP 73, 91223 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - F Ceppa
- Fédération de biologie médicale, hôpital d'instruction des armées Bégin, 94163 Saint-Mandé cedex, France
| | - C Renard
- Fédération de pharmacie-biologie médicale, HIA Val-de-Grâce, 74, boulevard de Port-Royal 75230 Paris cedex, France
| | - P Burnat
- Fédération de biologie médicale, hôpital d'instruction des armées Bégin, 94163 Saint-Mandé cedex, France.
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Misik J, Pavlik M, Novotny L, Pavlikova R, Chilcott RP, Cabal J, Kuca K. In vivodecontamination of the nerve agent VX using the domestic swine model. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2012; 50:807-11. [DOI: 10.3109/15563650.2012.720986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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The effect of exposure to chlorfenvinphos on lipid metabolism and apoptotic and necrotic cells death in the brain of rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 65:531-9. [PMID: 22498023 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of chlorfenvinphos (0.3 mg/kg bw/24 h corresponding to 0.02 LD50; orally by gastric gavage for 14 and 28 days) on lipid metabolism, and apoptotic and necrotic cells death in the brain of rats as the possible mechanism of neurotoxic action of organophosphate (OP) pesticides at low exposure. Total cholesterol (TCh), triglycerides (TG), phospholipids (PL), and free fatty acids (FFA) were determined and apoptotic, necrotic, and living cells were quantified in the brain. Moreover, the serum and brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) were assayed as biomarkers of neurotoxicity. The treatment with chlorfenvinphos increased (duration dependently) the concentrations of TCh and TG and the ratio of TCh/PL, and decreased PL concentration. The prevalence of apoptotic and necrotic cells increased and that of the living brain cells depressed (by 10%) already after 14 days of the exposure. The brain activities of AChE and BChE decreased by 12% and 15%, and by 18% and 25% after 14 and 28 days, respectively, whereas the serum activities of these enzymes were inhibited (by 24% and 18%, respectively) only after the longer treatment. The changes in lipid metabolism and distribution of the living, apoptotic, and necrotic brain cells correlated with AChE and BChE activities in the serum and brain. The results show that chlorfenvinphos may disturb lipid metabolism and induce apoptosis and necrosis in the brain even at the exposure not affecting the serum activities of cholinesterases, and causing only moderate inhibition of their brain activities. Based on the findings it can be concluded that low repeated exposure to OP pesticides may influence the nervous system through disrupting the lipid profile of the nervous tissue and decreasing the number of the nervous cells.
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Karasova JZ, Chladek J, Hroch M, Josef F, Hnidkova D, Kuca K. Pharmacokinetic study of two acetylcholinesterase reactivators, trimedoxime and newly synthesized oxime K027, in rat plasma. J Appl Toxicol 2011; 33:18-23. [PMID: 21717485 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
K027 [1-(4-hydroxyiminomethylpyridinium)-3-(4-carbamoylpyridinium)-propane dibromide] is a promising new reactivator of organophosphate- or organophosphonate-inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE) with low acute toxicity and broad spectrum efficacy. The aim of the present study was to compare the pharmacokinetics of both compounds. Male Wistar rats (body weight = 320 ± 10 g) were administered a single intramuscular dose of K027 (22.07 mg kg(-1)) and an equimolar dose of trimedoxime. Blood was collected at various time intervals until 180 min. Plasma samples were analyzed by reversed-phase HPLC with ultraviolet (UV) detection. The recovery of both oximes from the plasma was approximately 90% and a linear relationship (R(2) > 0.998) was observed between the peak areas and concentrations of calibrated standards in the range 1-100 µg ml(-1). Near-identical plasma profiles were obtained for both compounds. No differences were found in the mean ± SD values of C(max) (18.6 ± 2.5 vs 20.0 ± 6.3 µg ml(-1), P = 0.72) and AUC(0-180min) (2290 ± 304 vs 2269 ± 197 min µg ml(-1), P = 0.84). However, the percentage coefficient of variation of the first-order rate constant of absorption (k(a)) was 3-fold higher (P < 0.01) providing evidence for more erratic absorption of intramuscular trimedoxime as compared with K027. In conclusion, oxime K027 might have superior pK properties that may be translated in its faster absorption and subsequent tissue distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Zdarova Karasova
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Defence University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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Inhibition of blood and tissue cholinesterases by soman in guinea pigs in vivo. J Appl Biomed 2011. [DOI: 10.2478/v10136-009-0030-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Karasova JZ, Stodulka P, Pohanka M, Kuca K. In Vitro Screening of Blood-Brain Barrier Penetration of Monoquaternary Acetylcholinesterase Reactivators. ANAL LETT 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710903502082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Karasova JZ, Pohanka M, Musilek K, Zemek F, Kuca K. Passive diffusion of acetylcholinesterase oxime reactivators through the blood-brain barrier: influence of molecular structure. Toxicol In Vitro 2010; 24:1838-44. [PMID: 20546883 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2010.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Revised: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In this in vitro study, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to determinate the penetration of 30 acetylcholinesterase (AChE) reactivators through the blood-brain barrier (BBB). According to our method, monoquaternary AChE reactivators were found to be able to penetrate the BBB. In addition to molecular structure, molecular weight appears to be an important factor for passive transport of oximes through the BBB. For bisquaternary reactivators, the connecting linker plays a key role in the ability to penetrate into the central nervous system (CNS): simple, short linkers tend to facilitate permeation. The location of groups on the pyridine ring also influences passive transport into the brain; the optimum position of the oxime group was found to be position four (para) and substitution of the oxime group on the pyridine ring by carbamoyl or amidoxime group markedly decreased penetration of AChE reactivators into the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Zdarova Karasova
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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