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Goli RC, Mahar K, Manohar PS, Chishi KG, Prabhu IG, Choudhary S, Rathi P, Chinnareddyvari CS, Haritha P, Metta M, Shetkar M, Kumar A, N D CP, Vidyasagar, Sukhija N, Kanaka KK. Insights from homozygous signatures of cervus nippon revealed genetic architecture for components of fitness. Mamm Genome 2024:10.1007/s00335-024-10064-1. [PMID: 39191871 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-024-10064-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the genomic landscape of Sika deer populations, emphasizing the detection and characterization of runs of homozygosity (ROH) and their contribution towards components of fitness. Using 85,001 high-confidence SNPs, the investigation into ROH distribution unveiled nuanced patterns of autozygosity across individuals especially in 2 out of the 8 farms, exhibiting elevated ROH levels and mean genome coverage under ROH segments. The prevalence of shorter ROH segments (0.5-4 Mb) suggests historical relatedness and potential selective pressures within these populations. Intriguingly, despite observed variations in ROH profiles, the overall genomic inbreeding coefficient (FROH) remained relatively low across all farms, indicating a discernible degree of genetic exchange and effective mitigation of inbreeding within the studied Sika deer populations. Consensus ROH (cROH) were found to harbor genes for important functions viz., EGFLAM gene which is involved in the vision function of the eye, SKP2 gene which regulates cell cycle, CAPSL involved in adipogenesis, SPEF2 which is essential for sperm flagellar assembly, DCLK3 involved in the heat stress. This first ever study on ROH in Sika deer, to shed light on the adaptive role of genes in these homozygous regions. The insights garnered from this study have broader implications in the management of genetic diversity in this vulnerable species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rangasai Chandra Goli
- ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Karan Mahar
- ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Peela Sai Manohar
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kiyevi G Chishi
- ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | | | - Sonu Choudhary
- ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Pallavi Rathi
- ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Chandana Sree Chinnareddyvari
- ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Pala Haritha
- ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Muralidhar Metta
- College of Veterinary Science, SVVU, Garividi, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Mahantesh Shetkar
- College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, DUVASU, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- ICAR- Indian Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Chethan Patil N D
- Department of Agricultural Economics & Extension, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India
| | - Vidyasagar
- Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Bidar, Karnataka, India
| | - Nidhi Sukhija
- CSB-Central Tasar Research and Training Institute, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India.
| | - K K Kanaka
- ICAR- Indian Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
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2
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Cao W, Fan D. Neutrophils: a subgroup of neglected immune cells in ALS. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1246768. [PMID: 37662922 PMCID: PMC10468589 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1246768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by the loss of motor neurons. Dysregulated peripheral immunity has been identified as a hallmark of ALS. Neutrophils, as the front-line responders of innate immunity, contribute to host defense through pathogen clearance. However, they can concurrently play a detrimental role in chronic inflammation. With the unveiling of novel functions of neutrophils in neurodegenerative diseases, it becomes essential to review our current understanding of neutrophils and to recognize the gap in our knowledge about their role in ALS. Thus, a detailed comprehension of the biological processes underlying neutrophil-induced pathogenesis in ALS may assist in identifying potential cell-based therapeutic strategies to delay disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Cao
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Biomarker and Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, National Health Commission/Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongsheng Fan
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Biomarker and Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, National Health Commission/Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
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3
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Zhao Q, Li H, Li H, Xie F, Zhang J. Research progress of neuroinflammation-related cells in traumatic brain injury: A review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e34009. [PMID: 37352020 PMCID: PMC10289497 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000034009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation after traumatic brain injury (TBI) is related to chronic neurodegenerative diseases and is one of the causes of acute secondary injury after TBI. Therefore, it is particularly important to clarify the role of cellular mechanisms in the neuroinflammatory response after TBI. The objective of this article is to understand the involvement of cells during the TBI inflammatory response (for instance, astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes) and shed light on the recent progress in the stimulation and interaction of granulocytes and lymphocytes, to provide a novel approach for clinical research. We searched articles in PubMed published between 1950 and 2023, using the following keywords: TBI, neuroinflammation, inflammatory cells, neuroprotection, clinical. Articles for inclusion in this paper were finalized based on their novelty, representativeness, and relevance to the main arguments of this review. We found that the neuroinflammatory response after TBI includes the activation of glial cells, the release of inflammatory mediators in the brain, and the recruitment of peripheral immune cells. These inflammatory responses not only induce secondary brain damage, but also have a role in repairing the nervous system to some extent. However, not all of the mechanisms of cell-to-cell interactions have been well studied. After TBI, clinical treatment cannot simply suppress the inflammatory response, and the inflammatory phenotype of patients' needs to be defined according to their specific conditions after injury. Clinical trials of personalized inflammation regulation therapy for specific patients should be carried out in order to improve the prognosis of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghui Zhao
- Institute of Physical Culture, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, China
| | - Huige Li
- Institute of Physical Culture, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, China
| | - Hongru Li
- Zhumadian Central Hospital, Zhumadian, China
| | - Fei Xie
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Institute of Physical Culture, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, China
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4
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Xin Y, Tian M, Deng S, Li J, Yang M, Gao J, Pei X, Wang Y, Tan J, Zhao F, Gao Y, Gong Y. The Key Drivers of Brain Injury by Systemic Inflammatory Responses after Sepsis: Microglia and Neuroinflammation. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:1369-1390. [PMID: 36445634 PMCID: PMC9899199 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03148-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is a leading cause of intensive care unit admission and death worldwide. Most surviving patients show acute or chronic mental disorders, which are known as sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE). Although accumulating studies in the past two decades focused on the pathogenesis of SAE, a systematic review of retrospective studies which exclusively focuses on the inflammatory mechanisms of SAE has been lacking yet. This review summarizes the recent advance in the field of neuroinflammation and sheds light on the activation of microglia in SAE. Activation of microglia predominates neuroinflammation. As the gene expression profile changes, microglia show heterogeneous characterizations throughout all stages of SAE. Here, we summarize the systemic inflammation following sepsis and also the relationship of microglial diversity and neuroinflammation. Moreover, a collection of neuroinflammation-related dysfunction has also been reviewed to illustrate the possible mechanisms for SAE. In addition, promising pharmacological or non-pharmacological therapeutic strategies, especially those which target neuroinflammation or microglia, are also concluded in the final part of this review. Collectively, clarification of the vital relationship between neuroinflammation and SAE-related mental disorders would significantly improve our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms in SAE and therefore provide potential targets for therapies of SAE aimed at inhibiting neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuewen Xin
- Department of Critical Care Medicine of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mi Tian
- Department of Critical Care Medicine of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuixiang Deng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaying Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Miaoxian Yang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianpeng Gao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Pei
- Department of Critical Care Medicine of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaying Tan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Zhao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanqin Gao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ye Gong
- Department of Critical Care Medicine of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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5
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Zhao F, Li B, Yang W, Ge T, Cui R. Brain-immune interaction mechanisms: Implications for cognitive dysfunction in psychiatric disorders. Cell Prolif 2022; 55:e13295. [PMID: 35860850 PMCID: PMC9528770 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Cognitive dysfunction has been identified as a major symptom of a series of psychiatric disorders. Multidisciplinary studies have shown that cognitive dysfunction is monitored by a two‐way interaction between the neural and immune systems. However, the specific mechanisms of cognitive dysfunction in immune response and brain immune remain unclear. Materials and methods In this review, we summarized the relevant research to uncover our comprehension of the brain–immune interaction mechanisms underlying cognitive decline. Results The pathophysiological mechanisms of brain‐immune interactions in psychiatric‐based cognitive dysfunction involve several specific immune molecules and their associated signaling pathways, impairments in neural and synaptic plasticity, and the potential neuro‐immunological mechanism of stress. Conclusions Therefore, this review may provide a better theoretical basis for integrative therapeutic considerations for psychiatric disorders associated with cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyi Zhao
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bingjin Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tongtong Ge
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ranji Cui
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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6
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Haidar MA, Ibeh S, Shakkour Z, Reslan MA, Nwaiwu J, Moqidem YA, Sader G, Nickles RG, Babale I, Jaffa AA, Salama M, Shaito A, Kobeissy F. Crosstalk between Microglia and Neurons in Neurotrauma: An Overview of the Underlying Mechanisms. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:2050-2065. [PMID: 34856905 PMCID: PMC9886840 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666211202123322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells of the brain and play a crucial role in housekeeping and maintaining homeostasis of the brain microenvironment. Upon injury or disease, microglial cells become activated, at least partly, via signals initiated by injured neurons. Activated microglia, thereby, contribute to both neuroprotection and neuroinflammation. However, sustained microglial activation initiates a chronic neuroinflammatory response which can disturb neuronal health and disrupt communications between neurons and microglia. Thus, microglia-neuron crosstalk is critical in a healthy brain as well as during states of injury or disease. As most studies focus on how neurons and microglia act in isolation during neurotrauma, there is a need to understand the interplay between these cells in brain pathophysiology. This review highlights how neurons and microglia reciprocally communicate under physiological conditions and during brain injury and disease. Furthermore, the modes of microglia-neuron communication are exposed, focusing on cell-contact dependent signaling and communication by the secretion of soluble factors like cytokines and growth factors. In addition, it has been discussed that how microglia-neuron interactions could exert either beneficial neurotrophic effects or pathologic proinflammatory responses. We further explore how aberrations in microglia-neuron crosstalk may be involved in central nervous system (CNS) anomalies, namely traumatic brain injury (TBI), neurodegeneration, and ischemic stroke. A clear understanding of how the microglia-neuron crosstalk contributes to the pathogenesis of brain pathologies may offer novel therapeutic avenues of brain trauma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ali Haidar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Stanley Ibeh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Zaynab Shakkour
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mohammad Amine Reslan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Judith Nwaiwu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Yomna Adel Moqidem
- Biotechnology Program, School of Science and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Georgio Sader
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Balamand, Balamand, Lebanon
| | - Rachel G. Nickles
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics & Biomarkers Research, Departments of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Ismail Babale
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Aneese A. Jaffa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mohamed Salama
- Institute of Global Health and Human Ecology (I-GHHE), The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
- Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Abdullah Shaito
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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7
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Zhong H, Yu H, Sun J, Chen J, Huang S, Huang P, Liu X, Zhong Y. Isolation of microglia from retinas of chronic ocular hypertensive rats. Open Life Sci 2021; 16:992-1001. [PMID: 34604533 PMCID: PMC8445004 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2021-0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the principal glial cells involved in the processes of immune inflammation within both retina and optic nerve, especially under the context of glaucomatous neuropathy. Considering the distinguishing role of retinal microglia in glaucoma and the lack of established protocol for microglia isolation from animal glaucoma model, the present study aimed to develop and validate a method with characteristics of both simplicity and efficiency for retinal microglia isolation from chronic ocular hypertensive (COH) rats. A Percoll gradient of various concentrations was used to separate microglia from whole retinal cells of the COH rats and control group. The finally isolated microglia were identified by CD11b and Iba-1 immunofluorescence staining, and the cell viability was determined by trypan blue staining. Additionally, the proportion of microglia in the whole retina cells was identified by flow cytometry. Results showed that the survival rates of isolated retinal microglia with the Percoll gradient method were 67.2 ± 4% and 67.6 ± 3% in control and COH groups, respectively. The proportion of the microglia population in the whole retinal cells was about 0.4–0.93%. To conclude, the present study confirmed that the application of Percoll gradient could effectively separate microglia from retinas of COH rats, which will probably enrich the tool kit for basic researchers of glaucoma specialty and help with scientific investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Zhong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated Medical School, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 197 Ruijin Er Road, 200025, Shanghai, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People s Hospital), National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Huan Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated Medical School, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 197 Ruijin Er Road, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated Medical School, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 197 Ruijin Er Road, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Junjue Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated Medical School, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 197 Ruijin Er Road, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Shouyue Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated Medical School, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 197 Ruijin Er Road, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated Medical School, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 197 Ruijin Er Road, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Yisheng Zhong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated Medical School, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 197 Ruijin Er Road, 200025, Shanghai, China
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8
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Bhusal A, Lee WH, Suk K. Lipocalin-2 in Diabetic Complications of the Nervous System: Physiology, Pathology, and Beyond. Front Physiol 2021; 12:638112. [PMID: 33613327 PMCID: PMC7892766 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.638112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) is a 25 kDa secreted protein that belongs to the family of lipocalins, a group of transporters of small hydrophobic molecules such as iron, fatty acids, steroids, and lipopolysaccharide in circulation. LCN2 was previously found to be involved in iron delivery, pointing toward a potential role for LCN2 in immunity. This idea was further validated when LCN2 was found to limit bacterial growth during infections in mice by sequestering iron-laden siderophores. Recently, LCN2 was also identified as a critical regulator of energy metabolism, glucose and lipid homeostasis, and insulin function. Furthermore, studies using Lcn2 knockout mice suggest an important role for LCN2 in several biobehavioral responses, including cognition, emotion, anxiety, and feeding behavior. Owing to its expression and influence on multiple metabolic and neurological functions, there has emerged a great deal of interest in the study of relationships between LCN2 and neurometabolic complications. Thorough investigation has demonstrated that LCN2 is involved in several neurodegenerative diseases, while more recent studies have shown that LCN2 is also instrumental for the progression of diabetic complications like encephalopathy and peripheral neuropathy. Preliminary findings have shown that LCN2 is also a promising drug target and diagnostic marker for the treatment of neuropathic complications from diabetes. In particular, future translational research related to LCN2, such as the development of small-molecule inhibitors or neutralizing antibodies against LCN2, appears essential for exploring its potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Bhusal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.,BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Won-Ha Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.,BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.,Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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9
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Eyolfson E, Khan A, Mychasiuk R, Lohman AW. Microglia dynamics in adolescent traumatic brain injury. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:326. [PMID: 33121516 PMCID: PMC7597018 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01994-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Repetitive, mild traumatic brain injuries (RmTBIs) are increasingly common in adolescents and encompass one of the largest neurological health concerns in the world. Adolescence is a critical period for brain development where RmTBIs can substantially impact neurodevelopmental trajectories and life-long neurological health. Our current understanding of RmTBI pathophysiology suggests key roles for neuroinflammation in negatively regulating neural health and function. Microglia, the brain’s resident immune population, play important roles in brain development by regulating neuronal number, and synapse formation and elimination. In response to injury, microglia activate to inflammatory phenotypes that may detract from these normal homeostatic, physiological, and developmental roles. To date, however, little is known regarding the impact of RmTBIs on microglia function during adolescent brain development. This review details key concepts surrounding RmTBI pathophysiology, adolescent brain development, and microglia dynamics in the developing brain and in response to injury, in an effort to formulate a hypothesis on how the intersection of these processes may modify long-term trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Eyolfson
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N1N4, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N4N1, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, NW, Calgary, AB, T2N4N1, Canada
| | - Asher Khan
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N4N1, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, NW, Calgary, AB, T2N4N1, Canada
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N1N4, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N4N1, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, NW, Calgary, AB, T2N4N1, Canada.,Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, 6th Floor, The Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Alexander W Lohman
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N4N1, Canada. .,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, NW, Calgary, AB, T2N4N1, Canada. .,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N4N1, Canada.
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10
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Harry GJ, Childers G, Giridharan S, Hernandes IL. An association between mitochondria and microglia effector function. What do we think we know? NEUROIMMUNOLOGY AND NEUROINFLAMMATION 2020; 7:150-165. [PMID: 32934971 PMCID: PMC7489447 DOI: 10.20517/2347-8659.2020.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
While resident innate immune cells of the central nervous system, the microglia, represent a cell population unique in origin, microenvironment, and longevity, they assume many properties displayed by peripheral macrophages. One prominent shared property is the ability to undergo a metabolic switch towards glycolysis and away from oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) upon activation by the pro-inflammatory stimuli lipopolysaccharide. This shift serves to meet specific cellular demands and allows for cell survival, similar to the Warburg effect demonstrated in cancer cells. In contrast, normal survelliance phenotype or stimulation to a non-proinflammatory phenotype relies primarily on OXPHOS and fatty acid oxidation. Thus, mitochondria appear to function as a pivotal signaling platform linking energy metabolism and macrophage polarization upon activation. These unique shifts in cell bioenergetics in response to different stimuli are essential for proper effector responses at sites of infection, inflammation, or injury. Here we present a summary of recent developments as to how these dynamics characterized in peripheral macrophages are displayed in microglia. The new insights provided by an increased understanding of metabolic reprogramming in macrophages may allow for translation to the CNS and a better understanding of microglia heterogeneity, regulation, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Jean Harry
- National Toxicology Program Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 USA
| | - Gabrielle Childers
- National Toxicology Program Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 USA
- Current affiliation: Gabrielle Childers, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL
| | - Sahana Giridharan
- National Toxicology Program Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 USA
- Giridharan, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Irisyunuel Lopez Hernandes
- National Toxicology Program Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 USA
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11
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Unal DB, Caliari SR, Lampe KJ. Engineering biomaterial microenvironments to promote myelination in the central nervous system. Brain Res Bull 2019; 152:159-174. [PMID: 31306690 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Promoting remyelination and/or minimizing demyelination are key therapeutic strategies under investigation for diseases and injuries like multiple sclerosis (MS), spinal cord injury, stroke, and virus-induced encephalopathy. Myelination is essential for efficacious neuronal signaling. This myelination process is originated by oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) in the central nervous system (CNS). Resident OPCs are capable of both proliferation and differentiation, and also migration to demyelinated injury sites. OPCs can then engage with these unmyelinated or demyelinated axons and differentiate into myelin-forming oligodendrocytes (OLs). However this process is frequently incomplete and often does not occur at all. Biomaterial strategies can now be used to guide OPC and OL development with the goal of regenerating healthy myelin sheaths in formerly damaged CNS tissue. Growth and neurotrophic factors delivered from such materials can promote proliferation of OPCs or differentiation into OLs. While cell transplantation techniques have been used to replace damaged cells in wound sites, they have also resulted in poor transplant cell viability, uncontrollable differentiation, and poor integration into the host. Biomaterial scaffolds made from extracellular matrix (ECM) mimics that are naturally or synthetically derived can improve transplanted cell survival, support both transplanted and endogenous cell populations, and direct their fate. In particular, stiffness and degradability of these scaffolds are two parameters that can influence the fate of OPCs and OLs. The future outlook for biomaterials research includes 3D in vitro models of myelination / remyelination / demyelination to better mimic and study these processes. These models should provide simple relationships of myelination to microenvironmental biophysical and biochemical properties to inform improved therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz B Unal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, United States
| | - Steven R Caliari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, United States
| | - Kyle J Lampe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, United States.
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12
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Long J, Wang Q, He H, Sui X, Lin G, Wang S, Yang J, You P, Luo Y, Wang Y. NLRP3 inflammasome activation is involved in trimethyltin-induced neuroinflammation. Brain Res 2019; 1718:186-193. [PMID: 31059678 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Trimethyltin (TMT), a neurotoxic organotin compound, is selectively localized within the limbic system. The mechanisms of TMT-induced hippocampal neurodegeneration include inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, and neuronal death. Increasing evidence shows that the inflammatory response, mediated by activated inflammasomes, is involved in apoptosis and cellular dysfunction during brain injury. This study aimed to assess the role of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor pyrin-domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in TMT-induced central nervous system (CNS) injury. In addition, the mechanisms underlying TMT neurotoxicity are similar to those involved in the pathogenesis of multiple neurodegenerative diseases; hence, a study on TMT cytotoxicity may be informative for the understanding of human CNS diseases. Microglia were significantly activated in the rat hippocampal dentate gyrus after TMT treatment. The mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1β and interleukin-18, was induced both in vitro and in vivo. TMT treatment activated the NLRP3 inflammasome in the microglial cell line BV2. NLRP3 RNA interference significantly protected these cells from TMT-induced neuroinflammation. Our results demonstrate that the NLRP3 inflammasome is a key mediator of neuroinflammation and plays an important role in TMT-induced neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhai Long
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institutes of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, No. 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China; Poisoning Treatment Department, The Fifth Medical Center of the PLA General Hospital, No. 8 Dong da Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institutes of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, No. 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Huanhuan He
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institutes of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, No. 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xin Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institutes of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, No. 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Guodong Lin
- Poisoning Treatment Department, The Fifth Medical Center of the PLA General Hospital, No. 8 Dong da Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institutes of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, No. 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institutes of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, No. 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Pengsheng You
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institutes of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, No. 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yuan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institutes of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, No. 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Yongan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institutes of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, No. 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China.
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13
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An introduction to innate immunity in the central nervous system. ROLE OF INFLAMMATION IN ENVIRONMENTAL NEUROTOXICITY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ant.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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14
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Madathil SK, Wilfred BS, Urankar SE, Yang W, Leung LY, Gilsdorf JS, Shear DA. Early Microglial Activation Following Closed-Head Concussive Injury Is Dominated by Pro-Inflammatory M-1 Type. Front Neurol 2018; 9:964. [PMID: 30498469 PMCID: PMC6249371 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial activation is a pathological hallmark of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Following brain injury, activated microglia/macrophages adopt different phenotypes, generally categorized as M-1, or classically activated, and M-2, or alternatively activated. While the M-1, or pro-inflammatory phenotype is detrimental to recovery, M-2, or the anti-inflammatory phenotype, aids in brain repair. Recent findings also suggest the existence of mixed phenotype following brain injury, where activated microglia simultaneously express both M-1 and M-2 markers. The present study sought to determine microglial activation states at early time points (6-72 h) following single or repeated concussive injury in rats. Closed-head concussive injury was modeled in rats using projectile concussive impact injury, with either single or repeated impacts (4 impacts, 1 h apart). Brain samples were examined using immunohistochemical staining, inflammatory gene profiling and real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses to detect concussive injury induced changes in microglial activation and phenotype in cortex and hippocampal regions. Our findings demonstrate robust microglial activation following concussive brain injury. Moreover, we show that multiple concussions induced a unique rod-shaped microglial morphology that was also observed in other diffuse brain injury models. Histological studies revealed a predominance of MHC-II positive M-1 phenotype in the post-concussive microglial milieu following multiple impacts. Although there was simultaneous expression of M-1 and M-2 markers, gene expression results indicate a clear dominance in M-1 pro-inflammatory markers following both single and repeated concussions. While the increase in M-1 markers quickly resolved after a single concussion, they persisted following repeated concussions, indicating a pro-inflammatory environment induced by multiple concussions that may delay recovery and contribute to long-lasting consequences of concussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindhu K Madathil
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Bernard S Wilfred
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Sarah E Urankar
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Weihong Yang
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Lai Yee Leung
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States.,Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Janice S Gilsdorf
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Deborah A Shear
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
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15
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Cheng Y, Chang C, Chang T, Li H, Hung H, Liu G, Lin C. Aβ stimulates microglial activation through antizyme‐dependent downregulation of ornithine decarboxylase. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:9733-9745. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu‐Wen Cheng
- Department of Internal Medicine Yuanli Lee's General Hospital, Lee's Medical Corporation Miaoli Taiwan
| | - Chun‐Cheng Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine Dajia Lee's General Hospital, Lee's Medical Corporation Taichung Taiwan
| | - Ti‐Sheng Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine Dajia Lee's General Hospital, Lee's Medical Corporation Taichung Taiwan
| | - Hsin‐Hua Li
- Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Taichung Taiwan
| | - Hui‐Chih Hung
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics National Chung Hsing University Taichung Taiwan
| | - Guang‐Yaw Liu
- Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Taichung Taiwan
| | - Chih‐Li Lin
- Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Taichung Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research Chung Shan Medical University Hospital Taichung Taiwan
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16
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Liu YW, Li S, Dai SS. Neutrophils in traumatic brain injury (TBI): friend or foe? J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:146. [PMID: 29776443 PMCID: PMC5960133 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1173-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Our knowledge of the pathophysiology about traumatic brain injury (TBI) is still limited. Neutrophils, as the most abundant leukocytes in circulation and the first-line transmigrated immune cells at the sites of injury, are highly involved in the initiation, development, and recovery of TBI. Nonetheless, our understanding about neutrophils in TBI is obsolete, and mounting evidences from recent studies have challenged the conventional views. This review summarizes what is known about the relationships between neutrophils and pathophysiology of TBI. In addition, discussions are made on the complex roles as well as the controversial views of neutrophils in TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Wuyue Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China.,Center for Pharmacogenetics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15261, USA
| | - Song Li
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15261, USA
| | - Shuang-Shuang Dai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China. .,Molecular Biology Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn, and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Madathil SK, Wilfred BS, Urankar SE, Yang W, Leung LY, Gilsdorf JS, Shear DA. Early Microglial Activation Following Closed-Head Concussive Injury Is Dominated by Pro-Inflammatory M-1 Type. Front Neurol 2018. [PMID: 30498469 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00964/full] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglial activation is a pathological hallmark of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Following brain injury, activated microglia/macrophages adopt different phenotypes, generally categorized as M-1, or classically activated, and M-2, or alternatively activated. While the M-1, or pro-inflammatory phenotype is detrimental to recovery, M-2, or the anti-inflammatory phenotype, aids in brain repair. Recent findings also suggest the existence of mixed phenotype following brain injury, where activated microglia simultaneously express both M-1 and M-2 markers. The present study sought to determine microglial activation states at early time points (6-72 h) following single or repeated concussive injury in rats. Closed-head concussive injury was modeled in rats using projectile concussive impact injury, with either single or repeated impacts (4 impacts, 1 h apart). Brain samples were examined using immunohistochemical staining, inflammatory gene profiling and real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses to detect concussive injury induced changes in microglial activation and phenotype in cortex and hippocampal regions. Our findings demonstrate robust microglial activation following concussive brain injury. Moreover, we show that multiple concussions induced a unique rod-shaped microglial morphology that was also observed in other diffuse brain injury models. Histological studies revealed a predominance of MHC-II positive M-1 phenotype in the post-concussive microglial milieu following multiple impacts. Although there was simultaneous expression of M-1 and M-2 markers, gene expression results indicate a clear dominance in M-1 pro-inflammatory markers following both single and repeated concussions. While the increase in M-1 markers quickly resolved after a single concussion, they persisted following repeated concussions, indicating a pro-inflammatory environment induced by multiple concussions that may delay recovery and contribute to long-lasting consequences of concussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindhu K Madathil
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Bernard S Wilfred
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Sarah E Urankar
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Weihong Yang
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Lai Yee Leung
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States.,Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Janice S Gilsdorf
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Deborah A Shear
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
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18
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Nunes-Silva A, Dittz D, Santana HS, Faria RA, Freitas KM, Coutinho CR, de Melo Rodrigues LC, Miranda-Alves L, Silva IV, Graceli JB, Freitas Lima LC. The Pollutant Organotins Leads to Respiratory Disease by Inflammation: A Mini-Review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:369. [PMID: 29403432 PMCID: PMC5786825 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Organotins (OTs) are organometallic pollutants. The OTs are organometallic pollutants that are used in many industrial, agricultural, and domestic products, and it works as powerful biocidal compound against large types of microorganisms such as fungi and bacteria. In addition, OTs are well known to be endocrine-disrupting chemicals, leading abnormalities an "imposex" phenomenon in the female mollusks. There are some studies showing that OTs' exposure is responsible for neural, endocrine, and reproductive dysfunctions in vitro and in vivo models. However, OTs' effects over the mammalian immune system are poorly understood, particularly in respiratory diseases. The immune system, as well as their cellular components, performs a pivotal role in the control of the several physiologic functions, and in the maintenance and recovery of homeostasis. Thus, it is becoming important to better understand the association between environmental contaminants, as OTs, and the physiological function of immune system. There are no many scientific works studying the relationship between OTs and respiratory disease, especially about immune system activation. Herein, we reported studies in animal, humans, and in vitro models. We searched studies in PUBMED, LILACS, and Scielo platforms. Studies have reported that OTs exposure was able to suppress T helper 1 (Th1) and exacerbate T helper 2 (Th2) response in the immune system. In addition, OTs' contact could elevate in the airway inflammatory response, throughout a mechanism associated with the apoptosis of T-regulatory cells and increased oxidative stress response. In addition, OTs induce macrophage recruitment to the tissue, leading to the increased necrosis, which stimulates an inflammatory cytokines secretion exacerbating the local inflammation and tissue function loss. Thus, the main intention of this mini-review is to up to date the main findings involving the inflammatory profile (especially Th1 and Th2 response) in the respiratory tract as a result of OTs' exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albená Nunes-Silva
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Centro Desportivo da Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Dalton Dittz
- Department of Pharmacology, Biological Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo Alves Faria
- Department of Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, São Mateus, Brazil
| | - Katia Michelle Freitas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Livia Carla de Melo Rodrigues
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
- Physiological Sciences Graduate Program, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Leandro Miranda-Alves
- Research Group, Development in Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Science Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Endocrinology, Medicine School, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ian Victor Silva
- Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Jones Bernardes Graceli
- Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
- Physiological Sciences Graduate Program, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Leandro Ceotto Freitas Lima
- Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
- Physiological Sciences Graduate Program, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Leandro Ceotto Freitas Lima,
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19
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Calvello R, Cianciulli A, Nicolardi G, De Nuccio F, Giannotti L, Salvatore R, Porro C, Trotta T, Panaro MA, Lofrumento DD. Vitamin D Treatment Attenuates Neuroinflammation and Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration in an Animal Model of Parkinson's Disease, Shifting M1 to M2 Microglia Responses. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2016; 12:327-339. [PMID: 27987058 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-016-9720-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation has been described as a common hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD) and is believed to further exacerbate the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. Current therapies are unable to prevent the disease progression. A significant association has been demonstrated between PD and low levels of vitamin D in patients serum, and vitamin D supplement appears to have a beneficial clinical effect. Herein, we investigated whether vitamin D administered orally in a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced preclinical animal model of PD protects against glia-mediated inflammation and nigrostriatal neurodegeneration. Vitamin D significantly attenuated the MPTP-induced loss of tyrosine hydrlase (TH)-positive neuronal cells, microglial cell activation (Iba1-immunoreactive), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and TLR-4 expression, typical hallmarks of the pro-inflammatory (M1) activation of microglia. Additionally, Vitamin D was able to decrease pro-inflammatory cytokines mRNA expression in distinct brain areas of the MPTP mouse. Importantly, we also assessed the anti-inflammatory property of vitamin D in the MPTP mouse, in which it upregulated the anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, IL-4 and TGF-β) mRNA expression as well as increasing the expression of CD163, CD206 and CD204, typical hallmarks of alternative activation of microglia for anti-inflammatory signalling (M2). Collectively, these results demonstrate that vitamin D exhibits substantial neuroprotective effects in this PD animal model, by attenuating pro-inflammatory and up-regulating anti-inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Calvello
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via Orabona, 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonia Cianciulli
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via Orabona, 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Nicolardi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Francesco De Nuccio
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Laura Giannotti
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Rosaria Salvatore
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via Orabona, 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Chiara Porro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Teresa Trotta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Panaro
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via Orabona, 4, 70126, Bari, Italy.
| | - Dario Domenico Lofrumento
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
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20
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Lee S, Yang M, Kim J, Kang S, Kim J, Kim JC, Jung C, Shin T, Kim SH, Moon C. Trimethyltin-induced hippocampal neurodegeneration: A mechanism-based review. Brain Res Bull 2016; 125:187-99. [PMID: 27450702 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Trimethyltin (TMT), a toxic organotin compound, induces neurodegeneration selectively involving the limbic system and especially prominent in the hippocampus. Neurodegeneration-associated behavioral abnormalities, such as hyperactivity, aggression, cognitive deficits, and epileptic seizures, occur in both exposed humans and experimental animal models. Previously, TMT had been used generally in industry and agriculture, but the use of TMT has been limited because of its dangers to people. TMT has also been used to make a promising in vivo rodent model of neurodegeneration because of its region-specific characteristics. Several studies have demonstrated that TMT-treated animal models of epileptic seizures can be used as tools for researching hippocampus-specific neurotoxicity as well as the molecular mechanisms leading to hippocampal neurodegeneration. This review summarizes the in vivo and in vitro underlying mechanisms of TMT-induced hippocampal neurodegeneration (oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and neuronal death/survival). Thus, the present review may be helpful to provide general insights into TMT-induced neurodegeneration and approaches to therapeutic interventions for neurodegenerative diseases, including temporal lobe epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sueun Lee
- Departments of Veterinary Anatomy and Veterinary Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Plus Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Miyoung Yang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine and Institute for Environmental Science, Wonkwang University, Jeonbuk 54538, South Korea
| | - Jinwook Kim
- Departments of Veterinary Anatomy and Veterinary Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Plus Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Sohi Kang
- Departments of Veterinary Anatomy and Veterinary Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Plus Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Juhwan Kim
- Departments of Veterinary Anatomy and Veterinary Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Plus Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Jong-Choon Kim
- Departments of Veterinary Anatomy and Veterinary Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Plus Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Chaeyong Jung
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, South Korea
| | - Taekyun Shin
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, South Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Kim
- Departments of Veterinary Anatomy and Veterinary Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Plus Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Changjong Moon
- Departments of Veterinary Anatomy and Veterinary Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Plus Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea.
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21
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Mao S, Ren X, Zhang J. The emerging role of fibroblast growth factor 21 in diabetic nephropathy. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2016; 36:586-592. [PMID: 26915669 DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2016.1147582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN), an important cause of end-stage renal diseases, brings about great social and economic burden. Due to the variable pathological changes and clinical course, the prognosis of DN is very difficult to predict. DN is also usually associated with enhanced genomic damage and cellular injury. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a nutritionally regulated hormone secreted mainly by the liver, plays a critical role in metabolism. Administration of FGF21 decreases blood glucose, triglyceride, and cholesterol levels, and improves insulin sensitivity, which is closely associated with the development and progression of glomerular diseases. In addition, FGF21 level was associated with renal function. However, the precise role of FGF21 in DN remains unclear. This review will give a comprehensive understanding of the underlying role of FGF21 and its possible interaction with other molecules in DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Mao
- a Department of Pediatrics , Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital , Shanghai , China and
| | - Xianguo Ren
- b Department of Pediatrics , Nanjing Jinling Hospital , Nanjing , China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- a Department of Pediatrics , Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital , Shanghai , China and
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22
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Kaplan BLF, Li J, LaPres JJ, Pruett SB, Karmaus PWF. Contributions of nonhematopoietic cells and mediators to immune responses: implications for immunotoxicology. Toxicol Sci 2016; 145:214-32. [PMID: 26008184 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotoxicology assessments have historically focused on the effects that xenobiotics exhibit directly on immune cells. These studies are invaluable as they identify immune cell targets and help characterize mechanisms and/or adverse outcome pathways of xenobiotics within the immune system. However, leukocytes can receive environmental cues by cell-cell contact or via released mediators from cells of organs outside of the immune system. These organs include, but are not limited to, the mucosal areas such as the lung and the gut, the liver, and the central nervous system. Homeostatic perturbation in these organs induced directly by toxicants can initiate and alter the outcome of local and systemic immunity. This review will highlight some of the identified nonimmune influences on immune homeostasis and provide summaries of how immunotoxic mechanisms of selected xenobiotics involve nonimmune cells or mediators. Thus, this review will identify data gaps and provide possible alternative mechanisms by which xenobiotics alter immune function that could be considered during immunotoxicology safety assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara L F Kaplan
- *Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi St, Mississippi 39762, Safety Assessment, Genentech, Inc. South San Francisco, California 94080, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 and Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105
| | - Jinze Li
- *Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi St, Mississippi 39762, Safety Assessment, Genentech, Inc. South San Francisco, California 94080, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 and Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105
| | - John J LaPres
- *Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi St, Mississippi 39762, Safety Assessment, Genentech, Inc. South San Francisco, California 94080, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 and Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105
| | - Stephen B Pruett
- *Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi St, Mississippi 39762, Safety Assessment, Genentech, Inc. South San Francisco, California 94080, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 and Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105
| | - Peer W F Karmaus
- *Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi St, Mississippi 39762, Safety Assessment, Genentech, Inc. South San Francisco, California 94080, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 and Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105
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Association Between Microglia, Inflammatory Factors, and Complement with Loss of Hippocampal Mossy Fiber Synapses Induced by Trimethyltin. Neurotox Res 2016; 30:53-66. [PMID: 26892644 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-016-9606-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Complement-associated factors are implicated in pathogen presentation, neurodegeneration, and microglia resolution of tissue injury. To characterize complement activation with microglial clearance of degenerating mossy fiber boutons, hippocampal dentate granule neurons were ablated in CD-1 mice with trimethyltin (TMT; 2.2 mg/kg, i.p.). Neuronal apoptosis was accompanied by amoeboid microglia and elevations in tumor necrosis factor [Tnfa], interleukin 1β [Il1b], and Il6 mRNA and C1q protein. Inos mRNA levels were unaltered. Silver degeneration and synaptophysin staining indicated loss of synaptic innervation to CA3 pyramidal neurons. Reactive microglia with thickened bushy morphology showed co-localization of synaptophysin+ fragments. The initial response at 2 days post-TMT included transient elevations in Tnfa, Il1b, Il6, and Inos mRNA levels. A concurrent increase at 2 days was observed in arginase-1 [Arg1], Il10, transforming growth factor β1 [Tgfb1], and chitinase 3 like-3 [Ym1] mRNA levels. At 2 days, C1q protein was evident in the CA3 with elevated C1qa, C1qb, C3, Cr3a, and Cr3b mRNA levels. mRNA levels remained elevated at 5 days, returning to control by 14 days, corresponding to silver degeneration. mRNA levels for pentraxin3 (Ptx3) were elevated on day 2 and Ptx1 was not altered. Our data suggest an association between microglia reactivity, the induction of anti-inflammatory genes concurrent with pro-inflammatory genes and the expression of complement-associated factors with the degeneration of synapses following apoptotic neuronal loss.
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Orihuela R, McPherson CA, Harry GJ. Microglial M1/M2 polarization and metabolic states. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:649-65. [PMID: 25800044 PMCID: PMC4742299 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1253] [Impact Index Per Article: 156.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are critical nervous system-specific immune cells serving as tissue-resident macrophages influencing brain development, maintenance of the neural environment, response to injury and repair. As influenced by their environment, microglia assume a diversity of phenotypes and retain the capability to shift functions to maintain tissue homeostasis. In comparison with peripheral macrophages, microglia demonstrate similar and unique features with regards to phenotype polarization, allowing for innate immunological functions. Microglia can be stimulated by LPS or IFN-γ to an M1 phenotype for expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines or by IL-4/IL-13 to an M2 phenotype for resolution of inflammation and tissue repair. Increasing evidence suggests a role of metabolic reprogramming in the regulation of the innate inflammatory response. Studies using peripheral immune cells demonstrate that polarization to an M1 phenotype is often accompanied by a shift in cells from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis for energy production. More recently, the link between polarization and mitochondrial energy metabolism has been considered in microglia. Under these conditions, energy demands would be associated with functional activities and cell survival and thus, may serve to influence the contribution of microglia activation to various neurodegenerative conditions. This review examines the polarization states of microglia and their relationship to mitochondrial metabolism. Additional supporting experimental data are provided to demonstrate mitochondrial metabolic shifts in primary microglia and the BV-2 microglia cell line induced under LPS (M1) and IL-4/IL-13 (M2) polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Orihuela
- Neurotoxicology Group, National Toxicology Program Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Christopher A McPherson
- Neurotoxicology Group, National Toxicology Program Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Gaylia Jean Harry
- Neurotoxicology Group, National Toxicology Program Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Huber BR, Meabon JS, Hoffer ZS, Zhang J, Hoekstra JG, Pagulayan KF, McMillan PJ, Mayer CL, Banks WA, Kraemer BC, Raskind MA, McGavern DB, Peskind ER, Cook DG. Blast exposure causes dynamic microglial/macrophage responses and microdomains of brain microvessel dysfunction. Neuroscience 2016; 319:206-20. [PMID: 26777891 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to blast overpressure (BOP) is associated with behavioral, cognitive, and neuroimaging abnormalities. We investigated the dynamic responses of cortical vasculature and its relation to microglia/macrophage activation in mice using intravital two-photon microscopy following mild blast exposure. We found that blast caused vascular dysfunction evidenced by microdomains of aberrant vascular permeability. Microglial/macrophage activation was specifically associated with these restricted microdomains, as evidenced by rapid microglial process retraction, increased ameboid morphology, and escape of blood-borne Q-dot tracers that were internalized in microglial/macrophage cell bodies and phagosome-like compartments. Microdomains of cortical vascular disruption and microglial/macrophage activation were also associated with aberrant tight junction morphology that was more prominent after repetitive (3×) blast exposure. Repetitive, but not single, BOPs also caused TNFα elevation two weeks post-blast. In addition, following a single BOP we found that aberrantly phosphorylated tau rapidly accumulated in perivascular domains, but cleared within four hours, suggesting it was removed from the perivascular area, degraded, and/or dephosphorylated. Taken together these findings argue that mild blast exposure causes an evolving CNS insult that is initiated by discrete disturbances of vascular function, thereby setting the stage for more protracted and more widespread neuroinflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Huber
- VA Jamaica Plain, Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Jamaica Plain, MA, USA
| | - J S Meabon
- Northwest Network Mental Illness, Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Puget Sound Healthcare Systems, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Z S Hoffer
- United States Army, Madigan Army Medical Center, Joint Base Lewis-McChord, WA, USA
| | - J Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - J G Hoekstra
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - K F Pagulayan
- Northwest Network Mental Illness, Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Puget Sound Healthcare Systems, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - P J McMillan
- Northwest Network Mental Illness, Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Puget Sound Healthcare Systems, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - C L Mayer
- Northwest Network Mental Illness, Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Puget Sound Healthcare Systems, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - W A Banks
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA; Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - B C Kraemer
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA; Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - M A Raskind
- Northwest Network Mental Illness, Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Puget Sound Healthcare Systems, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - D B McGavern
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - E R Peskind
- Northwest Network Mental Illness, Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Puget Sound Healthcare Systems, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - D G Cook
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA; Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
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26
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Gasparova Z, Pronayova N, Stara V, Liptaj T. In Vitro Metabolomic Approach to Hippocampal Neurodegeneration Induced by Trimethyltin. Neurochem Res 2015; 41:715-21. [PMID: 26482153 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1740-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Search for indicators of neurodegenerative disorders is a hot topic where much research remains to be done. Our aim was to determine proton nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H-NMR) spectra of brain metabolites in the trimethyltin (TMT) model of neurodegeneration. Male Wistar rats were subjected to TMT or saline and were sacrificed on day 3 or 24 after administration. (1)H-NMR spectrum was measured on the 600 MHz Varian VNMRS spectrometer in nano-probe in the volume of 40 μl of hippocampal extracts. TMT administration resulted in reduction of the hippocampal weight on day 24. Of the sixteen identified metabolite spectra, decreased aspartate and increased glutamine contents were observed in the initial asymptomatic stage of neurodegeneration on day 3 in hippocampal extracts of TMT exposed rats compared to sham animals. Increased myo-inositol content was observed on day 24. The presented data provide further knowledge about this experimental model and putative indicators of neuronal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdenka Gasparova
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Nada Pronayova
- Department of NMR and Mass Spectroscopy, Faculty of Food and Chemical Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Veronika Stara
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Department of Pharmacology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Tibor Liptaj
- Department of NMR and Mass Spectroscopy, Faculty of Food and Chemical Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia
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27
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Diverse functional roles of lipocalin-2 in the central nervous system. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 49:135-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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28
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Khaing ZZ, Seidlits SK. Hyaluronic acid and neural stem cells: implications for biomaterial design. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:7850-7866. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tb00974j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
While in the past hyaluronic acid (HA) was considered a passive structural component, research over the past few decades has revealed its diverse and complex biological functions resulting in a major ideological shift. This review describes recent advances in biological interactions of HA with neural stem cells, with a focus on leveraging these interactions to develop advanced biomaterials that aid regeneration of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zin Z. Khaing
- Department of Neurological Surgery
- Institute for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine
- University of Washington
- USA
| | - Stephanie K. Seidlits
- Department of Bioengineering
- Brain Research Institute
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center
- University of California Los Angeles
- USA
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29
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Johnson GA, Calabrese E, Little PB, Hedlund L, Qi Y, Badea A. Quantitative mapping of trimethyltin injury in the rat brain using magnetic resonance histology. Neurotoxicology 2014; 42:12-23. [PMID: 24631313 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The growing exposure to chemicals in our environment and the increasing concern over their impact on health have elevated the need for new methods for surveying the detrimental effects of these compounds. Today's gold standard for assessing the effects of toxicants on the brain is based on hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained histology, sometimes accompanied by special stains or immunohistochemistry for neural processes and myelin. This approach is time-consuming and is usually limited to a fraction of the total brain volume. We demonstrate that magnetic resonance histology (MRH) can be used for quantitatively assessing the effects of central nervous system toxicants in rat models. We show that subtle and sparse changes to brain structure can be detected using magnetic resonance histology, and correspond to some of the locations in which lesions are found by traditional pathological examination. We report for the first time diffusion tensor image-based detection of changes in white matter regions, including fimbria and corpus callosum, in the brains of rats exposed to 8 mg/kg and 12 mg/kg trimethyltin. Besides detecting brain-wide changes, magnetic resonance histology provides a quantitative assessment of dose-dependent effects. These effects can be found in different magnetic resonance contrast mechanisms, providing multivariate biomarkers for the same spatial location. In this study, deformation-based morphometry detected areas where previous studies have detected cell loss, while voxel-wise analyses of diffusion tensor parameters revealed microstructural changes due to such things as cellular swelling, apoptosis, and inflammation. Magnetic resonance histology brings a valuable addition to pathology with the ability to generate brain-wide quantitative parametric maps for markers of toxic insults in the rodent brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Allan Johnson
- Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States; Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.
| | - Evan Calabrese
- Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States; Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | | | - Laurence Hedlund
- Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Yi Qi
- Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Alexandra Badea
- Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
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