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Mancini M, Calculli A, Di Martino D, Pisani A. Interplay between endocannabinoids and dopamine in the basal ganglia: implications for pain in Parkinson's disease. JOURNAL OF ANESTHESIA, ANALGESIA AND CRITICAL CARE 2024; 4:33. [PMID: 38745258 PMCID: PMC11094869 DOI: 10.1186/s44158-024-00169-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Pain is a complex phenomenon, and basal ganglia circuitry integrates many aspects of pain including motor, emotional, autonomic, and cognitive responses. Perturbations in dopamine (DA) signaling are implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic pain due to its involvement in both pain perception and relief. Several lines of evidence support the role of endocannabinoids (eCBs) in the regulation of many electrical and chemical aspects of DAergic neuron function including excitability, synaptic transmission, integration, and plasticity. However, eCBs play an even more intricate and intimate relationship with DA, as indicated by the adaptive changes in the eCB system following DA depletion. Although the precise mechanisms underlying DA control on pain are not fully understood, given the high correlation of eCB and DAergic system, it is conceivable that eCBs may be part of these mechanisms.In this brief survey, we describe the reciprocal regulation of eCB-DA neurotransmission with a particular emphasis on the actions of eCBs on ionic and synaptic signaling in DAergic neurons mediated by CB receptors or independent on them. Furthermore, we analyze the eCB-DA imbalance which characterizes pain condition and report the implications of reduced DA levels for pain in Parkinson's disease. Lastly, we discuss the potential of the eCB-DA system in the development of future therapeutic strategies for the treatment of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mancini
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, c/o Mondino Foundation Via Mondino, 2, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Alessandra Calculli
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, c/o Mondino Foundation Via Mondino, 2, Pavia, 27100, Italy
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Deborah Di Martino
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, c/o Mondino Foundation Via Mondino, 2, Pavia, 27100, Italy
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Antonio Pisani
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, c/o Mondino Foundation Via Mondino, 2, Pavia, 27100, Italy.
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, 27100, Italy.
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Nascimento GC, Jacob G, Milan BA, Leal-Luiz G, Malzone BL, Vivanco-Estela AN, Escobar-Espinal D, Dias FJ, Del-Bel E. Brainstem Modulates Parkinsonism-Induced Orofacial Sensorimotor Dysfunctions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12270. [PMID: 37569642 PMCID: PMC10418831 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD), treated with the dopamine precursor l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA), displays motor and non-motor orofacial manifestations. We investigated the pathophysiologic mechanisms of the lateral pterygoid muscles (LPMs) and the trigeminal system related to PD-induced orofacial manifestations. A PD rat model was produced by unilateral injection of 6-hydroxydopamine into the medial forebrain bundle. Abnormal involuntary movements (dyskinesia) and nociceptive responses were determined. We analyzed the immunodetection of Fos-B and microglia/astrocytes in trigeminal and facial nuclei and morphological markers in the LPMs. Hyperalgesia response was increased in hemiparkinsonian and dyskinetic rats. Hemiparkinsonism increased slow skeletal myosin fibers in the LPMs, while in the dyskinetic ones, these fibers decreased in the contralateral side of the lesion. Bilateral increased glycolytic metabolism and an inflammatory muscle profile were detected in dyskinetic rats. There was increased Fos-B expression in the spinal nucleus of lesioned rats and in the motor and facial nucleus in L-DOPA-induced dyskinetic rats in the contralateral side of the lesion. Glial cells were increased in the facial nucleus on the contralateral side of the lesion. Overall, spinal trigeminal nucleus activation may be associated with orofacial sensorial impairment in Parkinsonian rats, while a fatigue profile on LPMs is suggested in L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia when the motor and facial nucleus are activated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glauce Crivelaro Nascimento
- Department of Oral and Basic Biology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 14040-904, Brazil; (G.C.N.); (G.J.); (B.A.M.); (G.L.-L.); (B.L.M.); (A.N.V.-E.); (D.E.-E.)
- Department of Integral Dentistry, Oral Biology Research Centre (CIBO-UFRO), Dental School-Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Gabrielle Jacob
- Department of Oral and Basic Biology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 14040-904, Brazil; (G.C.N.); (G.J.); (B.A.M.); (G.L.-L.); (B.L.M.); (A.N.V.-E.); (D.E.-E.)
| | - Bruna Araujo Milan
- Department of Oral and Basic Biology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 14040-904, Brazil; (G.C.N.); (G.J.); (B.A.M.); (G.L.-L.); (B.L.M.); (A.N.V.-E.); (D.E.-E.)
| | - Gabrielli Leal-Luiz
- Department of Oral and Basic Biology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 14040-904, Brazil; (G.C.N.); (G.J.); (B.A.M.); (G.L.-L.); (B.L.M.); (A.N.V.-E.); (D.E.-E.)
| | - Bruno Lima Malzone
- Department of Oral and Basic Biology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 14040-904, Brazil; (G.C.N.); (G.J.); (B.A.M.); (G.L.-L.); (B.L.M.); (A.N.V.-E.); (D.E.-E.)
| | - Airam Nicole Vivanco-Estela
- Department of Oral and Basic Biology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 14040-904, Brazil; (G.C.N.); (G.J.); (B.A.M.); (G.L.-L.); (B.L.M.); (A.N.V.-E.); (D.E.-E.)
| | - Daniela Escobar-Espinal
- Department of Oral and Basic Biology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 14040-904, Brazil; (G.C.N.); (G.J.); (B.A.M.); (G.L.-L.); (B.L.M.); (A.N.V.-E.); (D.E.-E.)
| | - Fernando José Dias
- Department of Integral Dentistry, Oral Biology Research Centre (CIBO-UFRO), Dental School-Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Elaine Del-Bel
- Department of Oral and Basic Biology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 14040-904, Brazil; (G.C.N.); (G.J.); (B.A.M.); (G.L.-L.); (B.L.M.); (A.N.V.-E.); (D.E.-E.)
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 14040-900, Brazil
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 14040-900, Brazil
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Abrishamdar M, Farbood Y, Sarkaki A, Rashno M, Badavi M. Evaluation of betulinic acid effects on pain, memory, anxiety, catalepsy, and oxidative stress in animal model of Parkinson's disease. Metab Brain Dis 2023; 38:467-482. [PMID: 35708868 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-00962-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is known for motor impairments. Betulinic acid (BA) is a natural compound with antioxidant activity. The present study addresses the question of whether BA affects motor and non-motor dysfunctions and molecular changes in the rat model of PD. The right medial forebrain bundle was lesioned by injection of 6-hydroxydopamine in Male Wistar rats (10-12 weeks old, 270-320 g). Animals were divided into Sham, PD, 3 treated groups with BA (0.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg, IP), and a positive control group received L-dopa (20 mg/kg, P.O) for 7 days. rigidity, anxiety, analgesia, and memory were assessed by bar test, open-field, elevated plus-maze (EPM), tail-flick, and shuttle box. Additionally, the malondialdehyde (MDA), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and Interleukin 10 (IL10) levels in the whole brain were measured. BA significantly reversed the 6-hydroxydopamine-induced motor and memory complication in the bar test and shuttle box. It modified anxiety-like behavior neither in open-field nor in EPM. It only decreased the time spent in open arms. Moreover, no significant changes were found in the tail-flick between treatment and sham groups. On the other hand, the level of MDA & IL10 were decreased, while the activity of GPx levels of SOD & BDNF in the rats' brains was increased. Our results showed that BA as a free radical scavenger can account for a possible promise as a good therapeutic agent for motor and non-motor complications in PD however further studies may be needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Abrishamdar
- Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Department of Physiology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Yaghoob Farbood
- Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Department of Physiology, Medicine Faculty, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
- Department of Physiology, Medicine Faculty and Physiology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - A Sarkaki
- Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Department of Physiology, Medicine Faculty, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - M Rashno
- Department of Immunulogy, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Medicine Faculty, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - M Badavi
- Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Department of Physiology, Medicine Faculty, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Cannabidiol has therapeutic potential for myofascial pain in female and male parkinsonian rats. Neuropharmacology 2021; 196:108700. [PMID: 34246682 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The musculoskeletal orofacial pain is a complex symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD) resulting in stomatognathic system dysfunctions aggravated by the disease rigidity and postural instability. We tested the effect of cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychotomimetic constituent of Cannabis sativa, in PD-related myofascial pain. Wistar adult female and male rats orofacial allodynic and hyperalgesic responses were tested by Von Frey and formalin tests, before and 21 days past 6-OHDA lesion. Algesic response was tested after masseter muscle injection of CBD (10, 50, 100 μg in 10 μL) or vehicle. Males compared to females in all estrous cycles' phases presented reduced orofacial allodynia and hyperalgesia. According to the estrous cycle's phases, females presented distinct orofacial nociceptive responses, being the estrus phase well-chosen for nociceptive analysis after 6-OHDA lesion (phase with fewer hormone alterations and adequate length). Dopaminergic neuron lesion decreased mechanical and inflammatory nociceptive thresholds in females and males in a higher proportion in females. CBD local treatment reduced the increased orofacial allodynia and hyperalgesia, in males and females. The female rats were more sensitive to CBD effect considering allodynia, responding to the lowest dose. Although females and males respond to the effect of three doses of CBD in the formalin test, males showed a superior reduction in the hyperalgesic response. These results indicate that hemiparkinsonian female in the estrus phase and male answer differently to the different doses of CBD therapy and nociceptive tests. CBD therapy is effective for parkinsonism-induced orofacial nociception.
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Motor Cortex Stimulation Reversed Hypernociception, Increased Serotonin in Raphe Neurons, and Caused Inhibition of Spinal Astrocytes in a Parkinson's Disease Rat Model. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051158. [PMID: 34064617 PMCID: PMC8150310 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent pain is a prevalent symptom of Parkinson’s disease (PD), which is related to the loss of monoamines and neuroinflammation. Motor cortex stimulation (MCS) inhibits persistent pain by activating the descending analgesic pathways; however, its effectiveness in the control of PD-induced pain remains unclear. Here, we evaluated the analgesic efficacy of MCS together with serotonergic and spinal glial modulation in an experimental PD (ePD) rat model. Wistar rats with unilateral striatal 6-OHDA and MCS were assessed for behavioral immobility and nociceptive responses. The immunoreactivity of dopamine in the substantia nigra and serotonin in the nucleus raphe magnus (NRM) and the neuronal, astrocytic, and microglial activation in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord were evaluated. MCS, without interfering with dopamine loss, reversed ePD-induced immobility and hypernociception. This response was accompanied by an exacerbated increase in serotonin in the NRM and a decrease in neuronal and astrocytic hyperactivation in the spinal cord, without inhibiting ePD-induced microglial hypertrophy and hyperplasia. Taken together, MCS induces analgesia in the ePD model, while restores the descending serotonergic pathway with consequent inhibition of spinal neurons and astrocytes, showing the role of MCS in PD-induced pain control.
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Faivre F, Sánchez-Catalán MJ, Dovero S, Bido S, Joshi A, Bezard E, Barrot M. Ablation of the tail of the ventral tegmental area compensates symptoms in an experimental model of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 139:104818. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Cannabidiol increases the nociceptive threshold in a preclinical model of Parkinson's disease. Neuropharmacology 2019; 163:107808. [PMID: 31706993 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Medications that improve pain threshold can be useful in the pharmacotherapy of Parkinson's disease (PD). Pain is a prevalent PD's non-motor symptom with a higher prevalence of analgesic drugs prescription for patients. However, specific therapy for PD-related pain are not available. Since the endocannabinoid system is expressed extensively in different levels of pain pathway, drugs designed to target this system have promising therapeutic potential in the modulation of pain. Thus, we examined the effects of the 6-hydroxydopamine- induced PD on nociceptive responses of mice and the influence of cannabidiol (CBD) on 6-hydroxydopamine-induced nociception. Further, we investigated the pathway involved in the analgesic effect of the CBD through the co-administration with a fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor, increasing the endogenous anandamide levels, and possible targets from anandamide, i.e., the cannabinoid receptors subtype 1 and 2 (CB1 and CB2) and the transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1). We report that 6-hydroxydopamine- induced parkinsonism decreases the thermal and mechanical nociceptive threshold, whereas CBD (acute and chronic treatment) reduces this hyperalgesia and allodynia evoked by 6-hydroxydopamine. Moreover, ineffective doses of either FAAH inhibitor or TRPV1 receptor antagonist potentialized the CBD-evoked antinociception while an inverse agonist of the CB1 and CB2 receptor prevented the antinociceptive effect of the CBD. Altogether, these results indicate that CBD can be a useful drug to prevent the parkinsonism-induced nociceptive threshold reduction. They also suggest that CB1 and TRPV1 receptors are important for CBD-induced analgesia and that CBD could produce these analgesic effects increasing endogenous anandamide levels.
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Domenici RA, Campos ACP, Maciel ST, Berzuino MB, Hernandes MS, Fonoff ET, Pagano RL. Parkinson's disease and pain: Modulation of nociceptive circuitry in a rat model of nigrostriatal lesion. Exp Neurol 2019; 315:72-81. [PMID: 30772369 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that causes progressive dysfunction of dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic neurons, generating motor and nonmotor signs and symptoms. Pain is reported as the most bothersome nonmotor symptom in PD; however, pain remains overlooked and poorly understood. In this study, we evaluated the nociceptive behavior and the descending analgesia circuitry in a rat model of PD. Three independent experiments were performed to investigate: i) thermal nociceptive behavior; ii) mechanical nociceptive behavior and dopaminergic repositioning; and iii) modulation of the pain control circuitry. The rat model of PD, induced by unilateral striatal 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), did not interfere with thermal nociceptive responses; however, the mechanical nociceptive threshold was decreased bilaterally compared to that of naive or striatal saline-injected rats. This response was reversed by apomorphine or levodopa treatment. Striatal 6-OHDA induced motor impairments and reduced dopaminergic neuron immunolabeling as well as the pattern of neuronal activation (c-Fos) in the substantia nigra ipsilateral (IPL) to the lesion. In the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG), 6-OHDA-induced lesion increased IPL and decreased contralateral PAG GABAergic labeling compared to control. In the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, lesioned rats showed bilateral inhibition of enkephalin and μ-opioid receptor labeling. Taken together, we demonstrated that the unilateral 6-OHDA-induced PD model induces bilateral mechanical hypernociception, which is reversed by dopamine restoration, changes in the PAG circuitry, and inhibition of spinal opioidergic regulation, probably due to impaired descending analgesic control. A better understanding of pain mechanisms in PD patients is critical for developing better therapeutic strategies to improve their quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta A Domenici
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Soraya T Maciel
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Miriã B Berzuino
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marina S Hernandes
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Erich T Fonoff
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Division of Functional Neurosurgery, Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rosana L Pagano
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Faivre F, Joshi A, Bezard E, Barrot M. The hidden side of Parkinson’s disease: Studying pain, anxiety and depression in animal models. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 96:335-352. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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