1
|
Moghe M, Kim SS, Guan M, Rait A, Pirollo KF, Harford JB, Chang EH. scL-2PAM: A Novel Countermeasure That Ameliorates Neuroinflammation and Neuronal Losses in Mice Exposed to an Anticholinesterase Organophosphate. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7539. [PMID: 39062781 PMCID: PMC11276659 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to their inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, organophosphates are among the most toxic of chemicals. Pralidoxime (a.k.a 2-PAM) is the only acetylcholinesterase reactivator approved in the U.S., but 2-PAM only poorly traverses the blood-brain barrier. Previously, we have demonstrated that scL-2PAM, a nanoformulation designed to enter the brain via receptor-mediated transcytosis, is superior to unencapsulated 2-PAM for reactivating brain acetylcholinesterase, ameliorating cholinergic crisis, and improving survival rates for paraoxon-exposed mice. Here, we employ histology and transcriptome analyses to assess the ability of scL-2PAM to prevent neurological sequelae including microglial activation, expression of inflammatory cytokines, and ultimately loss of neurons in mice surviving paraoxon exposures. Levels of the mRNA encoding chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) were significantly upregulated after paraoxon exposures, with CCL2 mRNA levels in the brain correlating well with the intensity and duration of cholinergic symptoms. Our nanoformulation of 2-PAM was found to be superior to unencapsulated 2-PAM in reducing the levels of the CCL2 transcript. Moreover, brain histology revealed that scL-2PAM was more effective than unencapsulated 2-PAM in preventing microglial activation and the subsequent loss of neurons. Thus, scL-2PAM appears to be a new and improved countermeasure for reducing neuroinflammation and mitigating brain damage in survivors of organophosphate exposures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manish Moghe
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (M.M.); (A.R.); (K.F.P.)
| | - Sang-Soo Kim
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (M.M.); (A.R.); (K.F.P.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- SynerGene Therapeutics, Inc., Potomac, MD 20854, USA;
| | - Miaoyin Guan
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (M.M.); (A.R.); (K.F.P.)
| | - Antonina Rait
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (M.M.); (A.R.); (K.F.P.)
| | - Kathleen F. Pirollo
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (M.M.); (A.R.); (K.F.P.)
| | | | - Esther H. Chang
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (M.M.); (A.R.); (K.F.P.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dardiotis E, Skouras P, Varvarelis OP, Aloizou AM, Hernández AF, Liampas I, Rikos D, Dastamani M, Golokhvast KS, Bogdanos DP, Tsatsakis A, Siokas V, Mitsias PD, Hadjigeorgiou GM. Pesticides and tremor: An overview of association, mechanisms and confounders. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 229:115442. [PMID: 36758916 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are a heterogeneous class of chemicals mainly used for the protection of crops from pests. Because of their very widespread use, acute or/and chronic exposure to these chemicals can lead to a plethora of sequelae inflicting diseases, many of which involve the nervous system. Tremor has been associated with pesticide exposure in human and animal studies. This review is aimed at assessing the studies currently available on the association between the various types of pesticides/insecticides and tremor, while also accounting for potential confounding factors. To our knowledge, this is the first coherent review on the subject. After appraising the available evidence, we call for more intensive research on this topic, as well as intonate the need of implementing future preventive measures to protect the exposed populations and to reduce potential disabilities and social drawbacks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Efthimios Dardiotis
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa Greece, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece.
| | - Panagiotis Skouras
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa Greece, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Orfeas-Petros Varvarelis
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa Greece, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Athina-Maria Aloizou
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa Greece, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Antonio F Hernández
- Department of Legal Medicine and Toxicology, University of Granada School of Medicine, Granada, Spain; Health Research Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ioannis Liampas
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa Greece, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Rikos
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa Greece, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Metaxia Dastamani
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa Greece, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Kirill S Golokhvast
- Siberian Federal Scientific Center of Agrobiotechnology RAS, Krasnoobsk, Russia, 630501
| | - Dimitrios P Bogdanos
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital of Larissa, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Center of Toxicology Science & Research, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Vasileios Siokas
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa Greece, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Panayiotis D Mitsias
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Greece; Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Georgios M Hadjigeorgiou
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa Greece, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Medical School, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bugay V, Gregory SR, Belanger-Coast MG, Zhao R, Brenner R. Effects of Sublethal Organophosphate Toxicity and Anti-cholinergics on Electroencephalogram and Respiratory Mechanics in Mice. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:866899. [PMID: 35585917 PMCID: PMC9108673 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.866899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Organophosphates are used in agriculture as insecticides but are potentially toxic to humans when exposed at high concentrations. The mechanism of toxicity is through antagonism of acetylcholinesterase, which secondarily causes excess activation of cholinergic receptors leading to seizures, tremors, respiratory depression, and other physiological consequences. Here we investigated two of the major pathophysiological effects, seizures and respiratory depression, using subcutaneous injection into mice of the organophosphate diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) at sublethal concentrations (2.1 mg/Kg) alone and co-injected with current therapeutics atropine (50 mg/Kg) or acetylcholinesterase reactivator HI6 (3 mg/Kg). We also tested a non-specific cholinergic antagonist dequalinium chloride (2 mg/Kg) as a novel treatment for organophosphate toxicity. Electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings revealed that DFP causes focal delta frequency (average 1.4 Hz) tonic spikes in the parietal region that occur transiently (lasting an average of 171 ± 33 min) and a more sustained generalized theta frequency depression in both parietal and frontal electrode that did not recover the following 24 h. DFP also caused behavioral tremors that partially recovered the following 24 h. Using whole body plethysmography, DFP revealed acute respiratory depression, including reduced breathing rates and tidal volumes, that partially recover the following day. Among therapeutic treatments, dequalinium chloride had the most potent effect on all physiological parameters by reducing acute EEG abnormalities and promoting a full recovery after 24 h from tremors and respiratory depression. Atropine and HI6 had distinct effects on EEGs. Co-treatment with atropine converted the acute 1.4 Hz tonic spikes to 3 Hz tonic spikes in the parietal electrode and promoted a partial recovery after 24 h from theta frequency and respiratory depression. HI6 fully removed the parietal delta spike increase and promoted a full recovery in theta frequency and respiratory depression. In summary, while all anticholinergic treatments promoted survival and moderated symptoms of DFP toxicity, the non-selective anti-cholinergic dequalinium chloride had the most potent therapeutic effects in reducing EEG abnormalities, moderating tremors and reducing respiratory depression.
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhan SW, Tseng WB, Tseng WL. Impact of nanoceria shape on degradation of diethyl paraoxon: Synthesis, catalytic mechanism, and water remediation application. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 188:109653. [PMID: 32526493 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A series of nanomaterials have been demonstrated to be powerful for direct degradation of diethyl paraoxon (EP) to diethyl phosphate and 4-nitrophenol in aqueous solution. However, comparison of catalytic activity of different nanomaterials toward EP is rarely explored. In the present study, four different morphological nanoceria (cubes, rods, polyhedral, and spheres) were synthesized, characterized, and evaluated as a catalyst for the degradation of EP in comparison to other commercially available nanomaterials. Among the tested nanoceria, the cerium dioxide (CeO2) nanopolyhedra possess the best catalytic activity toward the hydrolysis of EP owing to their abundant oxygen vacancy sites, optimal ratio of Ce(III) to Ce(IV), and specific exposed facets. Under the conditions of 0.2 M NH3/NH4Cl buffer and 25 °C, the CeO2 nanopolyhedra catalyzed the reduction of EP to 4-nitrophenol with a >99% conversion at pH 8.0 for 50 h, at pH 10.0 for 12 h, and at pH 12.0 for 2.5 h. The catalytic degradation of nearly 100% EP in NH3/NH4Cl buffer (pH 10.0) at 25 °C is in the decreasing order of CeO2 nanopolyhedra > CeO2 nanorods > ZnO nanospheres (NSs) > CeO2 nanocubes > TiO2 NSs > CeO2 NSs > Fe3O4 NSs ~ Co3O4 NSs ~ control experiment. The mechanism for the degradation of EP was confirmed by monitoring catalytic kinetics of the CeO2 nanopolyhedra in the presence of EP, dimethyl paraoxon, 4-nitrophenyl phosphate, and parathion. The nanocomposites were simply fabricated by electrostatic self-assembly of the CeO2 nanopolyhedra and poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride)-capped gold nanoparticles (PDDA-AuNPs). The resultant nanocomposites still efficiently catalyzed NaBH4-mediated reduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol with a normalized rate constant of 6.68 ± 0.72 s-1 g-1 and a chemoselectivity of >99%. In confirmation of the robustness and applicability of the as-prepared nanocomposites, they were further used to catalyze the degradation of EP to 4-amionphenol in river water and seawater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Wei Zhan
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, No. 70, Lien-hai Road, Gushan District, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Bin Tseng
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, No. 70, Lien-hai Road, Gushan District, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan; Department of College of Ecology and Resource Engineering, Wuyi University, Fujian, 354300, China
| | - Wei-Lung Tseng
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, No. 70, Lien-hai Road, Gushan District, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan; School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Shiquan 1st Road, Sanmin District, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|