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Gupta S, Shankar S, Kuniyal JC, Srivastava P, Lata R, Chaudhary S, Thakur I, Bawari A, Thakur S, Dutta M, Ghosh A, Naja M, Chatterjee A, Gadi R, Choudhary N, Rai A, Sharma SK. Identification of sources of coarse mode aerosol particles (PM 10) using ATR-FTIR and SEM-EDX spectroscopy over the Himalayan Region of India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:15788-15808. [PMID: 38305978 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-31973-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
This study attempts to examine the morphological, elemental and physical characteristics of PM10 over the Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) using FTIR and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) analysis. The study aimed at source identification of PM10 by exploring the inorganic ions, organic functional groups, morphology and elemental characteristics. The pollution load of PM10 was estimated as 63 ± 22 μg m-3; 53 ± 16 μg m-3; 67 ± 26 μg m-3 and 55 ± 11 μg m-3 over Mohal-Kullu, Almora, Nainital and Darjeeling, respectively. ATR-FTIR spectrum analysis revealed the existence of inorganic ions (SiO44-, TiO2, SO42-, SO3-, NO3-, NO2-, CO32-, HCO3-, NH4+) and organic functional groups (C-C, C-H, C=C, C≡C, C=O, N-H, C≡N, C=N, O-H, cyclic rings, aromatic compounds and some heterogeneous groups) in PM10 which may arise from geogenic, biogenic and anthropogenic sources. The morphological and elemental characterization was performed by SEM-EDX, inferring for geogenic origin (Al, Na, K, Ca, Mg and Fe) due to the presence of different morphologies (irregular, spherical, cluster, sheet-like solid deposition and columnar). In contrast, particles having biogenic and anthropogenic origins (K, S and Ba) have primarily spherical with few irregular particles at all the study sites. Also, the statistical analysis ANOVA depicts that among all the detected elements, Na, Al, Si, S and K are site-specific in nature as their mean of aw% significantly varied for all the sites. The trajectory analysis revealed that the Uttarakhand, Jammu and Kashmir, the Thar Desert, Himachal Pradesh, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Nepal, Sikkim, the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) and the Bay of Bengal (BoB) contribute to the increased loading of atmospheric pollutants in various locations within the IHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakshi Gupta
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Shobhna Shankar
- Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women, Kashmere Gate, New Delhi, 110006, India
| | - Jagdish Chandra Kuniyal
- G. B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Kosi-Katarmal, Almora, 263643, India
| | - Priyanka Srivastava
- Aryabhata Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES), Nainital, Uttarakhand, 263002, India
| | - Renu Lata
- G. B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Himachal Regional Centre, Mohal-Kullu, 175126, India
| | - Sheetal Chaudhary
- G. B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Kosi-Katarmal, Almora, 263643, India
| | - Isha Thakur
- G. B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Himachal Regional Centre, Mohal-Kullu, 175126, India
| | - Archana Bawari
- G. B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Kosi-Katarmal, Almora, 263643, India
| | - Shilpa Thakur
- G. B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Himachal Regional Centre, Mohal-Kullu, 175126, India
| | - Monami Dutta
- Environmental Sciences Section, Bose Institute, EN Block, Sector-V, Saltlake, Kolkata, 700091, India
| | - Abhinandan Ghosh
- Department of Civil Engineering, Centre of Environmental Science and Engineering, IIT-Kanpur, Kanpur, 201086, India
| | - Manish Naja
- Aryabhata Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES), Nainital, Uttarakhand, 263002, India
| | - Abhijit Chatterjee
- Environmental Sciences Section, Bose Institute, EN Block, Sector-V, Saltlake, Kolkata, 700091, India
| | - Ranu Gadi
- Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women, Kashmere Gate, New Delhi, 110006, India
| | - Nikki Choudhary
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Akansha Rai
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sudhir Kumar Sharma
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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