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Saadat Sarmadi B, Schmidt F, Beuer F, Metin DS, Simeon P, Nicic R, Unkovskiy A. The Effect of Build Angle and Artificial Aging on the Accuracy of SLA- and DLP-Printed Occlusal Devices. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1714. [PMID: 38932064 PMCID: PMC11207952 DOI: 10.3390/polym16121714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of printing material, build angle, and artificial aging on the accuracy of SLA- and DLP-printed occlusal devices in comparison to each other and to subtractively manufactured devices. A total of 192 occlusal devices were manufactured by one SLA-printing and two DLP-printing methods in 5 different build angles as well as milling. The specimens were scanned and superimposed to their initial CAD data and each other to obtain trueness and precision data values. A second series of scans were performed after the specimens underwent an artificial aging simulation by thermocycling. Again, trueness and precision were investigated, and pre- and post-aging values were compared. A statistically significant influence was found for all main effects: manufacturing method, build angle, and thermocycling, confirmed by two-way ANOVA. Regarding trueness, overall tendency indicated that subtractively manufactured splints were more accurate than the 3D-printed, with mean deviation values around ±0.15 mm, followed by the DLP1 group, with ±0.25 mm at 0 degree build angle. Within the additive manufacturing methods, DLP splints had significantly higher trueness for all build angles compared to SLA, which had the highest mean deviation values, with ±0.32 mm being the truest to the original CAD file. Regarding precision, subtractive manufacturing showed better accuracy than additive manufacturing. The artificial aging demonstrated a significant influence on the dimensional accuracy of only SLA-printed splints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bardia Saadat Sarmadi
- Department of Prosthodontics, Geriatric Dentistry and Craniomandibular Disorders, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Aßmannshauser Street 4-6, 14197 Berlin, Germany; (B.S.S.); (F.S.); (F.B.); (D.S.M.); (P.S.); (R.N.)
| | - Franziska Schmidt
- Department of Prosthodontics, Geriatric Dentistry and Craniomandibular Disorders, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Aßmannshauser Street 4-6, 14197 Berlin, Germany; (B.S.S.); (F.S.); (F.B.); (D.S.M.); (P.S.); (R.N.)
| | - Florian Beuer
- Department of Prosthodontics, Geriatric Dentistry and Craniomandibular Disorders, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Aßmannshauser Street 4-6, 14197 Berlin, Germany; (B.S.S.); (F.S.); (F.B.); (D.S.M.); (P.S.); (R.N.)
| | - Dilan Seda Metin
- Department of Prosthodontics, Geriatric Dentistry and Craniomandibular Disorders, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Aßmannshauser Street 4-6, 14197 Berlin, Germany; (B.S.S.); (F.S.); (F.B.); (D.S.M.); (P.S.); (R.N.)
| | - Philipp Simeon
- Department of Prosthodontics, Geriatric Dentistry and Craniomandibular Disorders, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Aßmannshauser Street 4-6, 14197 Berlin, Germany; (B.S.S.); (F.S.); (F.B.); (D.S.M.); (P.S.); (R.N.)
| | - Robert Nicic
- Department of Prosthodontics, Geriatric Dentistry and Craniomandibular Disorders, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Aßmannshauser Street 4-6, 14197 Berlin, Germany; (B.S.S.); (F.S.); (F.B.); (D.S.M.); (P.S.); (R.N.)
| | - Alexey Unkovskiy
- Department of Prosthodontics, Geriatric Dentistry and Craniomandibular Disorders, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Aßmannshauser Street 4-6, 14197 Berlin, Germany; (B.S.S.); (F.S.); (F.B.); (D.S.M.); (P.S.); (R.N.)
- Department of Dental Surgery, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Bolshaya Pirogovskaya Street, 19c1, Moscow 119146, Russia
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Benli M, Al-Haj Husain N, Ozcan M. Mechanical and chemical characterization of contemporary occlusal splint materials fabricated with different methods: a systematic review. Clin Oral Investig 2023; 27:7115-7141. [PMID: 37910242 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-05360-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To systematically review studies on various occlusal splint materials and describe their mechanical and chemical properties. METHODS MEDLINE (PubMed), Scopus, and Web of Science searches were conducted for in vitro studies focusing on occlusal splint materials. Two reviewers performed an assessment of the identified studies and data abstraction independently, and this was complimented by an additional hand search. The articles were limited to those in the English language that were published between January 1st, 2012, and December 1st, 2022. RESULTS The initial search yielded 405 search results of which 274 were selected for full-text review following abstract evaluation. 250 articles that did not meet the inclusion criteria were excluded, and the remaining 25 articles (with 1 article identified from the reference lists of included articles) providing mechanical and chemical values were used in this review. Poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) -based occlusal splint materials showed the highest values in terms of hardness, wear resistance, flexural strength, flexural modulus, e-modulus, and fracture toughness. The material group with the highest water sorption and water solubility was 3D printed (PR) splint materials. In addition, the lowest degree of double bond conversion was also observed in this group of materials. CONCLUSIONS The outcome of this review suggests that mechanically and chemically acceptable properties can be attained with PMMA-based occlusal splint materials using both conventional and digital production methods. PR splint materials should not be considered as the primary choice for long-term treatments due to their low mechanical and chemical properties. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This review provides clinical recommendations for selecting the appropriate material and fabrication method for occlusal splints while taking the patients' needs and the materials´ mechanical and chemical properties into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Benli
- James B. Edwards College of Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Division of Removable Prosthodontics, MUSC, Charleston, USA.
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Nadin Al-Haj Husain
- Division of Dental Biomaterials, Clinic for Reconstructive Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
- Clinic of Masticatory Disorders, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mutlu Ozcan
- Division of Dental Biomaterials, Center for Dental Medicine, Clinic for Reconstructive Dentistry, University of Zurich, Plattenstrasse 11, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland
- Clinic for Chewing Function Disturbances, Center for Dental Medicine, Clinic for Reconstructive Dentistry, University of Zurich, Plattenstrasse 11, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland
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Nassif M, Haddad C, Habli L, Zoghby A. Materials and manufacturing techniques for occlusal splints: A literature review. J Oral Rehabil 2023; 50:1348-1354. [PMID: 37392157 DOI: 10.1111/joor.13550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the materials and fabrications methods of occlusal splints with their advantages and shortcomings and to clarify the indications for each. BACKGROUND Temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs) encompass a range of conditions affecting the masticatory system. Occlusal splints are currently recognised as a viable option for the management of TMDs when they are adopted in conjunction with additional approaches varying from conservative procedures (counselling, biofeedback, physical therapy, pharmacotherapy) to irreversible and less conservative ones (occlusal adjustments, orthodontics, arthroscopy and surgery). These splints can vary in design, function and material. The components used to fabricate the splints must withstand occlusal forces, be aesthetically pleasing, comfortable and minimally interfering with function and phonetics. Traditional methods for fabricating splints include sprinkle-on, thermoforming and lost wax techniques. However, with the advancement of CAD/CAM technology, additive (3D printing) and subtractive (milling) manufacturing methods expand the range of possibilities by introducing novel solutions for elaborating splints. METHODS An electronic search was conducted on PubMed using the following keywords: "occlusal splint", "guard and "materials", and "manufacturing." Thirteen in vitro publications were screened and they consisted of four clinical studies, nine reviews (three of them were systematic reviews), and five case reports. CONCLUSION The choice of material is crucial for the success of splint therapy. Factors such as biocompatibility, ease of fabrication, adjustability, cost and patient preference should be considered. Newer materials and techniques are emerging because of advancements in material science and manufacturing techniques. However, it should be noted that most of the evidence is based on in vitro studies with different methodologies, limiting their validity in daily practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryse Nassif
- Department of Prosthodontics and Occlusion, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Camille Haddad
- Department of Prosthodontics and Occlusion, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Lara Habli
- Department of Prosthodontics and Occlusion, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Amine Zoghby
- Department of Prosthodontics and Occlusion, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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Gibreel M, Perea-Lowery L, Vallittu PK, Lassila L. Characterization of occlusal splint materials: CAD-CAM versus conventional resins. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 124:104813. [PMID: 34530298 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this in vitro study was to assess the mechanical properties of five commercially available subtractive computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) milled splint materials, as well as to compare them with conventional heat-polymerized and autopolymerizing resins used in the construction of conventional splints. MATERIAL AND METHODS Five CAD-CAM milled (ProArt CAD Splint, Therapon Transpa, Temp Premium Flexible Transpa, Cast, and Aqua), one autopolymerizing (Palapress), and one heat-polymerized (Paladon 65) resin materials were evaluated. Flexural strength, E-modulus, Vickers hardness, fracture toughness, fracture work, water sorption, and water solubility were measured. Samples were evaluated after dry and water storage for 30 days at 37 °C. Data were collected and statistically analyzed. RESULTS Under both storage circumstances, the flexural strength values of Paladon 65, Therapon Transpa, Temp Premium Flexible Transpa, and Aqua were statistically non-significant (P=0.055). The polycarbonate-based CAD-CAM material Temp Premium Flexible Transpa had the highest statistically significant values of the fracture toughness and fracture work (P<0.001). Moreover, it exhibited the lowest percentages of water sorption and water solubility among the investigated materials (P<0.001). All of the CAD-CAM materials exhibited dry elastic moduli greater than Palapress and lower than Paladon 65. One of the CAD-CAM materials, Cast, had the highest dry Vickers hardness value, which was non-significant when compared to Therapon Transpa (P=0.762). CONCLUSION CAD-CAM polycarbonate-based splint materials exhibit higher fracture toughness and fracture work as well as lower water sorption and solubility than polymethyl methacrylate-based ones. The mechanical characteristics of the assessed CAD-CAM milled splint materials were not typically superior to those of the conventional heat-polymerized resin. However, some of them outperformed the autopolymerizing acrylic resin in terms of flexural strength, surface microhardness, water sorption, and water solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Gibreel
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Turku Clinical Biomaterials Centre-TCBC, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
| | - Leila Perea-Lowery
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Turku Clinical Biomaterials Centre-TCBC, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pekka K Vallittu
- Professor and Chair of Biomaterials Science Department, University of Turku, Welfare Division, Turku, Finland
| | - Lippo Lassila
- Turku Clinical Biomaterials Centre-TCBC, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Wesemann C, Spies BC, Schaefer D, Adali U, Beuer F, Pieralli S. Accuracy and its impact on fit of injection molded, milled and additively manufactured occlusal splints. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 114:104179. [PMID: 33189599 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.104179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Occlusal devices to reduce symptoms of bruxism and temperomandibular disorders can nowadays be manufactured in a digital workflow but studies comparing the accuracy of those occlusal devices are still limited. Therefore, the aim of this investigation was to investigate the accuracy of injection molding compared with four computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) techniques for the manufacturing of occlusal devices. In addition, the number of contact points and retention were evaluated to assess clinical relevance. A conventional workflow consisting of alginate impression, wax-up, and injection molding (IM) and digital workflows including intraoral scanning, digital design, and subtractive manufacturing (SM) or additive manufacturing by using stereolithography (SLA), digital light processing (DLP), and material jetting (Polyjet) were investigated. Sixteen splints were fabricated with each method. The intaglio surfaces of the splints were laser scanned and superimposed with the reference data sets to analyze the surface deviations. In addition, the number of contact points after repositioning the splints on the reference model was evaluated with occlusal foil. Finally, the retention was measured in a tensile test. One-way ANOVA with post hoc Tukey tests were used for statistical analyses (α = .05). IM and SM splints demonstrated the highest manufacturing accuracy without significant differences to each other (P > .985). Additive manufactured splints revealed greater deviations with equal results for SLA and Polyjet (P > .949) and significantly higher deviations for DLP compared to all other groups (P < .002). Comparable retention force was measured for IM, SM, and SLA (P > .923), whereas Polyjet splints showed the greatest variability. IM and SM splints presented the most contact points (P = .505). Additive manufactured splints demonstrated fewer contacts without significant difference to each other (P > .116). It can be concluded, that there is no difference in manufacturing accuracy, retention, and number of contacts between IM and SM splints. AM splints demonstrated higher, however, clinically acceptable deviations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Wesemann
- Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Center for Dental Medicine, Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany; Department of Prosthodontics, Geriatric Dentistry and Craniomandibular Disorders, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Assmanshauser Str. 4-6, 14197, Berlin, Germany
| | - Benedikt Christopher Spies
- Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Center for Dental Medicine, Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Dania Schaefer
- Department of Prosthodontics, Geriatric Dentistry and Craniomandibular Disorders, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Assmanshauser Str. 4-6, 14197, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ufuk Adali
- Department of Prosthodontics, Geriatric Dentistry and Craniomandibular Disorders, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Assmanshauser Str. 4-6, 14197, Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Beuer
- Department of Prosthodontics, Geriatric Dentistry and Craniomandibular Disorders, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Assmanshauser Str. 4-6, 14197, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefano Pieralli
- Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Center for Dental Medicine, Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
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Surface roughness and wear behavior of occlusal splint materials made of contemporary and high-performance polymers. Odontology 2019; 108:240-250. [PMID: 31612354 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-019-00463-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
With the development of a digital technology of computer-assisted manufacturing (CAD/CAM) and new age materials, the use of new types of occlusal splint is to consider. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the surface roughness (Ra) and wear behavior of different CAD/CAM materials against enamel antagonist through a simulated chewing test. A total of 75 specimens made from ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polycarbonate (PC), polyetheretherketone (PEEK), and polyethyleneterephthalate (PETG) as a control were polished to evaluate the Ra before loading by optical profilometry and further analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Specimens of each group were subjected to thermomechanical fatigue loading in a chewing simulator (60000 cycles at 49 N with 5-55 °C thermocycling). The wear volume loss and change in Ra of each specimen after the simulated chewing were analyzed. One-way ANOVA, paired samples t test, and Pearson correlation analysis were performed for statistical analyzes. The result showed that the volume loss and Ra varied among the materials tested. EVA exhibited the greatest amount of Ra and volume loss (p < 0.001), while PEEK had the lowest values for both (p < 0.001). In terms of volume loss, there was no significant difference between PC and PMMA (p > 0.05). SEM investigations revealed different wear behaviors, especially in EVA. As PEEK showed significantly more favorable results, PEEK splints should be considered as a new therapeutic option for occlusal splint.
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Assessment of the Short-Term Effectiveness of Kinesiotaping and Trigger Points Release Used in Functional Disorders of the Masticatory Muscles. Pain Res Manag 2018; 2018:5464985. [PMID: 29861804 PMCID: PMC5971356 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5464985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic face pain syndrome is a diagnostic and therapeutic problem for many specialists, and this proves the interdisciplinary and complex nature of this ailment. Physiotherapy is of particular importance in the treatment of pain syndrome in the course of temporomandibular joint functional disorders. In patients with long-term dysfunction of masticatory muscles, the palpation examination can localize trigger points, that is, thickening in the form of nodules in the size of rice grains or peas. Latent trigger points located in the muscles can interfere with muscular movement patterns, cause cramps, and reduce muscle strength. Because hidden trigger points can spontaneously activate, they should be found and released to prevent further escalation of the discomfort. Kinesiotaping (KT) is considered as an intervention that can be used to release latent myofascial trigger points. It is a method that involves applying specific tapes to the patient's skin in order to take advantage of the natural self-healing processes of the body. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of the kinesiotaping method and trigger points inactivation on the nonpharmacological elimination of pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders. The study was conducted in 60 patients (18 to 35 years old). The subjects were randomly divided into two subgroups of 30 people each. Group KT (15 women and 15 men) were subjected to active kinesiotaping application. Group TrP, composed of 16 women and 14 men, was subjected to physiotherapy with the release of trigger points by the ischemic compression method. The results show that the KT method and TrP inactivation brought significant therapeutic analgesic effects in the course of pain-related functional disorders of the muscles of mastication. The more beneficial outcomes of the therapy were observed after using the KT method, which increased the analgesic effect in dysfunctional patients.
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Giannakopoulos NN, Katsikogianni EN, Hellmann D, Eberhard L, Leckel M, Schindler HJ, Schmitter M. Comparison of three different options for immediate treatment of painful temporomandibular disorders: a randomized, controlled pilot trial. Acta Odontol Scand 2016; 74:480-6. [PMID: 27410169 DOI: 10.1080/00016357.2016.1204558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to compare the short-term effectiveness of three different types of immediate, non-pharmacological intervention for alleviation of the painful symptoms of temporomandibular disorders (TMD). MATERIAL AND METHODS Thirty-six patients (mean age 41.6 ± 16.7 years, 25 females) diagnosed with non-dysfunctional painful TMD received counselling and subsequently were randomly allocated to three treatment groups: patients in Group A received prefabricated oral splints with water-filled elastic pads (Aqualizer(®)), those in Group B were provided with vacuum-formed co-polyester oral splints and those in Group C were given appointments to receive Michigan-type hard splints. Clinical examination was conducted, at baseline and after 2 weeks, by use of the RDC/TMD. Current pain intensity was determined by evaluation of graded chronic pain status (GCPS) on a numerical rating scale (NRS). Active maximum mouth opening without pain (AMMOP) was also measured. Paired sample t-tests and one-way analysis of variance with a significance level of p ≤ 0.05 were conducted. RESULTS After 2 weeks, overall mean current pain was reduced by 41.95% (p < 0.001). Current pain reduction was significant for Group B (66.6%, p < 0.001) but not for Groups A (37.88%, p = 0.56) and C (22.29%, p = 0.26). After 2 weeks, current pain level for Group B was significantly lower than that for Group C (p = 0.041). Overall, there was a statistically significant increase of AMMOP (p = 0.01). CONCLUSION All therapeutic options were pain-reducing. The results from this study suggest that cost-effective and time-effective intervention of counselling combined with use of a vacuum-formed splint is a favourable option for initial, short-term treatment of painful TMD.
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