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Kalluri MH, Edalatpour A, Thadikonda KM, Blum JD, Garland CB, Cho DY. Patient outcomes and complications following various maxillomandibular fixation techniques: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2024; 92:151-176. [PMID: 38520780 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2024.02.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Currently, there are several methods of achieving maxillomandibular fixation (MMF), each with its unique operative considerations and subsequent patient outcomes and complications. In this study, we reviewed the literature to evaluate and compare all MMF methods. METHODS A systematic review of all MMF types was conducted and post-operative outcome data were analyzed and compared among the different types. Conventional Erich arch bars were compared to hybrid arch bars, MMF screws, and eyelet interdental wiring. A random-effects meta-analysis was used to determine the mean differences, and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) with a statistical significance of P < 0.05. RESULTS Among the 4234 articles identified, 24 were included, and 17 were meta-analyzed. Time to achieve MMF (-43.38 min; 95% CI, -58.20 to -28.56; P < 0.001), total operative time (-30.33 min; 95% CI, -61.05 to 0.39; P = 0.05), incidence of wire puncture injuries and glove perforations (0.11; 95% CI, 0.04 to 0.30; P < 0.001), and incidence of poor oral hygiene (0.08; 95% CI, 0.02 to 0.28; P < 0.001) were lower for alternative MMF interventions compared to those of the conventional Erich arch bars. CONCLUSIONS Alternative MMF methods required shorter operative time to achieve MMF and demonstrated other increased efficiencies of practice such as shorter total operative time and decreased glove perforations, when compared to conventional Erich arch bars. If a patient is a candidate for MMF, the presented alternative MMF techniques should be considered depending on the clinical context and availability of institutional resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasa H Kalluri
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Armin Edalatpour
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kishan M Thadikonda
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jessica D Blum
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Catharine B Garland
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Daniel Y Cho
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.
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Grippaudo C, Lo Giudice A, Saponaro G, Todaro M, Moro A, D’Addona A. The Use of a CAD/CAM Thermoformed Splints System in Closed Reduction of Condylar Fractures. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:1023. [PMID: 37760125 PMCID: PMC10525750 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10091023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Mandibular fractures are very common. Common indications of closed treatment for mandibular fractures are non-displaced or minimally displaced simple fractures in adult compliant patients with good dentition, the absence of occlusal disruption, and fractures in growing children. In closed treatment, the mandible is maintained in centric occlusion with a maxillomandibular fixation (MMF) with orthodontic elastics. Many methods of MMF have been described, often using orthodontic appliances. In recent years, CAD-CAM technology has improved many procedures used in maxillofacial surgery and orthodontics. The device we present is manufactured following a digital workflow, and was designed specifically for MMF. (2) Materials: Two patients with mandibular fractures were treated with an MMF method whose procedure comprised scanning of the dental arches, followed by construction of thermoformed splints on which buttons for the elastics and retention holes are made. The splints were fixed on the dental arches with composite resin at the level of the holes, and were kept in place for the period of healing of the fracture, with the intermaxillary elastics hooked to the buttons. (3) Results: The application time of the splints was very quick. The splints remained stable for the necessary time, without causing particular discomfort to the patients. (4) Conclusions: From our experience, this technique has proved to be reliable and reproducible and could represent a valid tool in the closed treatment of mandibular fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Grippaudo
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Organi di Senso e Torace, UOC di Chirurgia Odontostomatologica e Implantologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
- Odontoiatria e Protesi Dentaria, Dipartimento Universitario Testa Collo ed Organi di Senso, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (M.T.); (A.M.)
| | - Antonino Lo Giudice
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Gianmarco Saponaro
- Odontoiatria e Protesi Dentaria, Dipartimento Universitario Testa Collo ed Organi di Senso, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (M.T.); (A.M.)
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Organi di Senso e Torace, UOC di Chirurgia Maxillo Facciale, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Mattia Todaro
- Odontoiatria e Protesi Dentaria, Dipartimento Universitario Testa Collo ed Organi di Senso, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (M.T.); (A.M.)
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Organi di Senso e Torace, UOC di Chirurgia Maxillo Facciale, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Moro
- Odontoiatria e Protesi Dentaria, Dipartimento Universitario Testa Collo ed Organi di Senso, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (M.T.); (A.M.)
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Organi di Senso e Torace, UOC di Chirurgia Maxillo Facciale, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio D’Addona
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Organi di Senso e Torace, UOC di Chirurgia Odontostomatologica e Implantologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
- Odontoiatria e Protesi Dentaria, Dipartimento Universitario Testa Collo ed Organi di Senso, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (M.T.); (A.M.)
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Polizzi A, Ronsivalle V, Lo Giudice A, Isola G, Bianchi A, Santonocito S, Leonardi R, Mummolo S. Orthodontic Approaches in the Management of Mandibular Fractures: A Scoping Review. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:children10030605. [PMID: 36980163 PMCID: PMC10047072 DOI: 10.3390/children10030605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Non-surgical approaches have been proposed in the management of mandibular fractures, especially in children, but there is a lack of clear guidelines on the clinical indications of conservative approaches. The aim of this scoping review is to provide the available evidence of the role of the orthodontist in the management of mandibular fractures. The PRISMA-ScR guidelines were followed to select eligible articles from the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases according to precise inclusion criteria. The research questions were formulated as follows: "what is the scientific evidence concerning the rule of orthodontists in the management of mandibular fractures" and "the preferential use of the direct bonding technique with orthodontic brackets rather than rigid arch bars"? Seventeen articles were included. Five articles presented the use of removable acrylic splints or functional appliances, six articles concerned the employment of cemented acrylic or rigid splints, and six articles described the management of mandibular fractures in adults and children using orthodontic brackets or mini-screws. Most of these techniques have been employed in children and growing subjects, while fewer data were available regarding conservative treatments in adults. Preliminary evidence suggests that condylar and some minor parasymphyseal fractures in children may be managed with conservative approaches. In adults, minor condylar and stable body mandibular fractures with minimal displacement have been reduced similarly. However, there are no sufficient elements that could suggest the preferential use of orthodontic brackets over rigid arch bars in adults. Further randomized and non-randomized clinical trials with long follow-ups will be needed to better define the clinical indications of the orthodontic approaches in the management of mandibular fractures based on severity, location, and age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Polizzi
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, Postgraduate School of Orthodontics, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Ronsivalle
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Antonino Lo Giudice
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Gaetano Isola
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Alberto Bianchi
- Department of General Surgery and Medical Surgery Specialties, Section of Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Catania, 95100 Catania, Italy
| | - Simona Santonocito
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Rosalia Leonardi
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Stefano Mummolo
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, Postgraduate School of Orthodontics, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
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Chadwick JW, Brooks PJ, Singh JM, Lam DK. Prevention of oral and maxillofacial trauma secondary to orofacial dyskinesias associated with anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis: a case series. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:511. [PMID: 34629072 PMCID: PMC8502506 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01783-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis (anti-NMDARE) is a multi-stage autoimmune-mediated disease associated with a multitude of neuropsychiatric and dysautonomic features. Orofacial dyskinesias are frequently associated with this condition and manifest as abnormal movements of the orofacial musculature. These involuntary movements may result in significant trauma to the oral and maxillofacial complex including the avulsion of the dentition and orofacial lacerations.
Case presentation We describe the course of two female patients with anti-NMDARE in whom significant involuntary self-inflicted maxillofacial trauma was suffered despite the use of complex parenteral sedation regimens. The application of traditional maxillomandibular wiring techniques and pharmacologic strategies, including botulinum toxin, to immobilize the mandible were initially unsuccessful. These difficulties led to the fabrication and wire-based fixation of a patient-specific acrylic oral appliance that maintained the mandible in a depressed position and mitigated all lateral and protrusive movements. Discussion and conclusions These cases illustrate the first known successful use of an appliance-based therapy for managing orofacial dyskinesias in the anti-NMDARE patient population through an adaptation of traditional maxillomandibular fixation techniques. This approach eliminated further orofacial trauma and afforded physicians with safer means to manage and assess patients afflicted with this condition during their protracted intensive care unit admissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey W Chadwick
- Department of Dental Oncology and Maxillofacial Prosthetics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 610 University Avenue, Room 2-933, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada. .,Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 124 Edward Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1G6, Canada.
| | - Patricia J Brooks
- Department of Dental Oncology and Maxillofacial Prosthetics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 610 University Avenue, Room 2-933, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Jeffrey M Singh
- Medical-Surgical and Neuro-Intensive Care Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, 399 Bathurst St, Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - David K Lam
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of the Pacific, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, 155 Fifth Street, San Francisco, CA, 94103, USA
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Pedemonte C, Valenzuela K, González LE, Vargas I, Noguera A. Types of Intermaxillary Fixation and Their Interaction With Palatine Fracture Reduction. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2019; 77:2083.e1-2083.e8. [PMID: 31310733 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare 3 types of intermaxillary fixation (IMF) and their behavior when subjected to tension forces in 3 study models with a palatine fracture feature. MATERIALS AND METHODS An experimental study of 3 identical acrylic models was performed. All had the same palatine fracture pattern on the maxillary midline. All were reduced with different IMF methods (ie, direct interdental wiring, Erich arch bars, and self-tapping screws). Tension forces were applied to the study models to observe the fracture line behavior. RESULTS IMF with direct interdental wiring did not cause significant separation of the fracture feature in the anterior or posterior sector. IMF with the Erich arch bars caused a 2-mm separation in the anterior sector and 0 mm in the posterior sector. The IMF with self-tapping screws caused a 3-mm separation in the anterior sector and 1 mm in the posterior sector. CONCLUSIONS IMF using self-tapping screws resulted in the greatest separation of the fracture compared with the results with Erich arch bars and direct interdental wiring. IMF with self-tapping screws tended to displace the fracture lines by application of the vector furthest from the center of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Pedemonte
- Staff, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital Clínico Mutual de Seguridad C.Ch.C., Santiago, Chile.
| | - Katherine Valenzuela
- Resident, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital Clínico Mutual de Seguridad C.Ch.C., Santiago, Chile
| | - L Edgardo González
- Head, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital Clínico Mutual de Seguridad C.Ch.C., Santiago, Chile
| | - Ilich Vargas
- Staff, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital Clínico Mutual de Seguridad C.Ch.C., Santiago, Chile
| | - Alfredo Noguera
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago, Chile
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Hou T, Li S, Zhang G, Li Y. High-fluence low-power laser irradiation promotes odontogenesis and inflammation resolution in periodontitis by enhancing stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:2107-2119. [PMID: 30085334 PMCID: PMC6108882 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis can exert a severe impact on the life of patients, and the use of stem cell therapy for this disease is promising. The inflammatory response consequent to periodontitis can promote stem cell proliferation. Activated inflammation triggers inhibitory cytokine secretion, thus reducing inflammation subsequent to stem cell activation. High-fluence low-power laser irradiation (HF-LPLI) has the ability to regulate stem cell function through its effect on inflammation. Thus, the aim of the present study was to examine whether HF-LPLI is able to activate stem cells to promote regeneration in periodontitis by promoting inflammation resolution, as well as to evaluate the underlying mechanism of action if an effect is observed. Stem cells were treated with HF-LPLI following inflammation activation. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and EdU assay were used to evaluate cell proliferation and differentiation. Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence were also used to detect the ability of HF-LPLI to regulate the surrounding inflammatory environment. Animal models of periodontal disease were treated with stem cells and HF-LPLI, and regeneration was detected by hematoxylin and eosin staining and in vivo imaging. It was observed that HF-LPLI promoted inflammation resolution by reducing the excessive inflammatory response, and finally stimulated stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Furthermore, in vivo results revealed that stem cells treated with HF-LPLI induced bone regeneration. HF-LPLI stimulated stem cell proliferation and differentiation by promoting inflammation resolution subsequent to stem cell activation, providing a new strategy for the clinical treatment of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiejun Hou
- Department of Stomatology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, P.R. China
| | - Shanyong Li
- Department of Stomatology, Liaocheng Third People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, P.R. China
| | - Guangwei Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Liaocheng Third People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, P.R. China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Stomatology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, P.R. China
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Eva Vacuum-Formed Alternative Splinting of Alveolar Fractures in Primary Dentition: A Case Report. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2017; 41:327-331. [PMID: 28872995 DOI: 10.17796/1053-4628-41.5.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Alveolar fractures treatment includes repositioning of displaced segments and splinting. In children, splinting procedures may occasionally present clinical problems resulting from fewer teeth available for splinting or presence of occlusal disturbances. An alternative clinical approach for splinting in alveolar fractures of primary dentition is described. CLINICAL CASE A 4.5-year-old girl was referred to our clinic 8 hours after a fall accident. Clinical examination revealed mandibular alveolar process segmental fracture in the right canine area with frontal dislodgement of the labial cortical bone resulting to occluding inability. The area was anaesthetized, cleaned and the dislodged bone was manually repositioned, followed by an EVA copolymer splint for fixation as a result of patient's deep bite impeding regular wire-composite splint. The cap splint that was fabricated on a cast made after an alginate impression, was set on the mandibular dentition and immobilized in the primary molars with acid-etch adhesive and flowable resin composite. Following splint removal after 4 weeks and follow-up visits, successful healing was observed clinically and radiographically with no pathological signs and symptoms. CONCLUSION The described alternative splinting method in alveolar fractures of primary dentition is a valuable clinical tool for peediatric dentists, easily accepted by children in cases where regular splinting methods cannot be used.
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Hartwig S, Boettner A, Doll C, Voss JO, Hertel M, Preissner S, Raguse JD. Drill-related root injury caused by intraoperative intermaxillary fixation: an analysis of 1067 screw applications. Dent Traumatol 2016; 33:45-50. [PMID: 27681036 DOI: 10.1111/edt.12305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Intermaxillary fixation is a standard procedure for the treatment of mandibular fractures or in orthognathic surgery. Predrilling for screws poses the risk of accidental tooth root injury, potentially leading to further pathological processes. Limited evidence about accidental tooth injury during intermaxillary fixation is available due to heterogenous study designs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the risk of root trauma using predrilled transgingival fixation screws and the clinical consequences for the affected teeth. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this retrospective study, the data of open reduction and internal fixation surgery files with intraoperative application of predrilled intermaxillary fixation screws were analysed. The postoperative radiographic images were evaluated for the occurrence of tooth root injury. Patients diagnosed with root injury were clinically followed up with respect to the dental health for the affected teeth. RESULTS A total of 133 radiologically diagnosed tooth root injuries were recorded (12.5% of screws). The median follow-up interval was 16 months (range: 3-77 months). The return rate was 49.5% for all patients. Of these, four of the injured teeth (3%) needed endodontic treatment. No toothache was reported, no tooth was lost, and no negative impact on periodontal health was clinically evident. CONCLUSION Intermaxillary fixation with predrilled transgingival screws is a safe way to manage mandibular fractures. The incidence of tooth root injury is not uncommon, but the adverse side effects are rare and the health of the affected teeth is mostly not compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hartwig
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Campus Virchow-Clinic, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Boettner
- Department of Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology, Campus Benjamin-Franklin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Doll
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Campus Virchow-Clinic, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan O Voss
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Campus Virchow-Clinic, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Moritz Hertel
- Department of Oral Medicine, Dental Radiology and Oral Surgery, Campus Benjamin-Franklin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Saskia Preissner
- Department of Operative and Preventive Dentistry, Campus Benjamin-Franklin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan D Raguse
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Campus Virchow-Clinic, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Choubey S, Shigli A, Banda N, Vyawahare S. Vacuum formed splints: Novel method for managing oro-facial trauma. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2014; 32:353-6. [PMID: 25231048 DOI: 10.4103/0970-4388.140975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Trauma to the oro-facial structures in children is different from trauma in adults. There are several points of differentiation between the two, the most important being growth. AIM The purpose of this paper is to present the advantages of a vacuum-formed splint which was chosen as a practical and effective conservative treatment approach for the management of maxillofacial trauma. CASE REPORT A 9-year old boy reported to the department of pediatric and preventive dentistry with right mandibular parasymphyseal fracture. The trauma presented with the unique challenge to save and support the unerupted and developing tooth buds. Therefore, a vacuum-formed splint was fabricated and cemented in place for the next 4 weeks. CONCLUSION The splinting method used for stabilization of the injured teeth is an important issue in trauma therapy to support the periodontal healing. Pediatric maxillofacial traumas require different clinical treatment strategies compared with fractures of the adult population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Choubey
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Sri Aurobindo College of Dentistry, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
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