1
|
Patidar D, Sogi S, Fry RR, Patidar DC, Malhotra A. Maxillofacial Trauma in Pediatric Patients: A Retrospective Study. J Maxillofac Oral Surg 2024; 23:99-106. [PMID: 38312951 PMCID: PMC10830960 DOI: 10.1007/s12663-022-01842-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The study was conducted to analyze the pattern, etiology and management of maxillofacial trauma in children up to 16 years of age. Study Design Records of the patients who sustained maxillofacial trauma from 2013 to 2018 were retrospectively evaluated for age, gender, etiology, pattern of injuries and their management. Children were divided into three groups-primary (0-5 yrs), mixed (6-11 yrs) and permanent dentition group (12-16 yrs). Maxillofacial trauma was observed as midface fracture, mandible fractures, soft tissue injuries and associated tooth fractures. SPSS software version 19.0 was used for the data analysis. Result A total record of 99 children were evaluated. Gender-wise distribution was reported twice in male than females. Fall was observed as the major etiological factor (73.7%) with a significant p value of 0.012 using chi-square test. The highest frequency of maxillofacial trauma is noted in mixed dentition group (47.4%). Mandible fracture was most frequently observed followed by associated soft tissue injury. Conservative approach/closed reduction for management was executed for the majority of cases. Conclusion Knowledge gained from the present study would help in assessing the effectiveness of present preventive modalities and facilitate elaboration of future preventive measures and new research works as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Patidar
- Deptartment of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, College of Dental Science and Hospital, Rau, Indore, Madhya Pradesh India
| | - Suma Sogi
- Deptartment of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar College of Dental Sciences and Research, Mullana, Ambala (Haryana), India
| | - Ramesh Ram Fry
- Deptartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Maharishi Markandeshwar College of Dental Sciences and Research, Mullana, Ambala (Haryana), India
| | | | - Aayush Malhotra
- Deptartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Maharishi Markandeshwar College of Dental Sciences and Research, Mullana, Ambala (Haryana), India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Burman S, Rao S, Ankush A, Uppal N. Comparison of hybrid arch bar versus conventional arch bar for temporary maxillomandibular fixation during treatment of jaw fractures: a prospective comparative study. J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg 2023; 49:332-338. [PMID: 38155086 PMCID: PMC10761310 DOI: 10.5125/jkaoms.2023.49.6.332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of a hybrid arch bar (hAB) with the conventional Erich arch bar (EAB) for the management of jaw fractures, focusing on their use for temporary fixation in patients undergoing open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF). Materials and Methods Patients presenting with maxillary and mandibular fractures at our institution were included in this prospective, comparative study. Placement time and ease of occlusal reproducibility were recorded intraoperatively for Group A (hAB patients) and Group B (EAB patients). The primary outcome was comparison of the postoperative stability of the two arch bars. Postoperative measurements also included mucosal overgrowth, screw loosening or wire retightening, and replacement rates. The data were tabulated and computed with a P<0.05 considered statistically significant. Results The study included 41 patients. A statistically significant difference was observed in postoperative stability scores (3) between Group A and Group B (85.0% vs 9.5%, P=0.001). The mean placement time in Group A (23.3 minutes) significantly differed from that in Group B (86.4 minutes) (P<0.001). The ease of intraoperative occlusion was not different between the two groups (P=0.413). Mucosal overgrowth was observed in 75.0% of patients (15 of 20) in Group A. Conclusion The hAB was superior to EAB in clinical efficiency, maxillomandibular fixation time reduction, stability, versatility, and safety. Despite temporary mucosal overgrowth, the benefits of hAB outweigh the disadvantages. The choice between hAB and EAB should be based on specific clinical requirements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samriddhi Burman
- Department of Trauma and Emergency, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bhopal, India
| | | | | | - Nakul Uppal
- Department of Dentistry, AIIMS, Raipur, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Singh RK, Kumar V, Ganguly R, Patel J, Daga D. Helmet shielding effect in mandibular fractures during road traffic accident. Natl J Maxillofac Surg 2021; 12:56-61. [PMID: 34188401 PMCID: PMC8191562 DOI: 10.4103/njms.njms_150_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The objectives of this study are to evaluate the proportion of helmeted and nonhelmeted patients sustaining mandibular fractures. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 200 patients reporting to oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMFS) unit, trauma center, and department of OMFS. A predesigned questionnaire was used to collect the necessary data. Patients were evaluated for age, gender, mode of transport (2/4 wheeler), presence of safety measure at the time of accident (helmet/seatbelt), maxillofacial injury in two wheeler (with helmet and without helmet), type of impact, and its association to maxillofacial fractures, particularly site of maxillofacial fractures. The association between mode of injury, presence of safety measures, impact type, and site of maxillofacial injuries was assessed using the Chi-square test. P < 0.5 was considered statistically significant. Results: The mean age of patients was 30 years, and approximately 92.5% of accidents patients were male. In this study, 35% nonhelmeted riders were reported head injury and 5% of the helmeted rider reported head injury. 54.5% of the patients suffered frontal impact, 28% collision, and 17.5% lateral slide collision. Head injuries are the main cause of death among the riders of all two wheelers. Lateral sliding collision injuries (17.5%) resulted 60.6% of the fractures mandible, 24.2% midface injury, and associated injury (15.15%). Conclusion: The use of helmet is strongly recommended to prevent head injuries and facial injuries. In the nonhelmeted riders in motorcycle accidents, the incidence of mandible fractures increases proportionally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R K Singh
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Virendra Kumar
- Department of Dentistry, SN Medical College, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Roop Ganguly
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jatin Patel
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dipti Daga
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Homi Bhabha Cancer Hospital, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dikhit PS, Mohapatra M, Jena AK, Srivastava A. Emerging Trends of Zygomaticomaxillary Complex Fractures and Their Etiological Analysis in a Tertiary Health Centre from Eastern India: A Retrospective Study. J Maxillofac Oral Surg 2019; 20:70-75. [PMID: 33584045 DOI: 10.1007/s12663-019-01295-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Maxillofacial region is one of the most complicated arrangements of bony and soft tissues in human body, superiorly bounded by cranial bones and inferiorly by the mandible with interposed dentition. This is one of the reasons which make injuries to this region difficult to manage and often controversial. The severity and patterns of these injuries have changed considerably due to the increasing reliance on fast road transportation facilities and interpersonal violence. Materials and methods The aim of the present study is to analyze retrospectively the changing patterns of mid-face fractures in a sample of patients reporting to Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in AIIMS Bhubaneswar, India, from April 2017 to April 2018. A performa was prepared which included age, sex, etiology of injury, alcohol influence, and treatment given during hospital stay. Results Road traffic accidents contributed 68.11% of zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC) fractures, followed by assault (18.11%) and fall from height (13.76%). RTA was the major cause of atypical ZMC fractures as compared to conventional ZMC fractures (P < 0.001). Discussion Due to modern lifestyle and changes in fast transportation, recent fracture patterns do not follow the tell-tale signs or patterns and often need unique and patient-specific treatment plan, making the skills of maxillofacial surgeons the pivotal factor in better prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Punit S Dikhit
- Department of Dentistry, AIIMS, Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneshwar, India.,Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Ashok Kumar Jena
- Department of Dentistry, AIIMS, Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneshwar, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
|
6
|
Ruslin M, Brucoli M, Boffano P, Forouzanfar T, Benech A. Maxillofacial fractures associated with sport injuries: a review of the current literature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.23736/s0392-6621.19.02215-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
7
|
Yang JR, Kuo CF, Chung TT, Liao HT. Increased Risk of Dementia in Patients with Craniofacial Trauma: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study. World Neurosurg 2019; 125:e563-e574. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2019.01.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
8
|
Exploring the effect of streamlining multidisciplinary care pathways on orbital trauma outcomes at a regional referral centre. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CARE COORDINATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/2053434519836431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Complex orbital fractures require multi-specialty input. The United Kingdom currently has no agreed best practice guidelines. A systematic review and meta-analysis found a significantly increased adverse outcome of persistent diplopia in patients operated on more than 14 days after initial injury. At our tertiary centre, we felt patient outcomes may be affected by investigative and referral pathway limitations so evaluated to assess and attempt to improve these. Methods This was a two-stage service evaluation study of all orbital trauma patients requiring specialist oculoplastic and orbital input. The initial phase included all orbital trauma patients referred to our department in April–November 2014. We assessed relevant key performance indicators and then implemented changes to our referral system, educated referring departments and formed a multidisciplinary team clinic to manage complex trauma. We then re-evaluated, collecting data on all patients referred March–May 2015. Results Most patients were male and victims of assault. Following intervention, there was a significant reduction in the injury to eye clinic review time (3.45 weeks to 2.22 weeks, p = 0.01) and multidisciplinary team review time (3.86 weeks to 2.71 weeks, p = 0.04). Injury to discharge time was significantly reduced from 6.15 weeks to 3.36 weeks (p = 0.002). Discussion Our study shows that a multidisciplinary team approach and structured pathways can improve assessment and intervention times for orbital trauma patients. This may have a beneficial effect on patient outcomes. In the absence of guidelines in the United Kingdom, we believe similar improvements could be implemented by other national centres and outcomes evaluated to assist future guidance formation.
Collapse
|
9
|
Chandra L, Deepa D, Atri M, Pandey SM, Passi D, Goyal J, Sharma A, Gupta U. A retrospective cross-sectional study of maxillofacial trauma in Delhi-NCR Region. J Family Med Prim Care 2019; 8:1453-1459. [PMID: 31143738 PMCID: PMC6510095 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_89_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim and Objectives To evaluate the pattern, prevalence, etiology, site of fractures, and their management in patients with maxillofacial injury in Delhi-NCR region. Materials and Methods A total of 1278 maxillofacial trauma patients visiting different registered hospitals from Delhi-NCR region from January 2012 to December 2017, treated by open reduction and internal fixation under general anesthesia (GA)/local anesthesia (LA) or closed reduction/conservatively, were taken into the study. The parameters considered in the study were age and sex distribution, etiological factors and incidence of maxillofacial trauma, pattern and site distribution of maxillofacial fractures, and management. Results From a total of 2250 trauma patients, 1278 patients (1053 males and 225 females) had maxillofacial injury. The average prevalence rate was 56.8%. Yearly incidence rate was 20.4%. Road traffic accident (RTA) was the most common cause of trauma in 1029 (80.5%) patients, followed by physical assault [158 (12.3%)] with significant male predominance in different age groups. Isolated mandibular fractures were the most common [48.6% (parasymphysis 31.6%, condyle 28.2%)], followed by midface with maxilla fracture [27.6% (zygomatic bone and arch 50.2% and Lefort II fractures 18%)]. Treatment modalities were conservative management, closed reduction, and open reduction with internal fixation under GA/LA. Conclusion RTA followed by physical assault is still the leading cause of maxillofacial trauma in young males in Delhi-NCR region. Mini plate osteosynthesis is the main treatment procedure for maxillofacial trauma. We need to enforce strict traffic rules, road safety law, and preventive measures along with improvement in education and socioeconomic status in the population to avoid maxillofacial injuries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lokesh Chandra
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, ESIC Dental College and Hospital, Rohini, Delhi, India
| | - D Deepa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, NSVK Sri Venkateshwara Dental College and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Mansi Atri
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, ESIC Dental College and Hospital, Rohini, Delhi, India
| | - Souvir Mohan Pandey
- Department of Prosthodontics, Teerthankar Mahaveer Dental College and Hospital, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Deepak Passi
- Department of Dentistry, Subdivisional Hospital, Bundu, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Jyoti Goyal
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, ITSCDSR, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abhimanyu Sharma
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, ESIC Dental College and Hospital, Rohini, Delhi, India
| | - Utkarsh Gupta
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mukhopadhyay S. A retrospective study of mandibular fractures in children. J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg 2018; 44:269-274. [PMID: 30637240 PMCID: PMC6327018 DOI: 10.5125/jkaoms.2018.44.6.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The incidence and patterns of mandibular fractures vary by country and population age. This retrospective study evaluated the etiologies and patterns of mandibular fractures in children. Materials and Methods The clinical records of 89 children (45 males and 44 females) aged 0 to 12 years who presented with mandibular fractures from July 2012 to June 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. The sex, patient age, site of fracture, etiology of trauma, and monthly variations of the fractures were recorded. Descriptive statistics, the z-test and chi-square test were used for statistical analysis and the P-value was set at <0.05. Results Eighty-nine children (male-to-female ratio 1.02:1) sustained 131 mandibular fractures. Within the study sample, the 6 to 9 year age group most frequently experienced fractures (47.3%). Falls and road traffic accidents (RTA) were the two most common etiological factors that accounted for 44.9% and 24.7% of cases. The condylar fracture was the most common anatomical location (38.9%) followed by the angle (20.6%), parasymphysis (18.3%), body (15.3%), and symphysis (5.3%). A single fracture (51.7%) was more common than multiple fractures (48.3%). The month-wise distribution of mandibular fractures was fairly constant. Conclusion The condylar region was the most common anatomic site for fractures; in addition, a fall and RTA were the major etiological factors for mandibular fractures. A single fracture was observed in 51.7% of patients while multiple fracture lines accounted for 48.3% of cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Dr. R. Ahmed Dental College & Hospital, Kolkata, India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Malik S, Singh G, Kaur G, Yadav S, Mittal HC. Orofacial trauma in rural India: A clinical study. Chin J Traumatol 2017; 20:216-221. [PMID: 28330802 PMCID: PMC5555248 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjtee.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Orofacial trauma is becoming a leading medical problem worldwide. Most of the studies pertaining to orofacial trauma have been done in urban areas but very little scientific literature is available for rural areas. METHODS A prospective medical institute-based study of orofacial injury patients was carried out from May 2013 to April 2016 (36 Months). Data regarding incidence, age and sex distribution, causes, types and site of injury, treatment modalities and trauma associated complications were collected and analysed. RESULTS A total of 784 patients were studied. Males outnumbered females by a ratio of 2.9:1. Age range was 9 months-75 years with the peak incidence in the age-group of 18-34 years. Most injuries were caused by road-side accidents (72.7%), followed by assault and falls in 11.6% and 8% respectively. Soft tissue injuries and mandibular fractures were the most common type of injuries. Head/neck (50.29%) and limb injuries (27.2%) were the most prevalent associated injuries. Surgical debridement and soft tissue suturing was the most common emergency procedure. Closed reduction was performed in 61% of patients and open reduction and internal fixation in 30% of cases and 9% were managed conservatively. Complications occurred in 6.88% of patients, mainly due to infection and malocclusion. The mean duration of hospital stay was (10.12 ± 6.24) days. CONCLUSION This study highlights the importance of department of dental surgery along with other disciplinaries in the management of orofacial injuries. Road-side accident remains the major etiological factor of orofacial injuries in our setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunita Malik
- BPS Government Medical College for Women, Khanpur Kalan, Sonepat, Haryana, India,Corresponding author.
| | - Gurdarshan Singh
- BPS Government Medical College for Women, Khanpur Kalan, Sonepat, Haryana, India
| | - Gagandeep Kaur
- Aadesh Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Sunil Yadav
- BPS Government Medical College for Women, Khanpur Kalan, Sonepat, Haryana, India
| | - Hitesh C. Mittal
- BPS Government Medical College for Women, Khanpur Kalan, Sonepat, Haryana, India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Motor vehicle accidents (MVA) and falls are major causes of maxillofacial injuries posing real challenges for the medical staff. PURPOSE To describe the demographic and injury characteristics, as well as the treatment procedures of casualties diagnosed with maxillofacial injuries. METHODS The investigators implemented a multicenter retrospective study composed of hospitalized maxillofacial trauma patients recorded in the Israel Trauma Registry for 2000 to 2011. The predictor variable was mechanism of injury and the outcome variable was type of injury, severity, and hospital resources utilization. Descriptive and bivariate statistics with P values was set at 0.05. RESULTS The study included 11,592 reported hospitalized maxillofacial trauma patients (39.4% of them were MVA, 33.5% were falls), with a male predominance of a 3:1 ratio. The high-risk age groups were the first 3 decades of life in both etiologies, while age groups above 75 years were also frequent in falls. Severity of maxillofacial injuries, multiple injuries, admission to intensive care units, hospitalization for more than 15 days, inpatient mortality, and rehabilitation after discharge was significantly higher in MVA compared with falls. Conversely, maxillofacial surgeries were performed slightly more among patients injured in falls (34.1% and 31.1% respectively), as tongue and mouth are more prone targets in falls, compared with zygoma, maxilla, mandible, and teeth in MVA. CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that the etiologies present an entire separate pattern of trauma. A better understanding and proper identification of their high-risk groups should lead to appropriate prevention programs and treatment protocols.
Collapse
|
13
|
Ramisetty S, Gaddipati R, Vura N, Pokala S, Kapse S. Maxillofacial Injuries in Women: A Retrospective Study of 10 Years. J Maxillofac Oral Surg 2016; 16:438-444. [PMID: 29038626 DOI: 10.1007/s12663-016-0954-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diversities exists in incidence, etiology and epidemiology of facial fractures among male and female individuals due to various reasons. Many of the epidemiological studies published during the millennium have shown male predilection. This study was carried to evaluate the etiology, patterns and distribution of facial fractures among different age groups in women. MATERIALS AND METHODS This Retrospective epidemiological study dealt with a total of 302 women with 422 fractures in maxillofacial region during a period of June 1st 2005 to May 31st 2015 at Mamata Dental College and Hospital, Khammam, Telangana, India. RESULTS Mean age of incidence was 31.58 years, mandibular fractures were highest (44.07 %) followed by zygomaticomaxillary complex injuries (ZMC) (20.37 %). Road traffic accidents (RTA) injuries (53.7 %) were highest, followed by assault (23.9 %) and other causes. Highest number (33.8 %) of fractures were sustained in the 3rd decade and least (0.7 %) in the 8th decade of life. Among soft tissue injuries most commonly seen were lacerations (51 %). CONCLUSION Results of this study suggest that there is an increase in the number of maxillofacial injuries in women, representing changes in the society, exposing women to similar conditions like men and increased number of working women. This study helps to identify trauma burden, assess the awareness of current preventive measures, women protection laws, for instituting new guidelines for prevention and planning health care services for women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Ramisetty
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Mamata Dental College and Hospital, Giriprasad Nagar, Khammam, Telangana 507002 India
| | - Rajasekhar Gaddipati
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Mamata Dental College and Hospital, Giriprasad Nagar, Khammam, Telangana 507002 India
| | - Nandagopal Vura
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Mamata Dental College and Hospital, Giriprasad Nagar, Khammam, Telangana 507002 India
| | - Satheesh Pokala
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Mamata Dental College and Hospital, Giriprasad Nagar, Khammam, Telangana 507002 India
| | - Sheetal Kapse
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Mamata Dental College and Hospital, Giriprasad Nagar, Khammam, Telangana 507002 India
| |
Collapse
|