Quality of life in Indian patients with functional dyspepsia: Translation and validation of the Hindi version of Short-Form Nepean Dyspepsia Index

A systematic compilation of rating scales developed, translated, and adapted in India

Background

There is a lack of comprehensive data sources on various rating instruments that have been developed, translated, and adapted in Indian context.

Aim

Accordinly, this review aimed to compile the available scales/questionnaires/instruments developed, adapted, and translated for use in India.

Methods

For this, the search engines like PUBMED, Google Scholar, MedKnow, and Science Direct were searched for scales that have been developed, translated, and adapted in Indian context or an Indian language. Only articles reporting a scale/questionnaire development/interview schedules from India or in an Indian language were included.

Results

Available data suggests that most of the instruments that have been translated in the Indian context have been done so in Hindi language. Very few instruments are available in other languages. The scales/instruments that are available in multiple languages include Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Edinburgh postnatal depression, Epworth sleepiness scale to evaluate daytime sleepiness, Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS), Recovery quality of life, World Health Organization Quality of Life-Bref version, Subjective happiness scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HADS), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness (ISMI), COVID-19 stigma scale, Dyadic adjustment scale, Broad Autism Phenotype Questionnaire (BAPQ), Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), and Rosenzweig picture frustration study (Children's form). Overall, very few instruments have been developed in India.

Conclusion

To conclude, our review suggests that a limited number of scales have been developed in India and in terms of translation and adaptation, most of these have been done in Hindi only. Keeping these points in mind, there is a need to develop more psychometrically sound scales for research and routine clinical practice. Additionally, efforts must be made to translate and adapt scales available in different languages and subject the same to psychometric evaluations.

Impaired gastric accommodation in patients with postprandial distress syndrome type of functional dyspepsia assessed by 2D ultrasonography

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

The pathophysiology of postprandial distress syndrome includes impaired gastric accommodation, hypersensitivity to gastric distension and delayed gastric emptying. 2D-ultrasonography is one of the methods to assess gastric accommodation by measuring proximal gastric area and we evaluated its role in calculating proximal gastric area and thus assessing gastric accommodation in Indian patients with postprandial distress syndrome.

METHODS

In a hospital-based comparative analysis, proximal gastric area was measured with 2D-ultrasonography of postprandial distress syndrome (PDS) patients and compared with healthy controls. Five readings were measured every five minutes till 25 minutes after 400 mL of vegetable soup. The Patient Assessment of Upper Gastrointestinal Disorders-Quality of Life (PAGI-QOL score) and diets aggravating PDS symptoms were studied through detailed questionnaires. Sample size was calculated at 80% study power and alpha error of 0.05 to be 30 subjects in each group.

RESULTS

The mean age of patients (18 males) vs. 30 healthy controls (25 males) was 40.8 ± 11.50 years vs. 36.37 ± 7.58, respectively, (p = 0.084). Proximal gastric area was significantly lower in patients versus healthy controls at five minutes (22.54 ± 2.77 vs. 30.66 ± 2.55 cm2), 10 minutes (23.03 ± 2.45 vs. 31.10 ± 2.06 cm2), 15 minutes (23.06 ± 2.27 vs. 30.31 ± 2.11 cm2), 20 minutes (22.21 ± 2.31 vs. 29.73 ± 1.71 cm2) and 25 minutes (22.02 ± 2.33 vs. 28.39 ± 1.55 cm2); p < 0.001 at all intervals of time, indicating impaired gastric accommodation. The QOL was poor in all patients with PDS with mean PAGI-QOL score of 31.30 ± 15.05, median of 30, minimum score of 12 and maximum score of 66.

CONCLUSIONS

Measurement of proximal gastric area with 2D-ultrasonography is simple and non-invasive. Proximal gastric area in patients was lower than controls, indicating impaired gastric accommodation. Poor quality of life was universal in patients with postprandial distress syndrome.