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Premaratne G, Niroula J, Moulton JT, Krishnan S. Nanobioelectrocatalysis Using Human Liver Microsomes and Cytochrome P450 Bactosomes: Pyrenyl-Nanocarbon Electrodes. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:2197-2204. [PMID: 38431903 PMCID: PMC11022171 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c01170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Human liver microsomes containing various drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes, along with their NADPH-reductase bound to phospholipid membranes, were absorbed onto 1-pyrene butylamine pi-pi stacked with amine-functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotube-modified graphite electrodes. The interfaced microsomal biofilm demonstrated direct electrochemical communication with the underlying electrode surface and enhanced oxygen reduction electrocatalytic activity typical of heme enzymes such as P450s over the unmodified electrodes and nonenzymatic currents. Similar enhancements in currents were observed when the bioelectrodes were constructed with recombinant P450 2C9 (single isoform) expressed bactosomes. The designed liver microsomal and 2C9 bactosomal bioelectrodes successfully facilitated the electrocatalytic conversion of diclofenac, a drug candidate, into 4'-hydroxydiclofenac. The enzymatic electrocatalytic metabolite yield was several-fold greater on the modified electrodes than on the unmodified bulk graphite electrodes adsorbed with a microsomal or bactosomal film. The nonenzymatic metabolite production was less than the enzymatically catalyzed metabolite yield in the designed microsomal and bactosomal biofilm electrodes. To test the throughput potential of the designed biofilms, eight-electrode array configurations were tested with the microsomal and bactosomal biofilms toward electrochemical 4'-hydroxydiclofenac metabolite production from diclofenac. The stability of the designed microsomal bioelectrode was assessed using nonfaradaic impedance spectroscopy over 40 h, which indicated good stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayan Premaratne
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Jinesh Niroula
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - James T. Moulton
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Sadagopan Krishnan
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
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Kumar N, He J, Rusling JF. Electrochemical transformations catalyzed by cytochrome P450s and peroxidases. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:5135-5171. [PMID: 37458261 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00461a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s (Cyt P450s) and peroxidases are enzymes featuring iron heme cofactors that have wide applicability as biocatalysts in chemical syntheses. Cyt P450s are a family of monooxygenases that oxidize fatty acids, steroids, and xenobiotics, synthesize hormones, and convert drugs and other chemicals to metabolites. Peroxidases are involved in breaking down hydrogen peroxide and can oxidize organic compounds during this process. Both heme-containing enzymes utilize active FeIVO intermediates to oxidize reactants. By incorporating these enzymes in stable thin films on electrodes, Cyt P450s and peroxidases can accept electrons from an electrode, albeit by different mechanisms, and catalyze organic transformations in a feasible and cost-effective way. This is an advantageous approach, often called bioelectrocatalysis, compared to their biological pathways in solution that require expensive biochemical reductants such as NADPH or additional enzymes to recycle NADPH for Cyt P450s. Bioelectrocatalysis also serves as an ex situ platform to investigate metabolism of drugs and bio-relevant chemicals. In this paper we review biocatalytic electrochemical reactions using Cyt P450s including C-H activation, S-oxidation, epoxidation, N-hydroxylation, and oxidative N-, and O-dealkylation; as well as reactions catalyzed by peroxidases including synthetically important oxidations of organic compounds. Design aspects of these bioelectrocatalytic reactions are presented and discussed, including enzyme film formation on electrodes, temperature, pH, solvents, and activation of the enzymes. Finally, we discuss challenges and future perspective of these two important bioelectrocatalytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3136, USA.
| | - Jie He
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3136, USA.
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3136, USA
| | - James F Rusling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3136, USA.
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3136, USA
- Department of Surgery and Neag Cancer Center, Uconn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland at Galway, Galway, Ireland
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Enzymology on an Electrode and in a Nanopore: Analysis Algorithms, Enzyme Kinetics, and Perspectives. BIONANOSCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12668-022-01037-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and Its Polymorphic Modifications: Electroanalysis, Catalytic Properties, and Approaches to the Regulation of Enzymatic Activity. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10020383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The electrochemical properties of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and polymorphic modifications P450 2C9*2 (CYP2C9*2) and P450 2C9*3 (CYP2C9*3) were studied. To analyze the comparative electrochemical and electrocatalytic activity, the enzymes were immobilized on electrodes modified with a membrane-like synthetic surfactant (didodecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB)). An adequate choice of the type of modified electrode was confirmed by cyclic voltammetry of cytochromes P450 under anaerobic conditions, demonstrating well-defined peaks of reduction and oxidation of the heme iron. The midpoint potential, Emid, of cytochrome P450 2C9 is −0.318 ± 0.01 V, and Emid = −0.324 ± 0.01 V, and Emid = −0.318 ± 0.03 V for allelic variant 2C9*2 and allelic variant 2C9*3, respectively. In the presence of substrate diclofenac under aerobic conditions, cytochrome P450 2C9 and its polymorphic modifications P450 2C9*2 and P450 2C9*3 exhibit catalytic properties. Stimulation of the metabolism of diclofenac by cytochrome P450 2C9 in the presence of antioxidant medications mexidol and taurine was shown.
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Shumyantseva VV, Koroleva PI, Bulko TV, Sergeev GV, Usanov SA. Predicting drug-drug interactions by electrochemically driven cytochrome P450 3A4 reactions. Drug Metab Pers Ther 2021; 37:241-248. [PMID: 34860476 DOI: 10.1515/dmpt-2021-0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Human cytochrome P450 3A4 is the most abundant hepatic and intestinal Phase I enzyme that metabolizes approximately 60% marketed drugs. Simultaneous administration of several drugs may result in appearance of drug-drug interaction. Due to the great interest in the combination therapy, the exploration of the role of drug as "perpetrator" or "victim" is important task in pharmacology. In this work the model systems based on electrochemically driven cytochrome P450 3A4 for the analysis of drug combinations was used. We have shown that the analysis of electrochemical parameters of cytochrome P450 3A4 and especially, potential of the start of catalysis, Eonset, possess predictive properties in the determination of the leading ("perpetrator") properties of drug. Based on these experimental data, we concluded, that the more positive potential of the start of catalysis, Eonset, the more pronounced the role of drug as leading medication. METHODS Electrochemically driven cytochrome P450 3A4 was used as probe and measuring tool for the estimation of the role of interacting drugs. RESULTS It is shown that the electrochemical non-invasive model systems for monitoring the catalytic activity of cytochrome P450 3A4 can be used as prognostic devise in assessment of drug/drug interacting medications. CONCLUSIONS Cytochrome P450 3A4 activity was studied in electrochemically driven system. Method was implemented to monitor drug/drug interactions. Based on the obtained experimental data, we can conclude that electrochemical parameter such as potential of onset of catalysis, Eonset, has predictive efficiency in assessment of drug/drug interacting medications in the case of the co-administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria V Shumyantseva
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia.,Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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Rao Gajula SN, Pillai MS, Samanthula G, Sonti R. Cytochrome P450 enzymes: a review on drug metabolizing enzyme inhibition studies in drug discovery and development. Bioanalysis 2021; 13:1355-1378. [PMID: 34517735 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2021-0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Assessment of drug candidate's potential to inhibit cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes remains crucial in pharmaceutical drug discovery and development. Both direct and time-dependent inhibition of drug metabolizing CYP enzymes by the concomitant administered drug is the leading cause of drug-drug interactions (DDIs), resulting in the increased toxicity of the victim drug. In this context, pharmaceutical companies have grown increasingly diligent in limiting CYP inhibition liabilities of drug candidates in the early stages and examining risk assessments throughout the drug development process. This review discusses different strategies and decision-making processes for assessing the drug-drug interaction risks by enzyme inhibition and lays particular emphasis on in vitro study designs and interpretation of CYP inhibition data in a stage-appropriate context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva Nageswara Rao Gajula
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Balanagar, Telangana, 50003, India
| | - Megha Sajakumar Pillai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Balanagar, Telangana, 50003, India
| | - Gananadhamu Samanthula
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Balanagar, Telangana, 50003, India
| | - Rajesh Sonti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Balanagar, Telangana, 50003, India
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Koroleva PI, Kuzikov AV, Masamrekh RA, Filimonov DA, Dmitriev AV, Zaviyalova MG, Rikova SM, Shich EV, Makhova AA, Bulko TV, Gilep AA, Shumyantseva VV. Modeling of Drug-Drug Interactions between Omeprazole and Erythromycin in the Cytochrome P450-Dependent System In vitro. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW), SUPPLEMENT SERIES B: BIOMEDICAL CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990750821010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Koroleva PI, Kuzikov AV, Masamrekh RA, Filimonov DA, Dmitriev AV, Zaviyalova MG, Rikova SM, Shich EV, Makhova AA, Bulko TV, Gilep AA, Shumyantseva VV. [Modeling of drug-drug interactions between omeprazole and erythromycin with cytochrome P450 3A4 in vitro assay]. BIOMEDIT︠S︡INSKAI︠A︡ KHIMII︠A︡ 2020; 66:241-249. [PMID: 32588830 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20206603241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In the present study the electrochemical system based on recombinant cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) was used for the investigation of potential drug-drug interaction between medicinal preparations employed for Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy. Drug interactions were demonstrated in association of omeprazole as a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) and macrolide antibiotic erythromycin during cytochrome P450 3A4-mediated metabolism. It was shown that in the presence of omeprazole the rate of N-demethylase activity of CYP3A4 to erythromycin measured by means of product (formaldehyde) formation decreased. Mass-spectrometry analysis of omeprazole sulfone as a CYP3A4-mediated metabolite demonstrated the absence of erythromycin influence on CYP3A4-dependent omeprazole metabolism. This phenomenon may be explained by lower spectral dissociation constant of CYP3A4-omeprazole complex (Kd = 18±2 μM) than that of CYP3A4-erythromycin complex (Kd = 52 μM). Using the electrochemical model of electrochemically-driven drug metabolism it is possible to register CYP3A4-mediated catalytic conversion of certain drugs. In vitro experiments of potential CYP3A4-mediated drug-drug interactions are in accordance with in silico modeling with program PASS and PoSMNA descriptors in the case of omeprazole/erythromycin combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- P I Koroleva
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - A V Kuzikov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (RNRMU), Moscow, Russia
| | - R A Masamrekh
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (RNRMU), Moscow, Russia
| | | | - A V Dmitriev
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - S M Rikova
- Sechenov First Moscow Medical State University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - E V Shich
- Sechenov First Moscow Medical State University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - A A Makhova
- Sechenov First Moscow Medical State University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - T V Bulko
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - A A Gilep
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
| | - V V Shumyantseva
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (RNRMU), Moscow, Russia
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Makhova AA, Shikh EV, Bulko TV, Sizova ZM, Shumyantseva VV. The influence of taurine and L-carnitine on 6 β-hydroxycortisol/cortisol ratio in human urine of healthy volunteers. Drug Metab Pers Ther 2019; 34:dmpt-2019-0013. [PMID: 31603853 DOI: 10.1515/dmpt-2019-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Cytochrome P450s (CYPs, EC 1.14.14.1) are the main enzymes of drug metabolism. The functional significance of CYPs also includes the metabolism of foreign chemicals and endogenic biologically active compounds. The CYP3A4 isoform contributes to the metabolism of about half of all marketed medicinal preparations. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of two biologically active compounds: 2-aminoethane-sulfonic acid (taurine) and 3-hydroxy-4-trimethylaminobutyrate (L-carnitine) on urinary 6β-hydroxycortisol/cortisol (6β-OHC/cortisol) metabolic ratio as a biomarker of the CYP3A4 activity of healthy volunteers. Taurine is used for the treatment of chronic heart failure and liver disease. Cardiologists, nephrologists, neurologists, gerontologists in addition to the main etiopathogenetic therapies, use L-carnitine. The quantification of the 6β-OHC/cortisol metabolic ratio as a biomarker of CYP3A4 activity in human urine was used for the assessment of CYP3A4 catalytic activity as a non-invasive test. Methods The study included 18 healthy male volunteers (aged from 18 to 35 years old). The volunteers took taurine in a dose of 500 mg twice a day or L-carnitine in a dose of 2.5 mL 3 times a day for 14 consecutive days. The test drug was given 20 min before meals. The collection of urine samples was performed before and after 3, 7, 10, and 14 days after taurine intake. The metabolic ratio of 6β-OHC/cortisol in morning spot urine samples was studied by the liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy (LC/MS) method. Results The ratio of 6-6β-OHC/cortisol was used as a biomarker to study the taurine and L-carnitine influence on CYP3A4 metabolism of cortisol. The ratio of urinary 6β-OCH/cortisol in the morning urine samples of volunteers before the beginning of taurine therapy (baseline ratio) was 2.71 ± 0.2. Seven days after the administration of taurine in a dose of 500 mg twice a day, the 6β-OCH/cortisol ratio was 3.3 ± 0.2, which indicated the increased catalytic activity of CYP3A4 towards cortisol. As for the L-carnitine supplementation, analysis of the 6β-OCH/cortisol ratio in the urine for 14 days did not show any significant changes in this baseline ratio, indicating the lack of L-carnitine influence on the catalytic activity of CYP3A4 to cortisol. Conclusions The results obtained demonstrated the influence of taurine on 6β-OCH/cortisol metabolic ratio as a biomarker of CYP3A4 catalytic activity to cortisol. L-carnitine did not affect the activity of CYP3A4. The lack of a clinically meaningful effect of L-carnitine was established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Makhova
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Eugenia V Shikh
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Zhanna M Sizova
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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