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Salim SA, Kamoun EA, Evans S, EL-Moslamy SH, El-Fakharany EM, Elmazar MM, Abdel-Aziz AF, Abou-Saleh RH, Salaheldin TA. Mercaptopurine-Loaded Sandwiched Tri-Layered Composed of Electrospun Polycaprolactone/Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) Nanofibrous Scaffolds as Anticancer Carrier with Antimicrobial and Antibiotic Features: Sandwich Configuration Nanofibers, Release Study and in vitro Bioevaluation Tests. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:6937-6955. [PMID: 34703223 PMCID: PMC8525416 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s332920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 6-Mercaptopurine (6-MP) is a potential anti-cancer agent which its therapeutic and limitation applicability due to its high toxicity. OBJECTIVE Herein, 6-MP was loaded into tri-layered sandwich nanofibrous scaffold (the top layer composed of poly methyl methacrylate/polycaprolactone (PMMA/PCL), the middle layer was PCL/PMMA/6-MP, and the bottom layer was PCL/PMMA to improve its bioactivity, adjusting the release-sustainability and reduce its toxicity. METHODS Electrospun tri-layered nanofibers composed of PCL/PMMA were utilized as nano-mats for controlling sustained drug release. Four groups of sandwich scaffold configurations were investigated with alteration of (PMMA: PCL) composition. RESULTS The sandwich scaffold composed of 2%PCL/4%PMMA/1%6-MP showed the best miscibility, good homogeneity and produced the smoothest nanofibers and low crystallinity. All fabricated 6-MP-loaded-PCL/PMMA scaffolds exhibited antimicrobial properties on the bacterial and fungal organisms, where the cytotoxicity evaluation proved the safety of scaffolds on normal cells, even at high concentration. Scaffolds provided a sustained-drug release profile that was strongly dependent on (PCL: PMMA). As (PCL: PMMA) decreased, the sustained 6-MP release from PCL/PMMA scaffolds increased. Results established that ~18% and 20% of 6-MP were released after 23h from (4%PCL/4%PMMA/1%6-MP) and (2%PCL/4%PMMA/1%6-MP), respectively, where this release was maintained for more than 20 days. The anti-cancer activity of all fabricated scaffolds was also investigated using different cancerous cell lines (e.g., Caco-2, MDA, and HepG-2) results showed that 6-MP-loaded-nanofibrous mats have an anti-cancer effect, with a high selective index for breast cancer. We observed that viability of a cancer cell was dropped to about 10%, using nanofibers containing 2%PCL/4%PMMA/1%6-MP. CONCLUSION Overall, the PCL: PMMA ratio and sandwich configuration imparts a tight control on long-term release profile and initial burst of 6-MP for anticancer treatment purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar A Salim
- Nanotechnology Research Center (NTRC), The British University in Egypt (BUE), Cairo, 11837, Egypt
- Biochemistry Group, Chemistry Dep., Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Elbadawy A Kamoun
- Nanotechnology Research Center (NTRC), The British University in Egypt (BUE), Cairo, 11837, Egypt
- Polymeric Materials Research Dep., Advanced Technology and New Materials Research Institute (ATNMRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Alexandria, 21934, Egypt
| | - Stephen Evans
- Molecular and Nanoscale Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Shahira H EL-Moslamy
- Bioprocess Development Dep., GEBRI, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Alexandria, 21934, Egypt
| | - Esmail M El-Fakharany
- Protein Research Dep. GEBRI, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Alexandria, 21934, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Elmazar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt (BUE), Cairo, 11837, Egypt
| | - A F Abdel-Aziz
- Biochemistry Group, Chemistry Dep., Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - R H Abou-Saleh
- Biophysics Group, Dep. of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- Nanoscience and Technology Program, Faculty of Advanced Basic Science, Galala University, Suez, Egypt
| | - Taher A Salaheldin
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, 12144, USA
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