1
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Cha YJ, Koo JS. Expression of EMP 1, 2, and 3 in Adrenal Cortical Neoplasm and Pheochromocytoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13016. [PMID: 37629198 PMCID: PMC10455306 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241613016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the expression of the epithelial membrane proteins (EMP) 1, 2, and 3 in adrenal gland neoplasm and to explore the broader implications of this. Tissue microarrays were constructed for 132 cases of adrenal cortical neoplasms (ACN) (adrenal cortical adenoma (115 cases), and carcinoma (17 cases)) and 189 cases of pheochromocytoma. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to identify EMP 1, 2, and 3, and was compared with clinicopathological parameters. The H-score of EMP 3 (p < 0.001) was higher in pheochromocytoma when compared to that of ACN, and the H-score of EMP 1 (p < 0.001) and EMP 3 (p < 0.001) was higher in adrenal cortical carcinomas when compared to that of adrenal cortical adenomas. A higher EMP 1 H-score was observed in pheochromocytomas with a GAPP score ≥3 (p = 0.018). In univariate analysis, high levels of EMP 1 and EMP 3 expression in ACN were associated with shorter overall survival (p = 0.001). Differences were observed in the expression of EMPs between ACN and pheochromocytoma. EMPs are associated with malignant tumor biology in adrenal cortical neoplasm and pheochromocytoma, suggesting the role of a prognostic and/or predictive factor for EMPs in adrenal tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ja Seung Koo
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea;
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2
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Oliveira RC, Martins MJ, Moreno C, Almeida R, Carvalho J, Teixeira P, Teixeira M, Silva ET, Paiva I, Figueiredo A, Cipriano MA. Histological scores and tumor size on stage II in adrenocortical carcinomas. Rare Tumors 2021; 13:20363613211026494. [PMID: 34262677 PMCID: PMC8243092 DOI: 10.1177/20363613211026494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinomas (ACC) are aggressive tumors with a poor prognosis.
Histological scores are advised for the diagnosis, however, there are borderline
cases that may be misjudged as adrenocortical adenomas (ACA). The three main
scores used are: Weiss Modified System (WMS), Reticulin Algorithm (RA), and
Helsinki Score (HS). We intend to compare the accuracy of the three scores in
ACC diagnosis and to identify predictive factors of overall survival (OS).
Retrospective study (2004–2016) at Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra
of the adrenal tumors, classified as ACC or ACA, with a history of posterior
tumor relapse/metastases, without lesions in the contralateral adrenal gland:
13F and 6M, with a median age of 51 ± 12.41 years. Nodules’ median size was
9.20 ± 6.2 cm. Patients had a median OS of 52 ± 18.6 months, with 57.9% and
46.3%, at 3 and 5 years. Seven patients had local recurrence and nine had
metastases. Thirteen cases were in stage II. The WMS and the HS allowed a
diagnosis of ACC in 15 cases and the RA defined ACC in 17 cases. All cases had,
at least, focal disruption of the reticulin framework. More than
5 mitosis/50 HPF was associated with worse OS: 49.67 ± 21.43 versus
108.86 ± 14.02 months (p = 0.026). In patients with stage II,
tumor size ⩾10 cm was associated with worse OS: 19.25 ± 7.15 versus
96.11 ± 16.7 months (p = 0.007), confirmed by multivariate
analysis (p = 0.031). The correct diagnosis of ACC is a
pathologist responsibility. The RA seems the most accurate. Any loss of the
reticulin framework should raise awareness for malignancy. In patients on stage
II, a size ⩾10 cm is a predictor of worse prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Caetano Oliveira
- Pathology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Biophysics Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria João Martins
- Pathology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carolina Moreno
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui Almeida
- Pathology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Carvalho
- Urology and Renal Transplantation, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paulo Teixeira
- Pathology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Miguel Teixeira
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Edgar Tavares Silva
- Biophysics Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Urology and Renal Transplantation, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Isabel Paiva
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Arnaldo Figueiredo
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Urology and Renal Transplantation, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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3
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Peixoto RD, Gomes LM, Sousa TT, Racy DJ, Shigenaga M, Nagourney RA. Efficacy of oral metformin in a patient with metastatic adrenocortical carcinoma: Examination of mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Rare Tumors 2018; 10:2036361317749645. [PMID: 31508193 PMCID: PMC5811989 DOI: 10.1177/2036361317749645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Although rare, adrenocortical carcinoma is among the most common tumors found in children with Li-Fraumeni syndrome and Li-Fraumeni-like syndrome, associated with germ-line mutations in the TP53 gene. In southern Brazil, one form of Li-Fraumeni syndrome, associated with childhood adrenocortical carcinoma, is caused by a mutation in the R337H TP53 tetramerisation domain and is attributed to a familial founder effect. Adrenocortical carcinoma is considered an aggressive neoplasm, usually of poor prognosis and is generally unresponsive to systemic chemotherapy. Optimal treatment regimens remain to be established. We report the case of a young woman with metastatic adrenocortical carcinoma, who achieved stable disease with mitotane, cisplatin, doxorubicin, and etoposide as first-line therapy, but then had an objective response to oral metformin that lasted 9 months. The presence of the R337H TP53 mutation suggests a mechanism for the observed response to metformin.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Peixoto
- Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo, Brazil.,Oncoclínicas, São Paulo, Brazil.,Universidade Nove de Julho, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L M Gomes
- Hospital São José, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - T T Sousa
- Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo, Brazil.,Oncoclínicas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - D J Racy
- Hospital São José, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M Shigenaga
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA
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4
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Stigliano A, Cerquetti L, Lardo P, Petrangeli E, Toscano V. New insights and future perspectives in the therapeutic strategy of adrenocortical carcinoma (Review). Oncol Rep 2017; 37:1301-1311. [PMID: 28184938 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare endocrine malignancy with an incidence ranging from 0.7 to 2.0 cases/million people per year. Hypercortisolism represents the most common clinical presentation in many patients although, less frequently, some ACC secreting androgens and estrogens are even more pathognomonic compared to cortisol secretion. Currently, radical surgery, when feasible, is still the only curative therapy. Mitotane, an adrenolytic drug, is used in the adjuvant setting and in combination with chemotherapy drugs in metastatic disease. The use of radiotherapy remains controversial, being indicated only in selected cases. New targeted therapies, such as insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1), mammalian-target of rapamycin (m-TOR), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors and others, have recently been investigated with disappointing clinical results. The partial effectiveness of current treatments mandates the need for new therapeutic strategies against this tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Stigliano
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Lidia Cerquetti
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Pina Lardo
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Elisa Petrangeli
- CNR, Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Toscano
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy
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5
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Legendre CR, Demeure MJ, Whitsett TG, Gooden GC, Bussey KJ, Jung S, Waibhav T, Kim S, Salhia B. Pathway Implications of Aberrant Global Methylation in Adrenocortical Cancer. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150629. [PMID: 26963385 PMCID: PMC4786116 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Context Adrenocortical carcinomas (ACC) are a rare tumor type with a poor five-year survival rate and limited treatment options. Objective Understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of this disease has been aided by genomic analyses highlighting alterations in TP53, WNT, and IGF signaling pathways. Further elucidation is needed to reveal therapeutically actionable targets in ACC. Design In this study, global DNA methylation levels were assessed by the Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip Array on 18 ACC tumors and 6 normal adrenal tissues. A new, non-linear correlation approach, the discretization method, assessed the relationship between DNA methylation/gene expression across ACC tumors. Results This correlation analysis revealed epigenetic regulation of genes known to modulate TP53, WNT, and IGF signaling, as well as silencing of the tumor suppressor MARCKS, previously unreported in ACC. Conclusions DNA methylation may regulate genes known to play a role in ACC pathogenesis as well as known tumor suppressors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael J. Demeure
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, United States of America
| | - Timothy G. Whitsett
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, United States of America
| | - Gerald C. Gooden
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, United States of America
| | - Kimberly J. Bussey
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, United States of America
- NantOmics, LLC, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Sungwon Jung
- Department of Genome Medicine and Science, Gachon University School of Medicine, Incheon, 21565, Republic of Korea
- Gachon Institute of Genome Medicine and Science, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, 21565, Republic of Korea
| | - Tembe Waibhav
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, United States of America
| | - Seungchan Kim
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, United States of America
| | - Bodour Salhia
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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6
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Mihai R. Diagnosis, treatment and outcome of adrenocortical cancer. Br J Surg 2015; 102:291-306. [PMID: 25689291 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.9743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adrenocortical cancer (ACC) is a rare disease with a dismal prognosis. The majority of patients are diagnosed with advanced disease and raise difficult management challenges. METHODS All references identified in PubMed, published between 2004 and 2014, using the keywords 'adrenocortical cancer' or 'adrenal surgery' or both, were uploaded into a database. The database was interrogated using keywords specific for each field studied. RESULTS In all, 2049 publications were identified. There is ongoing debate about the feasibility and oncological outcomes of laparoscopic adrenalectomy for small ACCs, and data derived from institutional case series have failed to provide an evidence level above expert opinion. The use of mitotane (1-(2-chlorophenyl)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dichloroethane) in combination with chemotherapy in the treatment of metastatic disease has been assessed in an international randomized trial (FIRM-ACT trial) involving patients with ACC. Based on this trial, mitotane plus etoposide, doxorubicin and cisplatin is now the established first-line cytotoxic therapy owing to a higher response rate and longer median progression-free survival than achieved with streptozocin-mitotane. For patients with tumours smaller than 5 cm and with no signs of lymph node or distant metastases, survival is favourable with a median exceeding 10 years. However, the overall 5-year survival rate for all patients with ACC is only 30 per cent. CONCLUSION Open and potentially laparoscopic adrenalectomy for selected patients is the main treatment for non-metastatic ACC, but the overall 5-year survival rate remains low.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mihai
- Department of Endocrine Surgery, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
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7
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Ross JS, Wang K, Rand JV, Gay L, Presta MJ, Sheehan CE, Ali SM, Elvin JA, Labrecque E, Hiemstra C, Buell J, Otto GA, Yelensky R, Lipson D, Morosini D, Chmielecki J, Miller VA, Stephens PJ. Next-generation sequencing of adrenocortical carcinoma reveals new routes to targeted therapies. J Clin Pathol 2014; 67:968-73. [PMID: 25078331 PMCID: PMC4215283 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2014-202514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Aims Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) carries a poor prognosis and current systemic cytotoxic therapies result in only modest improvement in overall survival. In this retrospective study, we performed a comprehensive genomic profiling of 29 consecutive ACC samples to identify potential targets of therapy not currently searched for in routine clinical practice. Methods DNA from 29 ACC was sequenced to high, uniform coverage (Illumina HiSeq) and analysed for genomic alterations (GAs). Results At least one GA was found in 22 (76%) ACC (mean 2.6 alterations per ACC). The most frequent GAs were in TP53 (34%), NF1 (14%), CDKN2A (14%), MEN1 (14%), CTNNB1 (10%) and ATM (10%). APC, CCND2, CDK4, DAXX, DNMT3A, KDM5C, LRP1B, MSH2 and RB1 were each altered in two cases (7%) and EGFR, ERBB4, KRAS, MDM2, NRAS, PDGFRB, PIK3CA, PTEN and PTCH1 were each altered in a single case (3%). In 17 (59%) of ACC, at least one GA was associated with an available therapeutic or a mechanism-based clinical trial. Conclusions Next-generation sequencing can discover targets of therapy for relapsed and metastatic ACC and shows promise to improve outcomes for this aggressive form of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Ross
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - K Wang
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - J V Rand
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - L Gay
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - M J Presta
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - C E Sheehan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - S M Ali
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - J A Elvin
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - E Labrecque
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - C Hiemstra
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - J Buell
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - G A Otto
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - R Yelensky
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - D Lipson
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - D Morosini
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - J Chmielecki
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - V A Miller
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - P J Stephens
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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9
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Subramanian C, Zhang H, Gallagher R, Hammer G, Timmermann B, Cohen M. Withanolides are Potent Novel Targeted Therapeutic Agents Against Adrenocortical Carcinomas. World J Surg 2014; 38:1343-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s00268-014-2532-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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10
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Zhang H, Kathawala RJ, Wang YJ, Zhang YK, Patel A, Shukla S, Robey RW, Talele TT, Ashby CR, Ambudkar SV, Bates SE, Fu LW, Chen ZS. Linsitinib (OSI-906) antagonizes ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2 and subfamily C member 10-mediated drug resistance. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 51:111-9. [PMID: 24726739 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study we investigated the effect of linsitinib on the reversal of multidrug resistance (MDR) mediated by the overexpression of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) subfamily members ABCB1, ABCG2, ABCC1 and ABCC10. Our results indicate for the first time that linsitinib significantly potentiate the effect of anti-neoplastic drugs mitoxantrone (MX) and SN-38 in ABCG2-overexpressing cells; paclitaxel, docetaxel and vinblastine in ABCC10-overexpressing cells. Linsitinib moderately enhanced the cytotoxicity of vincristine in cell lines overexpressing ABCB1, whereas it did not alter the cytotoxicity of substrates of ABCC1. Furthermore, linsitinib significantly increased the intracellular accumulation and decreased the efflux of [(3)H]-MX in ABCG2-overexpressing cells and [(3)H]-paclitaxel in ABCC10-overexpressing cells. However, linsitinib, at a concentration that reversed MDR, did not significantly alter the expression levels of either the ABCG2 or ABCC10 transporter proteins. Furthermore, linsitinib did not significantly alter the intracellular localization of ABCG2 or ABCC10. Moreover, linsitinib stimulated the ATPase activity of ABCG2 in a concentration-dependent manner. Overall, our study suggests that linsitinib attenuates ABCG2- and ABCC10-mediated MDR by directly inhibiting their function as opposed to altering ABCG2 or ABCC10 protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA; Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Rishil J Kathawala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Yi-Jun Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Yun-Kai Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Atish Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Suneet Shukla
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH , Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Robert W Robey
- Cancer Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tanaji T Talele
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Charles R Ashby
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Suresh V Ambudkar
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH , Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Susan E Bates
- Cancer Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Li-Wu Fu
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China.
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA.
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11
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Sachs K, Itani S, Fitzgerald J, Schoeberl B, Nolan GP, Tomlin CJ. Single timepoint models of dynamic systems. Interface Focus 2014; 3:20130019. [PMID: 24511382 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2013.0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many interesting studies aimed at elucidating the connectivity structure of biomolecular pathways make use of abundance measurements, and employ statistical and information theoretic approaches to assess connectivities. These studies often do not address the effects of the dynamics of the underlying biological system, yet dynamics give rise to impactful issues such as timepoint selection and its effect on structure recovery. In this work, we study conditions for reliable retrieval of the connectivity structure of a dynamic system, and the impact of dynamics on structure-learning efforts. We encounter an unexpected problem not previously described in elucidating connectivity structure from dynamic systems, show how this confounds structure learning of the system and discuss possible approaches to overcome the confounding effect. Finally, we test our hypotheses on an accurate dynamic model of the IGF signalling pathway. We use two structure-learning methods at four time points to contrast the performance and robustness of those methods in terms of recovering correct connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sachs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, CA , USA
| | - S Itani
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences , University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley, CA , USA
| | | | - B Schoeberl
- Merrimack Pharmaceuticals , Cambridge, MA , USA
| | - G P Nolan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, CA , USA
| | - C J Tomlin
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences , University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley, CA , USA
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12
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Yang MS, Wang HS, Wang BS, Li WH, Pang ZF, Zou BK, Zhang X, Shi XT, Mu DB, Zhang DX, Gao YS, Sun XW, Xia SJ. A comparative proteomic study identified calreticulin and prohibitin up-regulated in adrenocortical carcinomas. Diagn Pathol 2013; 8:58. [PMID: 23587357 PMCID: PMC3640901 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-8-58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Identifying novel tumor biomarkers to develop more effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for patients with ACC is urgently needed. The aim of the study was to compare the proteomic profiles between adrenocortical carcinomas (ACC) and normal adrenocortical tissues in order to identify novel potential biomarkers for ACC. Methods The protein samples from 12 ACC tissues and their paired adjacent normal adrenocortical tissues were profiled with two-dimensional electrophoresis; and differentially expressed proteins were identified by mass spectrometry. Expression patterns of three differently expressed proteins calreticulin, prohibitin and HSP60 in ACC, adrenocortical adenomas (ACA) and normal adrenocortical tissues were further validated by immunohistochemistry. Results In our proteomic study, we identified 20 up-regulated and 9 down-regulated proteins in ACC tissues compared with paired normal controls. Most of the up-regulated proteins were focused in protein binding and oxidoreductase activity in Gene Ontology (GO) molecular function classification. By immunohistochemistry, two biomarkers calreticulin and prohibitin were validated to be overexpressed in ACC compared with adrenocortical adenomas (ACA) and normal tissues, but also calreticulin overexpression was significantly associated with tumor stages of ACC. Conclusion For the first time, calreticulin and prohibitin were identified to be novel candidate biomarkers for ACC, and their roles during ACC carcinogenesis and clinical significance deserves further investigation. Virtual slides The virtual slides for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/1897372598927465
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-shan Yang
- Department of Urology, Shandong Tumor Hospital, Jinan 250117, Shandong Province, China.
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Insulin growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) antibody cixutumumab combined with the mTOR inhibitor temsirolimus in patients with metastatic adrenocortical carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2013; 108:826-30. [PMID: 23412108 PMCID: PMC3590681 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare and aggressive endocrine malignancy without an available effective systemic chemotherapy. Insulin growth factor 2 (IGF-2) overexpression leading to the activation of the IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is well described in ACC. Cixutumumab, a fully human IgG1 monoclonal antibody directed at IGF-1R was combined with temsirolimus on the basis of preclinical data. Methods: Patients received cixutumumab, 3–6 mg kg−1 intravenously (IV) weekly, and temsirolimus, 25–37.5 mg IV weekly (4-week cycles), with restaging after 8 weeks. Results: Twenty-six patients were enrolled (13 (50%) men); median age, 47 years; median number of prior therapies, 4. Five patients previously received an IGF-1R inhibitor and one, temsirolimus. The most frequent toxicities, at least possibly drug related, were grade 1–2 thrombocytopenia (38%), mucositis (58%), hypercholesterolaemia (31%), hypertriglyceridemia (35%), and hyperglycaemia (31%). In all, 11 of 26 patients (42%) achieved stable disease (SD) >6 months (duration range=6–21 months) with 3 of the 11 having received a prior IGF-1R inhibitor. Conclusion: Cixutumumab combined with temsirolimus was well tolerated and >40% of patients achieved prolonged SD.
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Lebastchi AH, Kunstman JW, Carling T. Adrenocortical Carcinoma: Current Therapeutic State-of-the-Art. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2012; 2012:234726. [PMID: 23125857 PMCID: PMC3483813 DOI: 10.1155/2012/234726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare, aggressive malignancy that generally conveys a poor prognosis. Currently, surgical resection is considered the lone curative treatment modality. In addition, the low prevalence of ACC has limited effective clinical trial design to develop evidence-based approaches to ACC therapy. The proper role of radio- and chemotherapy treatment for ACC is still being defined. Similarly, the molecular pathogenesis of ACC remains to be fully characterized. Despite these challenges, progress has been made in several areas. After years of refinement, an internationally accepted staging system has been defined. International collaborations have facilitated increasingly robust clinical trials, especially regarding agent choice and patient selection for chemotherapeutics. Genetic array data and molecular profiling have identified new potential targets for rational drug design as well as potential tumor markers and predictors of therapeutic response. However, these advances have not yet been translated into a large outcomes benefit for ACC patients. In this paper, we summarize established therapy for ACC and highlight recent findings in the field that are impacting clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir H. Lebastchi
- Department of Surgery, Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, TMP202, Box 208062, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - John W. Kunstman
- Department of Surgery, Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, TMP202, Box 208062, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Tobias Carling
- Department of Surgery, Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, TMP202, Box 208062, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Current and emerging therapeutic options in adrenocortical cancer treatment. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2012; 2012:408131. [PMID: 22934112 PMCID: PMC3425859 DOI: 10.1155/2012/408131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a very rare endocrine tumour, with variable prognosis, depending on tumour stage and time of diagnosis. The overall survival is five years from detection. Radical surgery is considered the therapy of choice in the first stages of ACC. However postoperative disease-free survival at 5 years is only around 30% and recurrence rates are frequent. o,p'DDD (ortho-, para'-, dichloro-, diphenyl-, dichloroethane, or mitotane), an adrenolytic drug with significant toxicity and unpredictable therapeutic response, is used in the treatment of ACC. Unfortunately, treatment for this aggressive cancer is still ineffective. Over the past years, the growing interest in ACC has contributed to the development of therapeutic strategies in order to contrast the neoplastic spread. In this paper we discuss the most promising therapies which can be used in this endocrine neoplasia.
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Brutsaert EF, Sasano H, Unger P, Beasley MB, Golden BK, Inabnet WB, Levine AC. Adrenal cortical carcinoma with late pulmonary metastases causing clinicical Cushing's syndrome: case report with immunohistochemical analysis of steriodogenic enzyme production. Endocr Pract 2012; 18:e138-43. [PMID: 22784838 DOI: 10.4158/ep12018.cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To present a case of pulmonary metastases from adrenocortical carcinomas (ACC) that were secreting fully-functional cortisol resulting in clinical Cushing's syndrome and to compare the steroidogenic enzyme expression in the primary tumor and lung. METHODS We analyzed and summarized the patient's medical history, physical examination results, laboratory data, imaging studies, and histopathologic results. The original tumor and the pulmonary metastases were then immunohistochemically evaluated for steroidogenic enzymes. RESULTS Initial endocrinological workup revealed hyperandrogenism and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) independent Cushing's due to a 4 cm left adrenal mass. The patient was initially diagnosed with an adrenal adenoma. Four years later, the patient developed recurrent Cushing's syndrome. Repeat magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed no adrenal masses; however, chest computed tomography (CT) showed multiple bilateral lung nodules and biopsy revealed metastases of adrenal origin. Upon immunohistochemical analysis, side chain cleavage, 17α hydroxylase, 3β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, and 21 hydroxylase immunoreactivity were detected in both the original and pulmonary metastatic lesions with patterns of disorganized steroidogenesis. Dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfotransferase (DHEA-ST) immunoreactivity was detected in the original tumor but not in the lung metastases. CONCLUSION This case demonstrates some interesting features of ACC that pose challenges to its management, including the difficulties in establishing the pathologic diagnosis, the potential for fully functional steroidogenesis even in late metastases, and the plasticity of steroidogenic potential in tumor cells.
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Kirschner LS. The next generation of therapies for adrenocortical cancers. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2012; 23:343-50. [PMID: 22626690 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Revised: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare cancer for which few treatment options have been available. Currently, the best available treatment involves combination chemotherapy with the adrenolytic drug mitotane, although the response rate remains modest. Over the past 10 years there has been renewed interest in the field owing to the recognition that targeted therapies may provide new avenues for effective treatment of this deadly disease. Molecular analyses have revealed specific signaling alterations in ACC, and advances in drug development have generated the tools to block these pathways. Although convincing evidence for the effectiveness of targeted therapies is not currently available, these studies are in progress and should shift the prognosis of this disease in the years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence S Kirschner
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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