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Xu Y, Bai L, Yang X, Huang J, Wang J, Wu X, Shi J. Recent advances in anti-inflammation via AMPK activation. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33670. [PMID: 39040381 PMCID: PMC11261115 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a complex physiological phenomenon, which is the body's defensive response, but abnormal inflammation can have adverse effects, and many diseases are related to the inflammatory response. AMPK, as a key sensor of cellular energy status, plays a crucial role in regulating cellular energy homeostasis and glycolipid metabolism. In recent years, the anti-inflammation effect of AMPK and related signalling cascade has begun to enter everyone's field of vision - not least the impact on metabolic diseases. A great number of studies have shown that anti-inflammatory drugs work through AMPK and related pathways. Herein, this article summarises recent advances in compounds that show anti-inflammatory effects by activating AMPK and attempts to comment on them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihua Xu
- School of Basic Medical Science, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lan Bai
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinwei Yang
- School of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jianli Huang
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Xianbo Wu
- School of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jianyou Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Dinh TTT, Nguyen TT, Ngo HT, Tran TH, Le BV, Pham TH, Pham HTT, Pham TK, Do TH. Dammarane-type triterpenoids from Gynostemma compressum X. X. Chen & D. R. Liang (Cucurbitaceae) and their AMPK activation effect in 3T3-L1 cells. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 200:113218. [PMID: 35490775 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bioassay-guided fractionation of the 80% ethanol extract of Gynostemma compressum X. X. Chen & D. R. Liang (Cucurbitaceae) resulted in the isolation and identification of eight undescribed triterpenoids, gycomol VN1, gycomol VN2, and gycomosides VN1-6 from the bioactive n-butanol fraction. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, high-resolution electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry, and chemical methods. All isolated compounds were evaluated for their 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC) activation effects on 3T3-L1 cells. Importantly, gycomol VN2, gycomoside VN1, and gycomosides VN3-5 activated the phosphorylation of AMPK and its downstream substrate ACC in 3T3-L1 cells at a dose of 10 μM. These effects imply that the activation of AMPK and ACC by active compounds from G. compressum has considerable potential for the prevention of obesity and its related disorders by activating AMPK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Thanh Thuy Dinh
- National Institute of Medicinal Materials (NIMM), 3B Quang Trung, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi, Viet Nam; National Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Dong Anh, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Thi Thu Nguyen
- National Institute of Medicinal Materials (NIMM), 3B Quang Trung, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Huy Trung Ngo
- National Institute of Medicinal Materials (NIMM), 3B Quang Trung, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Thi Hien Tran
- Thai Binh University Medicine and Pharmacy, 373 Ly Bon, Thai Binh, Viet Nam
| | - Ba Vinh Le
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, 47236, Republic of Korea; Institute of Marine Biochemistry (IMBC), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18-Hoang Quoc Viet Cau Giay, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Thanh Huyen Pham
- National Institute of Medicinal Materials (NIMM), 3B Quang Trung, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Ha Thanh Tung Pham
- Hanoi University of Pharmacy, 13-15 Le Thanh Tong, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Thanh Ky Pham
- Hanoi University of Pharmacy, 13-15 Le Thanh Tong, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Thi Ha Do
- National Institute of Medicinal Materials (NIMM), 3B Quang Trung, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
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Jung TW, Park HS, Choi GH, Kim D, Lee T. β-aminoisobutyric acid attenuates LPS-induced inflammation and insulin resistance in adipocytes through AMPK-mediated pathway. J Biomed Sci 2018; 25:27. [PMID: 29592806 PMCID: PMC5875012 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-018-0431-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND β-aminoisobutyric acid (BAIBA) is produced in skeletal muscle during exercise and has beneficial effects on obesity-related metabolic disorders such as diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Thus, it is supposed to prevent high fat diet (HFD)-induced inflammation and insulin resistance in adipose tissue though anti-inflammatory effects in obesity. Previous reports have also demonstrated strong anti-inflammatory effects of BAIBA. METHODS We used BAIBA treated fully differentiated 3T3T-L1 mouse adipocytes to investigate the effects of exogenous BAIBA on inflammation and insulin signaling in adipocytes. Insulin signaling-mediated proteins and inflammation markers were measured by Western blot analysis. Secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines were measured by ELISA. Lipid accumulation in differentiated 3 T3-L1 cells was stained by Oil red-O. Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA and student's t test. RESULTS BAIBA treatment suppressed adipogenesis assessed by adipogenic markers as well as lipid accumulation after full differentiation. We showed that BAIBA treatment stimulated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation in a dose-dependent manner and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNFα and MCP-1 was abrogated in BAIBA-treated 3 T3-L1 cells. Treatment of 3 T3-L1 cells with BAIBA reduced LPS-induced NFκB and IκB phosphorylation. Furthermore, BAIBA treatment ameliorated LPS-induced impairment of insulin signaling measured by IRS-1 and Akt phosphorylation and fatty acid oxidation. Suppression of AMPK by small interfering (si) RNA significantly restored these changes. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated anti-inflammatory and anti-insulin resistance effects of BAIBA in differentiated 3 T3-L1 cells treated with LPS through AMPK-dependent signaling. These results provide evidence for the beneficial effects of BAIBA not only in liver and skeletal muscle cells but also in adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Woo Jung
- Research Administration Team, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 166 Gumi-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, 463-707, Korea.,Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 166 Gumi-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, 463-707, Korea
| | - Hyung Sub Park
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 166 Gumi-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, 463-707, Korea
| | - Geum Hee Choi
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 166 Gumi-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, 463-707, Korea
| | - Daehwan Kim
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 166 Gumi-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, 463-707, Korea
| | - Taeseung Lee
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 166 Gumi-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, 463-707, Korea. .,Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Yang T, Liu H, Zhao B, Xia Z, Zhang Y, Zhang D, Li M, Cao Y, Zhang Z, Bi Y, Wang C. Wogonin enhances intracellular adiponectin levels and suppresses adiponectin secretion in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Endocr J 2017; 64:15-26. [PMID: 27667474 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej16-0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
As an insulin sensitizer and modulator of inflammatory responses, adiponectin has become a therapeutic target for insulin resistance, diabetes, and diabetes-related complications. Wogonin possesses anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic abilities. However, its effect on generation and secretion of adiponectin is ill-defined in adipocytes. Here, we demonstrated that wogonin administration augmented intracellular adiponectin levels and attenuated adiponectin release in a dose- and time-dependent manner in mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes, along with a suppression of PKCδ phosphorylation. Wogonin treatment also prevented PKCδ overexpression-induced reduction of intracellular adiponectin levels and enhancement of adiponectin release. In addition, wogonin supplementation dramatically increased AMPK phosphorylation and SirT1 expression. Inhibition of either AMPK or SirT1 mitigated wogonin action on adiponectin production and release. Furthermore, inhibition of AMPK by its specific inhibitor markedly reduced wogonin-enhanced mRNA and protein expressions of SirT1. These results suggested that wogonin regulated expression and secretion of adiponectin via PKCδ/AMPK/SirT1 signaling pathway in mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tan Yang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Wuhan University School of Public Health, Wuhan 430071, China
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Nagahara K, Dobashi K, Ishikawa T, Nakano Y, Abe Y, Tanaka D, Itabashi K. AICAR Attenuates TNFα-Induced Inappropriate Secretion of Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 and Adiponectin in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes. J Atheroscler Thromb 2016; 23:1345-1354. [PMID: 27170207 PMCID: PMC5221497 DOI: 10.5551/jat.34835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The increase in monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and the decrease in adiponectin production from hypertrophic adipocytes are associated with adipose tissue inflammation and its metabolic complications. The aim of this study was to determine whether 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide 1-β-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR), an adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator, modulates these adipocytokine productions in tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα)-treated adipocytes. Methods: AICAR and/or other reagents were added to the culture medium, and then, TNFα was added to fully differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The MCP-1 and adiponectin production in the culture supernatant was measured by ELISA. AMPK, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activities were also assayed. Results: Treatment with TNFα increased MCP-1 and decreased adiponectin secretion dose-dependently in the 3T3-L1 adipocytes, and AICAR significantly inhibited these TNFα-mediated changes. Interestingly, metformin, another AMPK activator, did not have such effects on these adipocytokines. Both the AMPK and PI3K systems in the cells were significantly activated by the AICAR treatment, but the effects of AICAR on adipocytokines were not weakened by the addition of dorsomorphin, an AMPK inhibitor, or LY294002, a PI3K inhibitor. Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), an NF-κB inhibitor, showed protective effects similar to those as AICAR. AICAR, but not metformin, significantly inhibited the TNFα-stimulated activation of NF-κB, and dorsomorphin did not change AICAR's effect. Conclusion: AICAR attenuates the TNFα-induced secretion of MCP-1 and adiponectin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The observed effects of AICAR seem to be mainly due to the inhibition of NF-κB activation rather than the activation of the AMPK pathway, at least in TNFα-treated adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Nagahara
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa University School of Medicine
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Navas-Carretero S, Martinez JA. Cause-effect relationships in nutritional intervention studies for health claims substantiation: guidance for trial design. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2016; 66 Suppl 1:S53-61. [PMID: 26241012 DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2015.1025720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The growing worldwide interest on functional food research has been accompanied by increasing regulatory guidelines in this area, with the aim of ensuring that any claimed effect in foods, beyond their nutritional role, is based on scientific unequivocal evidence. In order to assess the cause-effect relationship between the regular consumption of a food or a food component and the beneficial outcome for the consumer, an appropriate study design is required. Previous knowledge and research on the specific claimed food or product may be an adequate basis for defining a hypothesis and accurate objectives. Other key factors to take into account are based on the outcomes studied, the length of the trial, sample size and type, as well as the transparency on reporting the results obtained. Based on the Consolidated Standards on Reporting Trials statement (CONSORT), together with the specific guidelines published by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies, the present article aims at summarizing key questions conducting to the most appropriate study design for solid health claim substantiation.
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Effects of alpha-lipoic acid on chemerin secretion in 3T3-L1 and human adipocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1861:260-8. [PMID: 26721419 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chemerin is a novel adipokine associated with obesity and insulin resistance. α-Lipoic acid (α-LA) has shown beneficial properties on diabetes and obesity. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of α-LA on chemerin production in adipocytes in absence or presence of TNF-α, insulin and AICAR. The potential signaling pathways involved in α-LA effects on chemerin were also analyzed. α-LA actions on chemerin were tested in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes and in some cases in human subcutaneous and omental adipocytes. Chemerin mRNA levels were measured by RT-PCR and the amount of chemerin secreted to culture media was determined by ELISA. α-LA induced a concentration-dependent inhibition on both chemerin secretion and mRNA levels in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The AMPK activator AICAR and the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 dramatically abrogated both chemerin secretion and gene expression, and further potentiated the inhibitory effect of α-LA on chemerin secretion. Insulin was able to partially reverse the inhibitory action of α-LA on chemerin secretion. α-LA also reduced basal chemerin secretion in both subcutaneous and omental adipocytes from overweight/obese subjects. Moreover, α-LA was able to abolish the stimulatory effects of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α on chemerin secretion. Our data demonstrated the ability of α-LA to inhibit chemerin production, an adipokine associated to obesity and metabolic syndrome, suggesting that the reduction of chemerin could contribute to the antiobesity/antidiabetic properties described for α-LA.
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Fernández-Galilea M, Pérez-Matute P, Prieto-Hontoria PL, Houssier M, Burrell MA, Langin D, Martínez JA, Moreno-Aliaga MJ. α-Lipoic acid treatment increases mitochondrial biogenesis and promotes beige adipose features in subcutaneous adipocytes from overweight/obese subjects. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1851:273-81. [PMID: 25542506 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
α-Lipoic acid (α-Lip) is a natural occurring antioxidant with beneficial anti-obesity properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the putative effects of α-Lip on mitochondrial biogenesis and the acquirement of brown-like characteristics by subcutaneous adipocytes from overweight/obese subjects. Thus, fully differentiated human subcutaneous adipocytes were treated with α-Lip (100 and 250μM) for 24h for studies on mitochondrial content and morphology, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number, fatty acid oxidation enzymes and brown/beige characteristic genes. The involvement of the Sirtuin1/Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, coactivator 1 alpha (SIRT1/PGC-1α) pathway was also evaluated. Our results showed that α-Lip increased mitochondrial content in cultured human adipocytes as revealed by electron microscopy and by mitotracker green labeling. Moreover, an enhancement in mtDNA content was observed. This increase was accompanied by an up-regulation of SIRT1 protein levels, a decrease in PGC-1α acetylation and up-regulation of Nuclear respiratory factor 1 (Nrf1) and Mitochondrial transcription factor (Tfam) transcription factors. Enhanced oxygen consumption and fatty acid oxidation enzymes, Carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 and Acyl-coenzyme A oxidase (CPT-1 and ACOX) were also observed. Mitochondria from α-Lip-treated adipocytes exhibited some morphological characteristics of brown mitochondria, and α-Lip also induced up-regulation of some brown/beige adipocytes markers such as cell death-inducing DFFA-like effector a (Cidea) and T-box 1 (Tbx1). Moreover, α-Lip up-regulated PR domain containing 16 (Prdm16) mRNA levels in treated adipocytes. Therefore, our study suggests the ability of α-Lip to promote mitochondrial biogenesis and brown-like remodeling in cultured white subcutaneous adipocytes from overweight/obese donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Fernández-Galilea
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Patricia Pérez-Matute
- HIV and Associated Metabolic Alterations Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain
| | - Pedro L Prieto-Hontoria
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Faculty of Health and Physical Activity Science, University SEK, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marianne Houssier
- INSERM, UMR1048, Obesity Research Laboratory, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, France; University of Toulouse, UMR1048, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - María A Burrell
- Department of Histology and Pathology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Dominique Langin
- INSERM, UMR1048, Obesity Research Laboratory, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, France; University of Toulouse, UMR1048, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France; Toulouse University Hospitals, Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Toulouse, France
| | - J Alfredo Martínez
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Center for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María J Moreno-Aliaga
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Center for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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Fernández-Galilea M, Pérez-Matute P, Prieto-Hontoria PL, Sáinz N, López-Yoldi M, Houssier M, Martínez JA, Langin D, Moreno-Aliaga MJ. α-lipoic acid reduces fatty acid esterification and lipogenesis in adipocytes from overweight/obese subjects. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22:2210-5. [PMID: 25045030 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE α-Lipoic acid (α-LA) is a natural occurring antioxidant with beneficial effects on obesity. The aim of this study was to investigate the putative effects of α-LA on triglyceride accumulation and lipogenesis in subcutaneous adipocytes from overweight/obese subjects and to determine the potential mechanisms involved. METHODS Fully differentiated human subcutaneous adipocytes were treated with α-LA (100 and 250 µM) during 24 h for studying triglyceride content, de novo lipogenesis, and levels of key lipogenic enzymes. The involvement of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation was also evaluated. RESULTS α-LA down-regulated triglyceride content by inhibiting fatty acid esterification and de novo lipogenesis. These effects were mediated by reduction in fatty acid synthase (FAS), stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase 1, and diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 protein levels. Interestingly, α-LA increased AMPK and acetyl CoA carboxylase phosphorylation, while the presence of the AMPK inhibitor Compound C reversed the inhibition observed on FAS protein levels. CONCLUSIONS α-LA down-regulates key lipogenic enzymes, inhibiting lipogenesis and reducing triglyceride accumulation through the activation of AMPK signaling pathway in human subcutaneous adipocytes from overweight/obese subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Fernández-Galilea
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Fernández-Galilea M, Prieto-Hontoria PL, Martínez JA, Moreno-Aliaga MJ. Antiobesity effects of α-lipoic acid supplementation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.13.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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