1
|
Wang Y, Li HT, Liu G, Jiang CS, Ni YH, Zeng JH, Lin X, Wang QY, Li DZ, Wang W, Zeng XP. COMP promotes pancreatic fibrosis by activating pancreatic stellate cells through CD36-ERK/AKT signaling pathways. Cell Signal 2024; 118:111135. [PMID: 38479555 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2024.111135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic fibrosis is one of the most important pathological features of chronic pancreatitis (CP) and pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) are the key cells of fibrosis. As an extracellular matrix (ECM) glycoprotein, cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) is critical for collagen assembly and ECM stability and recent studies showed that COMP exert promoting fibrosis effect in the skin, lungs and liver. However, the role of COMP in activation of PSCs and pancreatic fibrosis remain unclear. We aimed to investigate the role and specific mechanisms of COMP in regulating the profibrotic phenotype of PSCs and pancreatic fibrosis. METHODS ELISA method was used to determine serum COMP in patients with CP. Mice model of CP was established by repeated intraperitoneal injection of cerulein and pancreatic fibrosis was evaluated by Hematoxylin-Eosin staining (H&E) and Sirius red staining. Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expression changes of COMP and fibrosis marker such as α-SMA and Fibronectin in pancreatic tissue of mice. Cell Counting Kit-8, Wound Healing and Transwell assessed the proliferation and migration of human pancreatic stellate cells (HPSCs). Western blotting, qRT-PCR and immunofluorescence staining were performed to detect the expression of fibrosis marker, AKT and MAPK family proteins in HPSCs. RNA-seq omics analysis as well as small interfering RNA of COMP, recombinant human COMP (rCOMP), MEK inhibitors and PI3K inhibitors were used to study the effect and mechanism of COMP on activation of HPSCs. RESULTS ELISA showed that the expression of COMP significantly increased in the serum of CP patients. H&E and Sirius red staining analysis showed that there was a large amount of collagen deposition in the mice in the CP model group and high expression of COMP, α-SMA, Fibronectin and Vimentin were observed in fibrotic tissues. TGF-β1 stimulates the activation of HPSCs and increases the expression of COMP. Knockdown of COMP inhibited proliferation and migration of HPSCs. Further, RNA-seq omics analysis and validation experiments in vitro showed that rCOMP could significantly promote the proliferation and activation of HPSCs, which may be due to promoting the phosphorylation of ERK and AKT through membrane protein receptor CD36. rCOMP simultaneously increased the expression of α-SMA, Fibronectin and Collagen I in HPSCs. CONCLUSION In conclusion, this study showed that COMP was up-regulated in CP fibrotic tissues and COMP induced the activation, proliferation and migration of PSCs through the CD36-ERK/AKT signaling pathway. COMP may be a potential therapeutic candidate for the treatment of CP. Interfering with the expression of COMP or the communication between COMP and CD36 on PSCs may be the next direction for therapeutic research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Department of Digestive Diseases, 900TH Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China; College of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hai-Tao Li
- Department of Digestive Diseases, 900TH Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China; College of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China; Department of Digestive Diseases, Fuzong Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Department of Digestive Diseases, Dongfang Hospital, Xiamen University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Digestive Diseases, 900TH Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China; College of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China; Department of Digestive Diseases, Fuzong Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Department of Digestive Diseases, Dongfang Hospital, Xiamen University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chuan-Shen Jiang
- Department of Digestive Diseases, 900TH Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China; College of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China; Department of Digestive Diseases, Fuzong Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Department of Digestive Diseases, Dongfang Hospital, Xiamen University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yan-Hong Ni
- Department of Digestive Diseases, 900TH Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China; College of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jing-Hui Zeng
- Department of Presbyatrics, 900TH Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xia Lin
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Fuzong Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qing-Yun Wang
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Dongfang Hospital, Xiamen University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Da-Zhou Li
- Department of Digestive Diseases, 900TH Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China; College of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China; Department of Digestive Diseases, Fuzong Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Department of Digestive Diseases, Dongfang Hospital, Xiamen University, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Wen Wang
- Department of Digestive Diseases, 900TH Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China; College of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China; Department of Digestive Diseases, Fuzong Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Department of Digestive Diseases, Dongfang Hospital, Xiamen University, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Xiang-Peng Zeng
- Department of Digestive Diseases, 900TH Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China; College of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China; Department of Digestive Diseases, Fuzong Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Department of Digestive Diseases, Dongfang Hospital, Xiamen University, Fuzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Estaras M, Ortiz-Placin C, Castillejo-Rufo A, Fernandez-Bermejo M, Blanco G, Mateos JM, Vara D, Gonzalez-Cordero PL, Chamizo S, Lopez D, Rojas A, Jaen I, de Armas N, Salido GM, Iovanna JL, Santofimia-Castaño P, Gonzalez A. Melatonin controls cell proliferation and modulates mitochondrial physiology in pancreatic stellate cells. J Physiol Biochem 2023; 79:235-249. [PMID: 36334253 PMCID: PMC9905253 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-022-00930-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the effects of melatonin on major pathways related with cellular proliferation and energetic metabolism in pancreatic stellate cells. In the presence of melatonin (1 mM, 100 µM, 10 µM, or 1 µM), decreases in the phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase and of p44/42 and an increase in the phosphorylation of p38 were observed. Cell viability dropped in the presence of melatonin. A rise in the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase was detected in the presence of 1 mM and 100 µM melatonin. Treatment with 1 mM melatonin decreased the phosphorylation of protein kinase B, whereas 100 µM and 10 µM melatonin increased its phosphorylation. An increase in the generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and a decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential were noted following melatonin treatment. Basal and maximal respiration, ATP production by oxidative phosphorylation, spare capacity, and proton leak dropped in the presence of melatonin. The expression of complex I of the mitochondrial respiratory chain was augmented in the presence of melatonin. Conversely, in the presence of 1 mM melatonin, decreases in the expression of mitofusins 1 and 2 were detected. The glycolysis and the glycolytic capacity were diminished in cells treated with 1 mM or 100 µM melatonin. Increases in the expression of phosphofructokinase-1 and lactate dehydrogenase were noted in cells incubated with 100 µM, 10 µM, or 1 µM melatonin. The expression of glucose transporter 1 was increased in cells incubated with 10 µM or 1 µM melatonin. Conversely, 1 mM melatonin decreased the expression of all three proteins. Our results suggest that melatonin, at pharmacological concentrations, might modulate mitochondrial physiology and energy metabolism in addition to major pathways involved in pancreatic stellate cell proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matias Estaras
- grid.8393.10000000119412521Departamento de Fisiología, Instituto de Biomarcadores de Patologías Moleculares, Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida de Las Ciencias S/N, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Candido Ortiz-Placin
- grid.8393.10000000119412521Departamento de Fisiología, Instituto de Biomarcadores de Patologías Moleculares, Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida de Las Ciencias S/N, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Alba Castillejo-Rufo
- grid.8393.10000000119412521Departamento de Fisiología, Instituto de Biomarcadores de Patologías Moleculares, Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida de Las Ciencias S/N, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | | | - Gerardo Blanco
- Unidad de Cirugía Hepatobiliopancreática Y Transplante Hepático, Hospital Universitario, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Jose M. Mateos
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Hospital Universitario, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Daniel Vara
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Hospital Universitario, Cáceres, Spain
| | | | - Sandra Chamizo
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Hospital Universitario, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Diego Lopez
- Unidad de Cirugía Hepatobiliopancreática Y Transplante Hepático, Hospital Universitario, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Adela Rojas
- Unidad de Cirugía Hepatobiliopancreática Y Transplante Hepático, Hospital Universitario, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Isabel Jaen
- Unidad de Cirugía Hepatobiliopancreática Y Transplante Hepático, Hospital Universitario, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Noelia de Armas
- Unidad de Cirugía Hepatobiliopancreática Y Transplante Hepático, Hospital Universitario, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Gines M. Salido
- grid.8393.10000000119412521Departamento de Fisiología, Instituto de Biomarcadores de Patologías Moleculares, Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida de Las Ciencias S/N, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Juan L. Iovanna
- grid.5399.60000 0001 2176 4817Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, INSERM U1068, CNRS UMR 7258, Aix-Marseille Université and Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Parc Scientifique Et Technologique de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Patricia Santofimia-Castaño
- grid.5399.60000 0001 2176 4817Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, INSERM U1068, CNRS UMR 7258, Aix-Marseille Université and Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Parc Scientifique Et Technologique de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Antonio Gonzalez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Instituto de Biomarcadores de Patologías Moleculares, Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida de Las Ciencias S/N, 10003, Cáceres, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Estaras M, Martinez R, García A, Ortiz-Placin C, Iovanna JL, Santofimia-Castaño P, Gonzalez A. Melatonin modulates metabolic adaptation of pancreatic stellate cells subjected to hypoxia. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 202:115118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
4
|
Goutam Mukherjee A, Ramesh Wanjari U, Renu K, Vellingiri B, Valsala Gopalakrishnan A. Heavy metal and metalloid - induced reproductive toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 92:103859. [PMID: 35358731 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.103859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals and metalloid exposure are among the most common factors responsible for reproductive toxicity in human beings. Several studies have indicated that numerous metals and metalloids can display severe adverse properties on the human reproductive system. Metals like lead, silver, cadmium, uranium, vanadium, and mercury and metalloids like arsenic have been known to induce reproductive toxicity. Moderate to minute quantities of lead may affect several reproductive parameters and even affect semen quality. The ecological and industrial exposures to the various heavy metals and metalloids have disastrous effects on the reproductive system ensuing in infertility. This work emphasizes the mechanism and pathophysiology of the aforementioned heavy metals and metalloids in reproductive toxicity. Additionally, this work aims to cover the classical protective mechanisms of zinc, melatonin, chelation therapy, and other trending methods to prevent heavy metal-induced reproductive toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Goutam Mukherjee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Uddesh Ramesh Wanjari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Kaviyarasi Renu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India; Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, 600077 Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ammar OA, El-Missiry MA, Othman AI, Amer ME. Melatonin is a potential oncostatic agent to inhibit HepG2 cell proliferation through multiple pathways. Heliyon 2022; 8:e08837. [PMID: 35141433 PMCID: PMC8814902 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Context Chemotherapy is a cornerstone in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Melatonin is a pineal hormone that targets various cancers, however, its antitumor pathways are still not fully elucidated. Objective This study investigated melatonin's antitumor molecular mechanisms to inhibit the proliferation of HepG2 cells. Materials and methods HepG2 Cells were classified into cells without treatment as a control group and cells treated with melatonin (5.4 mmol/L) for 48 h. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and marker of proliferation Ki-67 were estimated using immunohistochemical analysis. Apoptosis and cell cycle were evaluated using flow cytometric analysis. Apoptotic markers were detected using RT-qPCR assay. Antioxidants and oxidative stress biomarkers were performed using a colorimetric assay. Results Melatonin produced a remarkable steady decrease in the viability of HepG2 cells at a concentration range between 5-20 mmol/L. Melatonin suppressed cell proliferation in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle (34.97 ± 0.92%) and induced apoptosis (12.43 ± 0.73%) through up-regulating p21 and p53 that was confirmed by the reduction of PCNA and Ki-67 expressions. Additionally, melatonin repressed angiogenesis evidenced by the down-regulation of angiopoietin-2, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 expressions (0.42-fold change), and the level of CD133. Moreover, melatonin augmented the oxidative stress manifested by a marked increase of 4-hydroxynonenal levels with a reduction of glutathione content and superoxide dismutase activity. Discussion and conclusion Melatonin inhibits proliferation and angiogenesis and induced apoptosis and oxidative stress in HepG2 cells. These results indicate the oncostatic effectiveness of melatonin on liver cancer.
Collapse
|
6
|
Estaras M, Gonzalez-Portillo MR, Fernandez-Bermejo M, Mateos JM, Vara D, Blanco-Fernandez G, Lopez-Guerra D, Roncero V, Salido GM, González A. Melatonin Induces Apoptosis and Modulates Cyclin Expression and MAPK Phosphorylation in Pancreatic Stellate Cells Subjected to Hypoxia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115555. [PMID: 34074034 PMCID: PMC8197391 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In certain diseases of the pancreas, pancreatic stellate cells form an important part of fibrosis and are critical for the development of cancer cells. A hypoxic condition develops within the tumor, to which pancreatic stellate cells adapt and are able to proliferate. The consequence is the growth of the tumor. Melatonin, the product of the pineal gland, is gaining attention as an agent with therapeutic potential against pancreatic cancers. Its actions on tumor cells lead, in general, to a reduction in cell viability and proliferation. However, its effects on pancreatic stellate cells subjected to hypoxia are less known. In this study, we evaluated the actions of pharmacological concentrations of melatonin (1 mM–1 µM) on pancreatic stellate cells subjected to hypoxia. The results show that melatonin induced a decrease in cell viability at the highest concentrations tested. Similarly, the incorporation of BrdU into DNA was diminished by melatonin. The expression of cyclins A and D also was decreased in the presence of melatonin. Upon treatment of cells with melatonin, increases in the expression of major markers of ER stress, namely BIP, phospho-eIF2α and ATF-4, were detected. Modulation of apoptosis was noticed as an increase in caspase-3 activation. In addition, changes in the phosphorylated state of p44/42, p38 and JNK MAPKs were detected in cells treated with melatonin. A slight decrease in the content of α-smooth muscle actin was detected in cells treated with melatonin. Finally, treatment of cells with melatonin decreased the expression of matrix metalloproteinases 2, 3, 9 and 13. Our observations suggest that melatonin, at pharmacological concentrations, diminishes the proliferation of pancreatic stellate cells subjected to hypoxia through modulation of cell cycle, apoptosis and the activation of crucial MAPKs. Cellular responses might involve certain ER stress regulator proteins. In view of the results, melatonin could be taken into consideration as a potential therapeutic agent for pancreatic fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matias Estaras
- Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Spain; (M.E.); (M.R.G.-P.); (G.M.S.)
| | - Manuel R. Gonzalez-Portillo
- Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Spain; (M.E.); (M.R.G.-P.); (G.M.S.)
| | - Miguel Fernandez-Bermejo
- Department of Gastroenterology, San Pedro de Alcantara Hospital, 10003 Caceres, Spain; (M.F.-B.); (J.M.M.); (D.V.)
| | - Jose M. Mateos
- Department of Gastroenterology, San Pedro de Alcantara Hospital, 10003 Caceres, Spain; (M.F.-B.); (J.M.M.); (D.V.)
| | - Daniel Vara
- Department of Gastroenterology, San Pedro de Alcantara Hospital, 10003 Caceres, Spain; (M.F.-B.); (J.M.M.); (D.V.)
| | - Gerardo Blanco-Fernandez
- Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery and Liver Transplant Unit, University Hospital, 06080 Badajoz, Spain; (G.B.-F.); (D.L.-G.)
| | - Diego Lopez-Guerra
- Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery and Liver Transplant Unit, University Hospital, 06080 Badajoz, Spain; (G.B.-F.); (D.L.-G.)
| | - Vicente Roncero
- Unit of Histology and Pathological Anatomy, Veterinary Faculty, University of Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Spain;
| | - Gines M. Salido
- Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Spain; (M.E.); (M.R.G.-P.); (G.M.S.)
| | - Antonio González
- Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Spain; (M.E.); (M.R.G.-P.); (G.M.S.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Estaras M, Gonzalez-Portillo MR, Martinez R, Garcia A, Estevez M, Fernandez-Bermejo M, Mateos JM, Vara D, Blanco-Fernández G, Lopez-Guerra D, Roncero V, Salido GM, Gonzalez A. Melatonin Modulates the Antioxidant Defenses and the Expression of Proinflammatory Mediators in Pancreatic Stellate Cells Subjected to Hypoxia. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10040577. [PMID: 33918063 PMCID: PMC8070371 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10040577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic stellate cells (PSC) play a major role in the formation of fibrotic tissue in pancreatic tumors. On its side, melatonin is a putative therapeutic agent for pancreatic cancer and inflammation. In this work, the actions of melatonin on PSC subjected to hypoxia were evaluated. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) levels of glutathione, and protein and lipid oxidation were analyzed. The phosphorylation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2), nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB), and the regulatory protein nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor-alpha (IκBα) was studied. The expression of Nrf2-regulated antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes, cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were also studied. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was assayed. Finally, cell viability was studied. Under hypoxia and in the presence of melatonin generation of ROS was observed. No increases in the oxidation of proteins or lipids were detected. The phosphorylation of Nrf2 and the expression of the antioxidant enzymes catalytic subunit of glutamate-cysteine ligase, catalase, NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductase 1, heme oxygenase-1, SOD1, and of SOD2 were augmented. The TAC was increased. Protein kinase C was involved in the effects of melatonin. Melatonin decreased the GSH/GSSG ratio at the highest concentration tested. Cell viability dropped in the presence of melatonin. Finally, melatonin diminished the phosphorylation of NF-kB and the expression of COX-2, IL-6, and TNF-α. Our results indicate that melatonin, at pharmacological concentrations, modulates the red-ox state, viability, and the expression of proinflammatory mediators in PSC subjected to hypoxia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matias Estaras
- Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Spain; (M.E.); (M.R.G.-P.); (G.M.S.)
| | - Manuel R. Gonzalez-Portillo
- Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Spain; (M.E.); (M.R.G.-P.); (G.M.S.)
| | - Remigio Martinez
- Department of Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty, University of Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Spain;
| | - Alfredo Garcia
- Department of Animal Production, CICYTEX-La Orden, 06187 Badajoz, Spain;
| | - Mario Estevez
- IPROCAR Research Institute, Food Technology, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain;
| | - Miguel Fernandez-Bermejo
- Department of Gastroenterology, San Pedro de Alcantara Hospital, 10003 Caceres, Spain; (M.F.-B.); (J.M.M.); (D.V.)
| | - Jose M. Mateos
- Department of Gastroenterology, San Pedro de Alcantara Hospital, 10003 Caceres, Spain; (M.F.-B.); (J.M.M.); (D.V.)
| | - Daniel Vara
- Department of Gastroenterology, San Pedro de Alcantara Hospital, 10003 Caceres, Spain; (M.F.-B.); (J.M.M.); (D.V.)
| | - Gerardo Blanco-Fernández
- Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery and Liver Transplant Unit, Infanta Cristina Hospital, 06080 Badajoz, Spain; (G.B.-F.); (D.L.-G.)
| | - Diego Lopez-Guerra
- Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery and Liver Transplant Unit, Infanta Cristina Hospital, 06080 Badajoz, Spain; (G.B.-F.); (D.L.-G.)
| | - Vicente Roncero
- Unit of Histology and Pathological Anatomy, Veterinary Faculty, University of Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Spain;
| | - Gines M. Salido
- Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Spain; (M.E.); (M.R.G.-P.); (G.M.S.)
| | - Antonio Gonzalez
- Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Spain; (M.E.); (M.R.G.-P.); (G.M.S.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|