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Chen Q, Deng M, Dai X, Wang W, Wang X, Chen LS, Huang GH. Phylogenomic data exploration with increased sampling provides new insights into the higher-level relationships of butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2024; 197:108113. [PMID: 38796071 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2024.108113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
A robust and stable phylogenetic framework is a fundamental goal of evolutionary biology. As the third largest insect order in the world following Coleoptera and Diptera, Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) play a central role in almost every terrestrial ecosystem as indicators of environmental change and serve as important models for biologists exploring questions related to ecology and evolutionary biology. However, for such a charismatic insect group, the higher-level phylogenetic relationships among its superfamilies are still poorly resolved. Compared to earlier phylogenomic studies, we increased taxon sampling among Lepidoptera (37 superfamilies and 68 families containing 263 taxa) and acquired a series of large amino-acid datasets from 69,680 to 400,330 for phylogenomic reconstructions. Using these datasets, we explored the effect of different taxon sampling with significant increases in the number of included genes on tree topology by considering a series of systematic errors using maximum-likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) methods. Moreover, we also tested the effectiveness in topology robustness among the three ML-based models. The results showed that taxon sampling is an important determinant in tree robustness of accurate lepidopteran phylogenetic estimation. Long-branch attraction (LBA) caused by site-wise heterogeneity is a significant source of bias giving rise to unstable positions of ditrysian groups in phylogenomic reconstruction. Phylogenetic inference showed the most comprehensive framework to reveal the relationships among lepidopteran superfamilies, and presented some newly relationships with strong supports (Papilionoidea was sister to Gelechioidea and Immoidea was sister to Galacticoidea, respectively), but limited by taxon sampling, the relationships within the species-rich and relatively rapid radiation Ditrysia and especially Apoditrysia remain poorly resolved, which need to increase taxon sampling for further phylogenomic reconstruction. The present study demonstrates that taxon sampling is an important determinant for an accurate lepidopteran tree of life and provides some essential insights for future lepidopteran phylogenomic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Chen
- Yuelushan Laboratory, College of Plant Protection, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China; Tropical Biodiversity and Bioresource Utilization Laboratory, College of Science, Qiongtai Normal University, Haikou 571127, Hainan, China
| | - Min Deng
- Yuelushan Laboratory, College of Plant Protection, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China; Qiannan Polytechnic for Nationality, Duyun 558022, Guizhou, China
| | - Xuan Dai
- Yuelushan Laboratory, College of Plant Protection, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Research Center for Wild Animal and Plant Resource Protection and Utilization, Qiongtai Normal University, Haikou 571127, Hainan, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Yuelushan Laboratory, College of Plant Protection, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China; Tropical Biodiversity and Bioresource Utilization Laboratory, College of Science, Qiongtai Normal University, Haikou 571127, Hainan, China.
| | - Liu-Sheng Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, Guangdong, China.
| | - Guo-Hua Huang
- Yuelushan Laboratory, College of Plant Protection, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China.
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Fyon F, Berbel-Filho WM, Schlupp I, Wild G, Úbeda F. Why do hybrids turn down sex? Evolution 2023; 77:2186-2199. [PMID: 37459230 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpad129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Asexual reproduction is ancestral in prokaryotes; the switch to sexuality in eukaryotes is one of the major transitions in the history of life. The study of the maintenance of sex in eukaryotes has raised considerable interest for decades and is still one of evolutionary biology's most prominent question. The observation that many asexual species are of hybrid origin has led some to propose that asexuality in hybrids results from sexual processes being disturbed because of incompatibilities between the two parental species' genomes. However, in some cases, failure to produce asexual F1s in the lab may indicate that this mechanism is not the only road to asexuality in hybrid species. Here, we present a mathematical model and propose an alternative, adaptive route for the evolution of asexuality from previously sexual hybrids. Under some reproductive alterations, we show that asexuality can evolve to rescue hybrids' reproduction. Importantly, we highlight that when incompatibilities only affect the fusion of sperm and egg's genomes, the two traits that characterize asexuality, namely unreduced meiosis and the initiation of embryogenesis without the incorporation of the sperm's pronucleus, can evolve separately, greatly facilitating the overall evolutionary route. Taken together, our results provide an alternative, potentially complementary explanation for the link between asexuality and hybridization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Fyon
- Department of Biology, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ingo Schlupp
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - Geoff Wild
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Francisco Úbeda
- Department of Biology, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United Kingdom
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3
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Martynov AV, Korshunova TA. Renewed perspectives on the sedentary-pelagic last common bilaterian ancestor. CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1163/18759866-bja10034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Various evaluations of the last common bilaterian ancestor (lcba) currently suggest that it resembled either a microscopic, non-segmented motile adult; or, on the contrary, a complex segmented adult motile urbilaterian. These fundamental inconsistencies remain largely unexplained. A majority of multidisciplinary data regarding sedentary adult ancestral bilaterian organization is overlooked. The sedentary-pelagic model is supported now by a number of novel developmental, paleontological and molecular phylogenetic data: (1) data in support of sedentary sponges, in the adult stage, as sister to all other Metazoa; (2) a similarity of molecular developmental pathways in both adults and larvae across sedentary sponges, cnidarians, and bilaterians; (3) a cnidarian-bilaterian relationship, including a unique sharing of a bona fide Hox-gene cluster, of which the evolutionary appearance does not connect directly to a bilaterian motile organization; (4) the presence of sedentary and tube-dwelling representatives of the main bilaterian clades in the early Cambrian; (5) an absence of definite taxonomic attribution of Ediacaran taxa reconstructed as motile to any true bilaterian phyla; (6) a similarity of tube morphology (and the clear presence of a protoconch-like apical structure of the Ediacaran sedentary Cloudinidae) among shells of the early Cambrian, and later true bilaterians, such as semi-sedentary hyoliths and motile molluscs; (7) recent data that provide growing evidence for a complex urbilaterian, despite a continuous molecular phylogenetic controversy. The present review compares the main existing models and reconciles the sedentary model of an urbilaterian and the model of a larva-like lcba with a unified sedentary(adult)-pelagic(larva) model of the lcba.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V. Martynov
- Zoological Museum, Moscow State University, Bolshaya Nikitskaya Str. 6, 125009 Moscow, Russia,
| | - Tatiana A. Korshunova
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology RAS, 26 Vavilova Str., 119334 Moscow, Russia
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Khalturin K, Shunatova N, Shchenkov S, Sasakura Y, Kawamitsu M, Satoh N. Polyzoa is back: The effect of complete gene sets on the placement of Ectoprocta and Entoprocta. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo4400. [PMID: 35776797 PMCID: PMC10883361 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo4400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The phylogenomic approach has largely resolved metazoan phylogeny and improved our knowledge of animal evolution based on morphology, paleontology, and embryology. Nevertheless, the placement of two major lophotrochozoan phyla, Entoprocta (Kamptozoa) and Ectoprocta (Bryozoa), remains highly controversial: Originally considered as a single group named Polyzoa (Bryozoa), they were separated on the basis of morphology. So far, each new study of lophotrochozoan evolution has still consistently proposed different phylogenetic positions for these groups. Here, we reinvestigated the placement of Entoprocta and Ectoprocta using highly complete datasets with rigorous contamination removal. Our results from maximum likelihood, Bayesian, and coalescent analyses strongly support the topology in which Entoprocta and Bryozoa form a distinct clade, placed as a sister group to all other lophotrochozoan clades: Annelida, Mollusca, Brachiopoda, Phoronida, and Nemertea. Our study favors the evolutionary scenario where Entoprocta, Cycliophora, and Bryozoa constitute one of the earliest branches among Lophotrochozoa and thus supports the Polyzoa hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Khalturin
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Natalia Shunatova
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, St. Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sergei Shchenkov
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, St. Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Yasunori Sasakura
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shimoda, Shizuoka 415-0025, Japan
| | - Mayumi Kawamitsu
- DNA Sequencing Section, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Satoh
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
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Maria Costa-Paiva E, Mello B, Santos Bezerra B, Coates CJ, Halanych KM, Brown F, de Moraes Leme J, Trindade RIF. Molecular dating of the blood pigment hemocyanin provides new insight into the origin of animals. GEOBIOLOGY 2022; 20:333-345. [PMID: 34766436 DOI: 10.1111/gbi.12481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Neoproterozoic included changes in oceanic redox conditions, the configuration of continents and climate, extreme ice ages (Sturtian and Marinoan), and the rise of complex life forms. A much-debated topic in geobiology concerns the influence of atmospheric oxygenation on Earth and the origin and diversification of animal lineages, with the most widely popularized hypotheses relying on causal links between oxygen levels and the rise of animals. The vast majority of extant animals use aerobic metabolism for growth and homeostasis; hence, the binding and transportation of oxygen represent a vital physiological task. Considering the blood pigment hemocyanin (Hc) is present in sponges and ctenophores, and likely to be present in the common ancestor of animals, we investigated the evolution and date of Hc emergence using bioinformatics approaches on both transcriptomic and genomic data. Bayesian molecular dating suggested that the ancestral animal Hc gene arose approximately 881 Ma during the Tonian Period (1000-720 Ma), prior to the extreme glaciation events of the Cryogenian Period (720-635 Ma). This result is corroborated by a recently discovered fossil of a putative sponge ~890 Ma and modern molecular dating for the origin of metazoans of ~1,000-650 Ma (but does contradict previous inferences regarding the origin of Hc ~700-600 Ma). Our data reveal that crown-group animals already possessed hemocyanin-like blood pigments, which may have enhanced the oxygen-carrying capacity of these animals in hypoxic environments at that time or acted in the transport of hormones, detoxification of heavy metals, and immunity pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Maria Costa-Paiva
- Zoology Department, Institute of Biosciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Geophysics and Atmospheric Sciences, Institute of Astronomy, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Mello
- Genetics Department, Biology Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruno Santos Bezerra
- Zoology Department, Institute of Biosciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christopher J Coates
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Kenneth M Halanych
- Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, USA
| | - Federico Brown
- Zoology Department, Institute of Biosciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo I F Trindade
- Geophysics and Atmospheric Sciences, Institute of Astronomy, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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6
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Phylotranscriptomic and Evolutionary Analyses of Oedogoniales (Chlorophyceae, Chlorophyta). DIVERSITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/d14030157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study determined the transcriptomes of eight Oedogoniales species, including six species from Oedogonium and two species from Oedocladium to conduct phylotranscriptomic and evolutionary analyses. 155,952 gene families and 192 single-copy orthogroups were detected. Phylotranscriptomic analyses based on single-copy orthogroups were conducted using supermatrix and coalescent-based approaches. The phylotranscriptomic analysis results revealed that Oedogonium is polyphyletic, and Oedocladium clustered with Oedogonium. Together with the transcriptomes of the OCC clade in the public database, the phylogenetic relationship of the three orders (Oedogoniales, Chaetophorales, Chaetopeltidales) is discussed. The non-synonymous (dN) to synonymous substitution (dS) ratios of single-copy orthogroups of the terrestrial Oedogoniales species using a branch model of phylogenetic analysis by maximum likelihood were estimated, which showed that 92 single-copy orthogroups were putative rapidly evolving genes. Gene Ontology enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analyses results revealed that some of the rapidly evolving genes were associated with photosynthesis, implying that terrestrial Oedogoniales species experienced rapid evolution to adapt to terrestrial habitats. The phylogenetic results combined with evolutionary analyses suggest that the terrestrialization process of Oedogoniales may have occured more than once.
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Novel Approach Combining Transcriptional and Evolutionary Signatures to Identify New Multiciliation Genes. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12091452. [PMID: 34573434 PMCID: PMC8470418 DOI: 10.3390/genes12091452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiciliogenesis is a complex process that allows the generation of hundreds of motile cilia on the surface of specialized cells, to create fluid flow across epithelial surfaces. Dysfunction of human multiciliated cells is associated with diseases of the brain, airway and reproductive tracts. Despite recent efforts to characterize the transcriptional events responsible for the differentiation of multiciliated cells, a lot of actors remain to be identified. In this work, we capitalize on the ever-growing quantity of high-throughput data to search for new candidate genes involved in multiciliation. After performing a large-scale screening using 10 transcriptomics datasets dedicated to multiciliation, we established a specific evolutionary signature involving Otomorpha fish to use as a criterion to select the most likely targets. Combining both approaches highlighted a list of 114 potential multiciliated candidates. We characterized these genes first by generating protein interaction networks, which showed various clusters of ciliated and multiciliated genes, and then by computing phylogenetic profiles. In the end, we selected 11 poorly characterized genes that seem like particularly promising multiciliated candidates. By combining functional and comparative genomics methods, we developed a novel type of approach to study biological processes and identify new promising candidates linked to that process.
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8
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Evolution of a key enzyme of aerobic metabolism reveals Proterozoic functional subunit duplication events and an ancient origin of animals. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15744. [PMID: 34344935 PMCID: PMC8333347 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95094-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The biological toolkits for aerobic respiration were critical for the rise and diversification of early animals. Aerobic life forms generate ATP through the oxidation of organic molecules in a process known as Krebs' Cycle, where the enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) regulates the cycle's turnover rate. Evolutionary reconstructions and molecular dating of proteins related to oxidative metabolism, such as IDH, can therefore provide an estimate of when the diversification of major taxa occurred, and their coevolution with the oxidative state of oceans and atmosphere. To establish the evolutionary history and divergence time of NAD-dependent IDH, we examined transcriptomic data from 195 eukaryotes (mostly animals). We demonstrate that two duplication events occurred in the evolutionary history of NAD-IDH, one in the ancestor of eukaryotes approximately at 1967 Ma, and another at 1629 Ma, both in the Paleoproterozoic Era. Moreover, NAD-IDH regulatory subunits β and γ are exclusive to metazoans, arising in the Mesoproterozoic. Our results therefore support the concept of an ''earlier-than-Tonian'' diversification of eukaryotes and the pre-Cryogenian emergence of a metazoan IDH enzyme.
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9
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Paps J. Evolution: How Animals Come of Age. Curr Biol 2021; 31:R30-R32. [PMID: 33434485 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.10.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Animals display a diversity of life cycles, including larvae in some lineages but not in others. A new study reveals a shared genetic toolkit in many animals that regulates the transition to the juvenile form, from an embryo or a larva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Paps
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK.
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10
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Bininda-Emonds ORP. 18S rRNA variability maps reveal three highly divergent, conserved motifs within Rotifera. BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:118. [PMID: 34112085 PMCID: PMC8194223 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01845-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 18S rRNA is a major component of the small subunit of the eukaryotic ribosome and an important phylogenetic marker for many groups, often to the point of being the only marker available for some. A core structure across eukaryotes exists for this molecule that can help to inform about its evolution in different groups. Using an alignment of 18S rDNA for Rotifera as traditionally recognized (=Bdelloidea, Monogononta, and Seisonacea, but not Acanthocephala), I fitted sequences for three exemplar species (Adineta vaga, Brachionus plicatilis, and Seison nebaliae, respectively) to the core structure and used these maps to reveal patterns of evolution for the remainder of this diverse group of microscopic animals. RESULTS The obtained variability maps of the 18S rRNA molecule revealed a pattern of high diversity among the three major rotifer clades coupled with strong conservation within each of bdelloids and monogononts. A majority of individual sites (ca. 60%) were constant even across rotifers as a whole with variable sites showing only intermediate rates of evolution. Although the three structural maps each showed good agreement with the inferred core structure for eukaryotic 18S rRNA and so were highly similar to one another at the secondary and tertiary levels, the overall pattern is of three highly distinct, but conserved motifs within the group at the primary sequence level. A novel finding was that of a variably expressed deletion at the 3' end of the V3 hypervariable region among some bdelloid species that occasionally extended into and included the pseudoknot structure following this region as well as the central "square" of the 18S rRNA molecule. Compared to other groups, levels of variation and rates of evolution for 18S rRNA in Rotifera roughly matched those for Gastropoda and Acanthocephala, despite increasing evidence for the latter being a clade within Rotifera. CONCLUSIONS The lack of comparative data for comparable groups makes interpretation of the results (i.e., very low variation within each of the three major rotifer clades, but high variation between them) and their potential novelty difficult. However, these findings in combination with the high morphological diversity within rotifers potentially help to explain why no clear consensus has been reached to date with regard to the phylogenetic relationships among the major groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf R P Bininda-Emonds
- AG Systematics and Evolutionary Biology, IBU-Faculty V, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky Strasse 9-11, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany.
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von Döhren J. Diversity in the Development of the Neuromuscular System of Nemertean Larvae (Nemertea, Spiralia). Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.654846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In studies on the development of nervous systems and musculature, fluorescent labeling of neuroactive substances and filamentous actin (f-actin) of muscle cells and the subsequent analysis with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), has led to a broad comparative data set for the majority of the clades of the superphylum Spiralia. However, a number of clades remain understudied, which results in gaps in our knowledge that drastically hamper the formulation of broad-scale hypotheses on the evolutionary developmental biology (EvoDevo) of the structures in question. Regarding comparative data on the development of the peptidergic nervous system and the musculature of species belonging to the spiralian clade Nemertea (ribbon worms), such considerable knowledge gaps are manifest. This paper presents first findings on fluorescent labeling of the FMRFamide-like component of the nervous system and contributes additional data on the muscle development in the presently still underrepresented larvae of palaeo- and hoplonemertean species. Whereas the architecture of the FMRFamide-like nervous system is comparably uniform between the studied representatives, the formation of the musculature differs considerably, exhibiting developmental modes yet undescribed for any spiralian species. The presented results fill a significant gap in the spiralian EvoDevo data set and thus allow for further elaboration of hypotheses on the ancestral pattern of the musculature and a prominent component of the nervous system in Nemertea. However, with respect to the variety observed, it is expected that the true diversity of the developmental pathways is still to be discovered when more detailed data on other nemertean species will be available.
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Congrains C, Zucchi RA, de Brito RA. Phylogenomic approach reveals strong signatures of introgression in the rapid diversification of neotropical true fruit flies (Anastrepha: Tephritidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2021; 162:107200. [PMID: 33984467 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
New sequencing techniques have allowed us to explore the variation on thousands of genes and elucidate evolutionary relationships of lineages even in complex scenarios, such as when there is rapid diversification. That seems to be the case of species in the genus Anastrepha, which shows great species diversity that has been divided into 21 species groups, several of which show wide geographical distribution. The fraterculus group has several economically important species and it is also an outstanding model for speciation studies, since it includes several lineages that have diverged recently possibly in the presence of interspecific gene flow. Our main goal is to test whether we can infer phylogenetic relationships of recently diverged taxa with gene flow, such as what is expected for the fraterculus group and determine whether certain genes remain informative even in this complex scenario. An analysis of thousands of orthologous genes derived from transcriptome datasets of 10 different lineages across the genus, including some of the economically most important pests, revealed signals of incomplete lineage sorting, vestiges of ancestral introgression between more distant lineages and ongoing gene flow between closely related lineages. Though these patterns affect the phylogenetic signal, the phylogenomic inferences consistently show that the morphologically identified species here investigated are in different evolutionary lineages, with the sole exception involving Brazilian lineages of A. fraterculus, which has been suggested to be a complex assembly of cryptic species. A tree space analysis suggested that genes with greater phylogenetic resolution have evolved under similar selection pressures and are more resilient to intraspecific gene flow, which would make it more likely that these genomic regions may be useful for identifying fraterculus group lineages. Our findings help establish relationships among the most important Anastrepha species groups, as well as bring further data to indicate that the diversification of fraterculus group lineages, and even other lineages in the genus Anastrepha, has been strongly influenced by interspecific gene flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Congrains
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Roberto A Zucchi
- Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" - ESALQ, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Reinaldo A de Brito
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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Ros-Rocher N, Pérez-Posada A, Leger MM, Ruiz-Trillo I. The origin of animals: an ancestral reconstruction of the unicellular-to-multicellular transition. Open Biol 2021; 11:200359. [PMID: 33622103 PMCID: PMC8061703 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.200359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
How animals evolved from a single-celled ancestor, transitioning from a unicellular lifestyle to a coordinated multicellular entity, remains a fascinating question. Key events in this transition involved the emergence of processes related to cell adhesion, cell–cell communication and gene regulation. To understand how these capacities evolved, we need to reconstruct the features of both the last common multicellular ancestor of animals and the last unicellular ancestor of animals. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the characterization of these ancestors, inferred by comparative genomic analyses between the earliest branching animals and those radiating later, and between animals and their closest unicellular relatives. We also provide an updated hypothesis regarding the transition to animal multicellularity, which was likely gradual and involved the use of gene regulatory mechanisms in the emergence of early developmental and morphogenetic plans. Finally, we discuss some new avenues of research that will complement these studies in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Ros-Rocher
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Alberto Pérez-Posada
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide), Carretera de Utrera Km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Andalusia, Spain
| | - Michelle M Leger
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Iñaki Ruiz-Trillo
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Abstract
In this review, we consider transformations of axial symmetry in metazoan evolution and development, the genetic basis, and phenotypic expressions of different axial body plans. In addition to the main symmetry types in metazoan body plans, such as rotation (radial symmetry), reflection (mirror and glide reflection symmetry), and translation (metamerism), many biological objects show scale (fractal) symmetry as well as some symmetry-type combinations. Some genetic mechanisms of axial pattern establishment, creating a coordinate system of a metazoan body plan, bilaterian segmentation, and left–right symmetry/asymmetry, are analysed. Data on the crucial contribution of coupled functions of the Wnt, BMP, Notch, and Hedgehog signaling pathways (all pathways are designated according to the abbreviated or full names of genes or their protein products; for details, see below) and the axial Hox-code in the formation and maintenance of metazoan body plans are necessary for an understanding of the evolutionary diversification and phenotypic expression of various types of axial symmetry. The lost body plans of some extinct Ediacaran and early Cambrian metazoans are also considered in comparison with axial body plans and posterior growth in living animals.
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15
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Guijarro-Clarke C, Holland PWH, Paps J. Widespread patterns of gene loss in the evolution of the animal kingdom. Nat Ecol Evol 2020; 4:519-523. [PMID: 32094540 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-020-1129-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The animal kingdom shows an astonishing diversity, the product of over 550 million years of animal evolution. The current wealth of genome sequence data offers an opportunity to better understand the genomic basis of this diversity. Here we analyse a sampling of 102 whole genomes including >2.6 million protein sequences. We infer major genomic patterns associated with the variety of animal forms from the superphylum to phylum level. We show that a remarkable amount of gene loss occurred during the evolution of two major groups of bilaterian animals, Ecdysozoa and Deuterostomia, and further loss in several deuterostome lineages. Deuterostomes and protostomes also show large genome novelties. At the phylum level, flatworms, nematodes and tardigrades show the largest reduction of gene complement, alongside gene novelty. These findings paint a picture of evolution in the animal kingdom in which reductive evolution at the protein-coding level played a major role in shaping genome composition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jordi Paps
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK. .,Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. .,School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
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16
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Flores JR, Suárez GM, Hyvönen J. Reassessing the role of morphology in bryophyte phylogenetics: Combined data improves phylogenetic inference despite character conflict. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2019; 143:106662. [PMID: 31676419 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.106662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Morphological data has gained renewed attention and has been shown to be crucial in clarifying the phylogenetic relationship in a wide range of taxa. In the last decades, phylogenetic analyses of sequence-level data have radically modified the systematic schemes within bryophytes (early non-vascular land plants) and have revealed a widespread pattern of conflict with morphology-based classifications. Yet, a comprehensive evaluation of character conflict has not yet been performed in the context of combined matrices. In this study, we evaluate the impact of morphology on bryophyte phylogeny following a total-evidence approach across 10 published matrices. The analysed matrices span a wide range of bryophytes, taxonomic levels, gene sampling and number of morphological characters and taxa. Data conflict was addressed by measuring: (i) the topological congruence between individual partitions, (ii) changes in support values of the combined data relative to the molecular partition and (iii) clade stability. The association between these measures and the number of morphological characters per taxon (Nc/T ratio) and the proportion of non-fixed characters (i.e., inapplicable, polymorphic and missing data) was explored. In the individual partition analyses, the Nc/T ratio correlated positively with the topological congruence in six to seven datasets depending on the weighting scheme. The proportion of non-fixed cells had a minor influence on congruence between data partitions. The number of characters and proportion of non-fixed data varied significantly between morphological datasets that improved congruence between data types. This variation suggests that morphological datasets affect the results of combined analyses in different ways, depending on the taxa studied. Combined analyses revealed that, despite the low congruence values between partitions, integrating data types improves support values and stability. However, while non-fixed data had no negative effect on support values, stability was reduced as the proportion of non-fixed cells increased. Nc/T ratio was negatively associated with support values and it showed ambiguous responses in stability evaluations. Overall, the results indicate that adding morphology may contribute to the inference of phylogenetic relationships of bryophytes despite character conflict. Our findings suggest that merely comparing (a) morphology-based classifications with molecular phylogenies or (b) the outcome from individual data partitions can misestimate data conflict. These findings imply that analyses of combined data may provide conservative assessments of data conflict and, eventually, lead to an improved sampling of morphological characters in large-scale analyses of bryophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge R Flores
- Finnish Museum of Natural History (Botany), University of Helsinki, PO Box 7, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Guillermo M Suárez
- Unidad Ejecutora Lillo (CONICET-FML), Miguel Lillo 251, 4000 San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo - Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Miguel Lillo 205, 4000 San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Jaakko Hyvönen
- Finnish Museum of Natural History (Botany), University of Helsinki, PO Box 7, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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17
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Ueki T, Arimoto A, Tagawa K, Satoh N. Xenacoelomorph-Specific Hox Peptides: Insights into the Phylogeny of Acoels, Nemertodermatids, and Xenoturbellids. Zoolog Sci 2019; 36:395-401. [DOI: 10.2108/zs190045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Ueki
- Program of Basic Biology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Asuka Arimoto
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Kuni Tagawa
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Onomichi, Hiroshima 722-0073, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Satoh
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
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18
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Gilbert PUPA, Porter SM, Sun CY, Xiao S, Gibson BM, Shenkar N, Knoll AH. Biomineralization by particle attachment in early animals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:17659-17665. [PMID: 31427519 PMCID: PMC6731633 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1902273116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Crystallization by particle attachment (CPA) of amorphous precursors has been demonstrated in modern biomineralized skeletons across a broad phylogenetic range of animals. Precisely the same precursors, hydrated (ACC-H2O) and anhydrous calcium carbonate (ACC), have been observed spectromicroscopically in echinoderms, mollusks, and cnidarians, phyla drawn from the 3 major clades of eumetazoans. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) here also shows evidence of CPA in tunicate chordates. This is surprising, as species in these clades have no common ancestor that formed a mineralized skeleton and appear to have evolved carbonate biomineralization independently millions of years after their late Neoproterozoic divergence. Here we correlate the occurrence of CPA from ACC precursor particles with nanoparticulate fabric and then use the latter to investigate the antiquity of the former. SEM images of early biominerals from Ediacaran and Cambrian shelly fossils show that these early calcifiers used attachment of ACC particles to form their biominerals. The convergent evolution of biomineral CPA may have been dictated by the same thermodynamics and kinetics as we observe today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pupa U P A Gilbert
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706;
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706
- Department of Geoscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706
| | - Susannah M Porter
- Department of Earth Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106
| | - Chang-Yu Sun
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706
| | - Shuhai Xiao
- Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Brandt M Gibson
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
| | - Noa Shenkar
- School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Science, Tel-Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Steinhardt Museum of Natural History, National Research Center for Biodiversity Studies, Tel-Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Andrew H Knoll
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 20138
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19
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Siu-Ting K, Torres-Sánchez M, San Mauro D, Wilcockson D, Wilkinson M, Pisani D, O'Connell MJ, Creevey CJ. Inadvertent Paralog Inclusion Drives Artifactual Topologies and Timetree Estimates in Phylogenomics. Mol Biol Evol 2019; 36:1344-1356. [PMID: 30903171 PMCID: PMC6526904 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msz067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasingly, large phylogenomic data sets include transcriptomic data from nonmodel organisms. This not only has allowed controversial and unexplored evolutionary relationships in the tree of life to be addressed but also increases the risk of inadvertent inclusion of paralogs in the analysis. Although this may be expected to result in decreased phylogenetic support, it is not clear if it could also drive highly supported artifactual relationships. Many groups, including the hyperdiverse Lissamphibia, are especially susceptible to these issues due to ancient gene duplication events and small numbers of sequenced genomes and because transcriptomes are increasingly applied to resolve historically conflicting taxonomic hypotheses. We tested the potential impact of paralog inclusion on the topologies and timetree estimates of the Lissamphibia using published and de novo sequencing data including 18 amphibian species, from which 2,656 single-copy gene families were identified. A novel paralog filtering approach resulted in four differently curated data sets, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions using Bayesian inference, maximum likelihood, and quartet-based supertrees. We found that paralogs drive strongly supported conflicting hypotheses within the Lissamphibia (Batrachia and Procera) and older divergence time estimates even within groups where no variation in topology was observed. All investigated methods, except Bayesian inference with the CAT-GTR model, were found to be sensitive to paralogs, but with filtering convergence to the same answer (Batrachia) was observed. This is the first large-scale study to address the impact of orthology selection using transcriptomic data and emphasizes the importance of quality over quantity particularly for understanding relationships of poorly sampled taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Siu-Ting
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom.,School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland.,Dpto. de Herpetología, Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú
| | - María Torres-Sánchez
- Department of Biodiversity, Ecology, and Evolution, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Neuroscience, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center and Ambystoma Genetic Stock Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Diego San Mauro
- Department of Biodiversity, Ecology, and Evolution, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Wilcockson
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Wilkinson
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Davide Pisani
- Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Mary J O'Connell
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.,School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J Creevey
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
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20
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Laumer CE, Fernández R, Lemer S, Combosch D, Kocot KM, Riesgo A, Andrade SCS, Sterrer W, Sørensen MV, Giribet G. Revisiting metazoan phylogeny with genomic sampling of all phyla. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20190831. [PMID: 31288696 PMCID: PMC6650721 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.0831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper biological interpretation of a phylogeny can sometimes hinge on the placement of key taxa-or fail when such key taxa are not sampled. In this light, we here present the first attempt to investigate (though not conclusively resolve) animal relationships using genome-scale data from all phyla. Results from the site-heterogeneous CAT + GTR model recapitulate many established major clades, and strongly confirm some recent discoveries, such as a monophyletic Lophophorata, and a sister group relationship between Gnathifera and Chaetognatha, raising continued questions on the nature of the spiralian ancestor. We also explore matrix construction with an eye towards testing specific relationships; this approach uniquely recovers support for Panarthropoda, and shows that Lophotrochozoa (a subclade of Spiralia) can be constructed in strongly conflicting ways using different taxon- and/or orthologue sets. Dayhoff-6 recoding sacrifices information, but can also reveal surprising outcomes, e.g. full support for a clade of Lophophorata and Entoprocta + Cycliophora, a clade of Placozoa + Cnidaria, and raising support for Ctenophora as sister group to the remaining Metazoa, in a manner dependent on the gene and/or taxon sampling of the matrix in question. Future work should test the hypothesis that the few remaining uncertainties in animal phylogeny might reflect violations of the various stationarity assumptions used in contemporary inference methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E. Laumer
- Museum of Comparative Zoology (MCZ) and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Rosa Fernández
- Museum of Comparative Zoology (MCZ) and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Bioinformatics & Genomics Unit, Center for Genomic Regulation, Carrer del Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona (Spain)
| | - Sarah Lemer
- Museum of Comparative Zoology (MCZ) and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Marine Laboratory, University of Guam, UOG Station, Mangilao, Guam 96923, USA
| | - David Combosch
- Museum of Comparative Zoology (MCZ) and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Marine Laboratory, University of Guam, UOG Station, Mangilao, Guam 96923, USA
| | - Kevin M. Kocot
- Department of Biological Sciences and Alabama Museum of Natural History, The University of Alabama, Campus Box 870344, Tuscaoosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Ana Riesgo
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum of London, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Sónia C. S. Andrade
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, IB, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508090 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Wolfgang Sterrer
- Bermuda Natural History Museum, PO Box FL 145, Flatts, FLBX, Bermuda
| | - Martin V. Sørensen
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gonzalo Giribet
- Museum of Comparative Zoology (MCZ) and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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21
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Effects of missing data and data type on phylotranscriptomic analysis of stony corals (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Scleractinia). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2019; 134:12-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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22
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Chernyshev AV, Kajihara H. Comparative muscular morphology in Archinemertea (Nemertea: Palaeonemertea). ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00435-019-00440-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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23
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Troudet J, Vignes-Lebbe R, Grandcolas P, Legendre F. The Increasing Disconnection of Primary Biodiversity Data from Specimens: How Does It Happen and How to Handle It? Syst Biol 2018; 67:1110-1119. [PMID: 29893962 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syy044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary biodiversity data represent the fundamental elements of any study in systematics and evolution. They are, however, no longer gathered as they used to be and the mass-production of observation-based (OB) occurrences is overthrowing the collection of specimen-based (SB) occurrences. Although this change in practice is a major upheaval with significant consequences in the study of biodiversity, it remains understudied and has not attracted yet the attention it deserves. Analyzing 536 million occurrences from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) mediated data, we show that this spectacular change affects the 24 eukaryote taxonomic classes we targeted: from 1970 to 2016 the proportion of occurrences marked as traceable to tangible material (i.e., SB occurrences) fell from 68% to 18%; moreover, most of those specimen based-occurrences cannot be readily traced back to a specimen because the necessary information is missing. Ethical, practical or legal reasons responsible for this shift are known, and this situation appears unlikely to be reversed. Still, we urge scholars to acknowledge this dramatic change, embrace it and actively deal with it. Specifically, we emphasize why SB occurrences must be gathered, as a warrant to allow both repeating evolutionary studies and conducting rich and diverse investigations. When impossible to secure, voucher specimens must be replaced with OB occurrences combined with ancillary data (e.g., pictures, recordings, samples, DNA sequences). Ancillary data are instrumental for the usefulness of biodiversity occurrences and we show that, despite improving technologies to collate them, they remain rarely shared. The consequences of such a change are not yet clear but we advocate collecting material evidence or ancillary data to ensure that primary biodiversity data collected lately do not partly become obsolete when doubtful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Troudet
- Institut Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, 57 rue Cuvier, CP50, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Régine Vignes-Lebbe
- Institut Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, 57 rue Cuvier, CP50, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Grandcolas
- Institut Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, 57 rue Cuvier, CP50, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Legendre
- Institut Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, 57 rue Cuvier, CP50, 75005 Paris, France
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24
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Abstract
The dynamics of how metazoan phyla appeared and evolved – known as the Cambrian Explosion – remains elusive. We present a quantitative analysis of the temporal distribution (based on occurrence data of fossil species sampled in each time interval) of lophotrochozoan skeletal species (n = 430) from the terminal Ediacaran to Cambrian Stage 5 (~545 – ~505 Million years ago (Ma)) of the Siberian Platform, Russia. We use morphological traits to distinguish between stem and crown groups. Possible skeletal stem group lophophorates, brachiopods, and molluscs (n = 354) appear in the terminal Ediacaran (~542 Ma) and diversify during the early Cambrian Terreneuvian and again in Stage 2, but were devastated during the early Cambrian Stage 4 Sinsk extinction event (~513 Ma) never to recover previous diversity. Inferred crown group brachiopod and mollusc species (n = 76) do not appear until the Fortunian, ~537 Ma, radiate in the early Cambrian Stage 3 (~522 Ma), and with minimal loss of diversity at the Sinsk Event, continued to diversify into the Ordovician. The Sinsk Event also removed other probable stem groups, such as archaeocyath sponges. Notably, this diversification starts before, and extends across the Ediacaran/Cambrian boundary and the Basal Cambrian Carbon Isotope Excursion (BACE) interval (~541 to ~540 Ma), ascribed to a possible global perturbation of the carbon cycle. We therefore propose two phases of the Cambrian Explosion separated by the Sinsk extinction event, the first dominated by stem groups of phyla from the late Ediacaran, ~542 Ma, to early Cambrian stage 4, ~513 Ma, and the second marked by radiating bilaterian crown group species of phyla from ~513 Ma and extending to the Ordovician Radiation.
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25
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Guil N, Jørgensen A, Kristensen R. An upgraded comprehensive multilocus phylogeny of the Tardigrada tree of life. ZOOL SCR 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Guil
- Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN‐CSIC) Madrid Spain
| | - Aslak Jørgensen
- Department of Biology University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Reinhardt Kristensen
- Zoological Museum, Natural History Museum of Denmark University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
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26
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Waldron FM, Stone GN, Obbard DJ. Metagenomic sequencing suggests a diversity of RNA interference-like responses to viruses across multicellular eukaryotes. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007533. [PMID: 30059538 PMCID: PMC6085071 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi)-related pathways target viruses and transposable element (TE) transcripts in plants, fungi, and ecdysozoans (nematodes and arthropods), giving protection against infection and transmission. In each case, this produces abundant TE and virus-derived 20-30nt small RNAs, which provide a characteristic signature of RNAi-mediated defence. The broad phylogenetic distribution of the Argonaute and Dicer-family genes that mediate these pathways suggests that defensive RNAi is ancient, and probably shared by most animal (metazoan) phyla. Indeed, while vertebrates had been thought an exception, it has recently been argued that mammals also possess an antiviral RNAi pathway, although its immunological relevance is currently uncertain and the viral small RNAs (viRNAs) are not easily detectable. Here we use a metagenomic approach to test for the presence of viRNAs in five species from divergent animal phyla (Porifera, Cnidaria, Echinodermata, Mollusca, and Annelida), and in a brown alga-which represents an independent origin of multicellularity from plants, fungi, and animals. We use metagenomic RNA sequencing to identify around 80 virus-like contigs in these lineages, and small RNA sequencing to identify viRNAs derived from those viruses. We identified 21U small RNAs derived from an RNA virus in the brown alga, reminiscent of plant and fungal viRNAs, despite the deep divergence between these lineages. However, contrary to our expectations, we were unable to identify canonical (i.e. Drosophila- or nematode-like) viRNAs in any of the animals, despite the widespread presence of abundant micro-RNAs, and somatic transposon-derived piwi-interacting RNAs. We did identify a distinctive group of small RNAs derived from RNA viruses in the mollusc. However, unlike ecdysozoan viRNAs, these had a piRNA-like length distribution but lacked key signatures of piRNA biogenesis. We also identified primary piRNAs derived from putatively endogenous copies of DNA viruses in the cnidarian and the echinoderm, and an endogenous RNA virus in the mollusc. The absence of canonical virus-derived small RNAs from our samples may suggest that the majority of animal phyla lack an antiviral RNAi response. Alternatively, these phyla could possess an antiviral RNAi response resembling that reported for vertebrates, with cryptic viRNAs not detectable through simple metagenomic sequencing of wild-type individuals. In either case, our findings show that the antiviral RNAi responses of arthropods and nematodes, which are highly divergent from each other and from that of plants and fungi, are also highly diverged from the most likely ancestral metazoan state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fergal M. Waldron
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Graham N. Stone
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Darren J. Obbard
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Immunity Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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27
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Giribet G, Edgecombe GD. Current Understanding of Ecdysozoa and its Internal Phylogenetic Relationships. Integr Comp Biol 2017; 57:455-466. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icx072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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28
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Enigmatic Gnathostomulida (Gnathifera, Spiralia): about monociliated pharyngeal receptors and the pharyngeal nervous system. ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00435-017-0369-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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29
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Lu TM, Kanda M, Satoh N, Furuya H. The phylogenetic position of dicyemid mesozoans offers insights into spiralian evolution. ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2017; 3:6. [PMID: 28560048 PMCID: PMC5447306 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-017-0068-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obtaining phylogenomic data for enigmatic taxa is essential to achieve a better understanding of animal evolution. Dicyemids have long fascinated biologists because of their highly simplified body organization, but their life-cycles remain poorly known. Based on the discovery of the dicyemid DoxC gene, which encodes a spiralian peptide, it has been proposed that dicyemids are members of the Spiralia. Other studies have suggested that dicyemids may have closer affinities to mollusks and annelids. However, the phylogenetic position of dicyemids has remained a matter of debate, leading to an ambiguous picture of spiralian evolution. RESULTS In the present study, newly sequenced transcriptomic data from Dicyema japonicum were complemented with published transcriptomic data or predicted gene models from 29 spiralian, ecdysozoan, and deuterostome species, generating a dataset (Dataset 1) for phylogenomic analyses, which contains 348 orthologs and 58,124 amino acids. In addition to this dataset, to eliminate systematic errors, two additional sub-datasets were created by removing compositionally heterogeneous or rapidly evolving sites and orthologs from Dataset 1, which may cause compositional heterogeneity and long-branch attraction artifacts. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses both placed Dicyema japonicum (Dicyemida) in a clade with Intoshia linei (Orthonectida) with strong statistical support. Furthermore, maximum likelihood analyses placed the Dicyemida + Orthonectida clade within the Gastrotricha, while in Bayesian inference analyses, this clade is sister group to the clade of Gastrotricha + Platyhelminthes. CONCLUSIONS Whichever the case, in all analyses, Dicyemida, Orthonectida, Gastrotricha, and Platyhelminthes constitute a monophyletic group that is a sister group to the clade of Mollusca + Annelida. Based on present phylogenomic analyses, dicyemids display close affinity to orthonectids, and they may share a common ancestor with gastrotrichs and platyhelminths, rather than with mollusks and annelids. Regarding spiralian phylogeny, the Gnathifera forms the sister group to the Rouphozoa and Lophotrochozoa, as has been suggested by previous studies; thus our analysis supports the traditional acoeloid-planuloid hypothesis of a nearly microscopic, non-coelomate common ancestor of spiralians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsai-Ming Lu
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495 Japan
| | - Miyuki Kanda
- DNA Sequencing Section, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495 Japan
| | - Noriyuki Satoh
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495 Japan
| | - Hidetaka Furuya
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043 Japan
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Cannon JT, Kocot KM. Phylogenomics Using Transcriptome Data. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1452:65-80. [PMID: 27460370 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3774-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This chapter presents a generalized protocol for conducting phylogenetic analyses using large-scale molecular datasets, specifically using transcriptome data from the Illumina sequencing platform. The general molecular lab bench protocol consists of RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis, and sequencing, in this case via Illumina. After sequences have been obtained, bioinformatics methods are used to assemble raw reads, identify coding regions, and categorize sequences from different species into groups of orthologous genes (OGs). The specific OGs to be used for phylogenetic inference are selected using a custom shell script. Finally, the selected orthologous groups are concatenated into a supermatrix. Generalized methods for phylogenomic inference using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference software are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Taylor Cannon
- Department of Zoology, Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, 50007, SE-104 05, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Kevin Michael Kocot
- Department of Biological Sciences and Alabama Museum of Natural History, The University of Alabama, 307 Mary Harmon Bryant Hall, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
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