Molecular and morphological recognition of species boundaries in the neglected ant genus Brachymyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): toward a taxonomic revision

Physical chromosomal mapping of major ribosomal genes in 15 ant species with a review of hypotheses regarding evolution of the number and position of NORs in ants

Recently, hypotheses regarding the evolutionary patterns of ribosomal genes in ant chromosomes have been under discussion. One of these hypotheses proposes a relationship between chromosomal location and the number of rDNA sites, suggesting that terminal locations facilitate the dispersion of rDNA clusters through ectopic recombination during meiosis, while intrachromosomal locations restrict them to a single chromosome pair. Another hypothesis suggests that the multiplication of rDNA sites could be associated with an increase in the chromosome number in Hymenoptera due to chromosomal fissions. In this study, we physically mapped rDNA sites in 15 new ant species and also reviewed data on rDNA available since the revision by Teixeira et al. (2021a). Our objectives were to investigate whether the new data confirm the relationship between chromosomal location and the number of rDNA sites, and whether the increase in the chromosome number is significant in the dispersion of rDNA clusters in ant karyotypes. Combining our new data with all information on ant cytogenetics published after 2021, 40 new species and nine new genera were assembled. Most species exhibited intrachromosomal rDNA sites on a single chromosome pair, while three species showed these genes in terminal regions of multiple chromosome pairs. On one hand, the hypothesis that the chromosomal location of rDNA clusters may facilitate the dispersion of rDNA sites in the ant genome, as previously discussed, was strengthened, but, on the other hand, the hypothesis of chromosomal fission as the main mechanism for dispersion of ribosomal genes in ants is likely to be refuted. Furthermore, in certain genera, the location of rDNA sites remained similar among the species studied, whereas in others, the distribution of these genes showed significant variation between species, suggesting a more dynamic chromosomal evolution.

Morphometric tools to solve species complexes: The case of Rhagovelia angustipes (Hemiptera: Veliidae)

The riffle bugs of the Rhagovelia angustipes complex have presented problems in taxonomy due to high intra-specific variability. Here we identified variation in the complex with morphometric techniques. We analyzed variation of the characters and performed a phylogenetic analysis of a combined matrix of linear measurements, geometric configurations, and discrete characters. We found that characters such as head length, metanotum length, femur width, and the evaluated shape of four characters (head, abdomen, fore tibia, hind femur) were important for the delimitation of species. In particular, we identified the metanotum length as a character that had not been previously considered in the taxonomy of the complex. The phylogenetic reconstruction allowed us to recover some relationships established for the taxonomy of the complex for the salina group, except for the species R. colombiana that was closer to R. calceola and R. calopa. This may be due to a similar natural history, since they share areas of distribution, while the R. bisignata and R. hambletoni groups could not be recovered, showing their low morphological support. In general, the geometric morphometric characters showed high levels of homology, with the head and the anterior tibia being the ones that had the best performance in the tree. Finally, the use of morphometric tools proved to be a powerful input for the taxonomic resolution of species complexes that have problems in their delimitation.