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Shah A, Dabhade A, Bharadia H, Parekh PS, Yadav MR, Chorawala MR. Navigating the landscape of theranostics in nuclear medicine: current practice and future prospects. Z NATURFORSCH C 2024; 79:235-266. [PMID: 38807355 DOI: 10.1515/znc-2024-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Theranostics refers to the combination of diagnostic biomarkers with therapeutic agents that share a specific target expressed by diseased cells and tissues. Nuclear medicine is an exciting component explored for its applicability in theranostic concepts in clinical and research investigations. Nuclear theranostics is based on the employment of radioactive compounds delivering ionizing radiation to diagnose and manage certain diseases employing binding with specifically expressed targets. In the realm of personalized medicine, nuclear theranostics stands as a beacon of potential, potentially revolutionizing disease management. Studies exploring the theranostic profile of radioactive compounds have been presented in this review along with a detailed explanation of radioactive compounds and their theranostic applicability in several diseases. It furnishes insights into their applicability across diverse diseases, elucidating the intricate interplay between these compounds and disease pathologies. Light is shed on the important milestones of nuclear theranostics beginning with radioiodine therapy in thyroid carcinomas, MIBG labelled with iodine in neuroblastoma, and several others. Our perspectives have been put forth regarding the most important theranostic agents along with emerging trends and prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aayushi Shah
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Akshada Dabhade
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Hetvi Bharadia
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Priyajeet S Parekh
- AV Pharma LLC, 1545 University Blvd N Ste A, Jacksonville, FL, 32211, USA
| | - Mayur R Yadav
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administration, Western University of Health Science, 309 E Second St, Pomona, CA, 91766, USA
| | - Mehul R Chorawala
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India
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Vöö S, Mercadante V, Riaz S, Algodayan S, Scott C, Priftakis D, Shephard M, Bomanji J. Molecular radionuclide therapy-induced salivary gland toxicity: an unappreciated threat to patients' quality of life? Nucl Med Commun 2024; 45:547-549. [PMID: 38586985 DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0000000000001839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Vöö
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Radionuclide Therapy Unit, University College London Hospital, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (UCLH)
| | | | - Saima Riaz
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Radionuclide Therapy Unit, University College London Hospital, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (UCLH)
| | - Sarah Algodayan
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Radionuclide Therapy Unit, University College London Hospital, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (UCLH)
| | - Catherine Scott
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Radionuclide Therapy Unit, University College London Hospital, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (UCLH)
| | - Dimitris Priftakis
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Radionuclide Therapy Unit, University College London Hospital, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (UCLH)
| | | | - Jamshed Bomanji
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Radionuclide Therapy Unit, University College London Hospital, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (UCLH)
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Giovanella L, Tuncel M, Aghaee A, Campenni A, De Virgilio A, Petranović Ovčariček P. Theranostics of Thyroid Cancer. Semin Nucl Med 2024; 54:470-487. [PMID: 38503602 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2024.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Molecular imaging is pivotal in evaluating and managing patients with different thyroid cancer histotypes. The existing, pathology-based, risk stratification systems can be usefully refined, by incorporating tumor-specific molecular and molecular imaging biomarkers with theranostic value, allowing patient-specific treatment decisions. Molecular imaging with different radioactive iodine isotopes (ie, I131, I123, I124) is a central component of differentiated carcinoma (DTC)'s risk stratification while [18F]F-fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) PET/CT is interrogated about disease aggressiveness and presence of distant metastases. Moreover, it is particularly useful to assess and risk-stratify patients with radioiodine-refractory DTC, poorly differentiated, and anaplastic thyroid cancers. [18F]F-dihydroxyphenylalanine (6-[18F]FDOPA) PET/CT is the most specific and accurate molecular imaging procedure for patients with medullary thyroid cancer (MTC), a neuroendocrine tumor derived from thyroid C-cells. In addition, [18F]FDG PET/CT can be used in patients with more aggressive clinical or biochemical (ie, serum markers levels and kinetics) MTC phenotypes. In addition to conventional radioiodine therapy for DTC, new redifferentiation strategies are now available to restore uptake in radioiodine-refractory DTC. Moreover, peptide receptor theranostics showed promising results in patients with advanced and metastatic radioiodine-refractory DTC and MTC, respectively. The current appropriate role and future perspectives of molecular imaging and theranostics in thyroid cancer are discussed in our present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Giovanella
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Gruppo Ospedaliero Moncucco, Lugano, Switzerland; Clinic for Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Murat Tuncel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Atena Aghaee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Alfredo Campenni
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morpho-Functional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Armando De Virgilio
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Petra Petranović Ovčariček
- Department of Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Center Sestre Milosrdnice, Zagreb, Croatia; School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Singh NK, Ramamourthy B, Hage N, Nagaraju S, Kappagantu KM. Radioactive Iodine in Differentiated Carcinoma of Thyroid: An Overview. Curr Radiopharm 2024; 17:2-6. [PMID: 37877561 DOI: 10.2174/0118744710249684231013072013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is the fifth most prevalent cancer in women and the fastest-growing malignancy. Although surgery is still the basis of treatment, internal radiation therapy (Brachytherapy) with radioactive iodine-131, which functions by releasing beta particles with low tissue penetration and causing DNA damage, is also a potential option. The three basic aims of RAI therapy in well-differentiated thyroid tumors are ablation of the remnant, adjuvant therapy, and disease management. Radioactive iodine dose is selected in one of two ways, empiric and dosimetric, which relies on numerous criteria. The dosage for ablation is 30-100 mCi, 30-150 mCi for adjuvant therapy, and 100-200 mCi for treatment. The RAI treatment effectively aids in the treatment to achieve complete removal of the disease and increase survival. The present review intends to emphasize the significance of radioactive iodine in the management of differentiated thyroid cancer and put forward the current breakthroughs in therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namit Kant Singh
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar, Hyderabad, India
| | - Balaji Ramamourthy
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar, Hyderabad, India
| | - Neemu Hage
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sushmitha Nagaraju
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar, Hyderabad, India
| | - Krishna Medha Kappagantu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar, Hyderabad, India
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Ansari M, Rezaei Tavirani M. Assessment of Different Radioiodine Doses for Post-ablation Therapy of Thyroid Remnants: A Systematic Review. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH 2022; 21:e123825. [PMID: 36060901 PMCID: PMC9420215 DOI: 10.5812/ijpr-123825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The determination of radioiodine remnant ablation (RRA) dosage in post-operation thyroid residual tissues resection has been largely subject of discussion, yet no concise conclusion is released through systematic review studies. In this study, we conducted a systematic review of comparative experiments to evaluate and compare the efficacy of different prescribed dosages of radioiodine in post-op thyroid residual tissues resection among low, intermediate, and high-risk patients to approve the common method. Using automated searches, studies were collected from PubMed, Google Scholar, Elsevier, Scopus, and UpToDate, all until April 2021. Alongside the aforementioned sources, comparative experiments were added in for further investigation. Overall, 4000 patients with papillary thyroid cancer, differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC), metastasized and non-metastasized thyroid cancer took part in twenty-one trials are assessed. We discovered no significant difference in successful thyroid residual tissues excision between low-activity and high-activity radioiodine treatment in people with low and intermediate risk. In these individuals, there was no significant difference between the high therapeutic dose of 3700 MBq and the lesser dose of 1850 MBq for RRA. However, high-dose treatment usually yielded superior results. Low activity RRA causes fewer adverse effects in metastasis-free patients than high-activity 3.7 GBq. There was no significant therapeutic difference regarding treatment efficacy in patients with low and moderate risks. However, in patients with high-risk status, applying a high-dose regimen of RRA produced a significantly better response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Ansari
- Faculty of Medicine, Imam Hosein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Corresponding Author: Faculty of Medicine, Imam Hosein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mostafa Rezaei Tavirani
- Proteomics Research Center, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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do Prado Padovani R, Chablani SV, Tuttle RM. Radioactive iodine therapy: multiple faces of the same polyhedron. ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2022; 66:393-406. [PMID: 35551676 PMCID: PMC9832850 DOI: 10.20945/2359-3997000000461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) has increased in recent decades with early stage, low risk papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) being detected and diagnosed. As a result, the psychological, financial, and clinical ramifications of overdiagnosis and excessively aggressive therapy are being increasingly recognized with many authorities calling for a re-evaluation of the traditional "one size fits all" management approaches. To address these critical issues, most thyroid cancer guidelines endorse a more risk adapted management strategy where the intensity of therapy and follow up is matched to the anticipated risk of recurrence and death from DTC for each patient. This "less is more" strategy provides for a minimalistic management approach for properly selected patients with low-risk DTC. This has re-kindled the long-standing debate regarding the routine use of radioactive iodine therapy (RIT) in DTC. Although recent guidelines have moved toward a more selective use of RIT, particular in patients with low-intermediate risk DTC, the proper selection of patients, the expected benefit, and the potential risks continue to be a source of ongoing controversy and debate. In this manuscript, we will review the wide range of clinical, imaging, medical team, and patient factors that must be considered when evaluating individual patients for RIT. Through a review of the current literature evaluating the potential benefits and risks of RIT, we will present a risk adapted approach to proper patient selection for RIT which emphasizes peri-operative risk stratification as the primary tool that clinicians should use to guide initial RIT management recommendations.
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O'Neill E, Cornelissen B. Know thy tumour: Biomarkers to improve treatment of molecular radionuclide therapy. Nucl Med Biol 2022; 108-109:44-53. [PMID: 35276447 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Molecular radionuclide therapy (MRT) is an effective treatment for both localised and disseminated tumours. Biomarkers can be used to identify potential subtypes of tumours that are known to respond better to standard MRT protocols. These enrolment-based biomarkers can further be used to develop dose-response relationships using image-based dosimetry within these defined subtypes. However, the biological identity of the cancers treated with MRT are commonly not well-defined, particularly for neuroendocrine neoplasms. The biological heterogeneity of such cancers has hindered the establishment of dose-responses and minimum tumour dose thresholds. Biomarkers could also be used to determine normal tissue MRT dose limits and permit greater injected doses of MRT in patients. An alternative approach is to understand the repair capacity limits of tumours using radiobiology-based biomarkers within and outside patient cohorts currently treated with MRT. It is hoped that by knowing more about tumours and how they respond to MRT, biomarkers can provide needed dimensionality to image-based biodosimetry to improve MRT with optimized protocols and personalised therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward O'Neill
- MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Bart Cornelissen
- MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Campennì A, Giovanella L. Nuclear medicine therapy of thyroid cancer post-thyroidectomy. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-822960-6.00202-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Incidence rate and factors associated with the development of secondary cancers after radioiodine therapy in differentiated thyroid cancer: a multicenter retrospective study. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2021; 49:1661-1670. [PMID: 34773164 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-021-05608-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this study was to estimate the incidence of secondary cancers and the factors associated with their development among patients who underwent radioiodine therapy (RIT) with differentiated thyroid cancer. METHODS We retrospectively collected medical records for patients who underwent first RIT between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2005, from seven tertiary hospitals in South Korea after total thyroidectomy for differentiated thyroid cancer. Cancer incidence and calculated standardized rate ratio were compared with Korean cancer incidence data. The association between the development of secondary cancers and various parameters was analyzed by Cox-proportional hazard regression. RESULTS A total of 3106 patients were included in this study. Mean age at the time of diagnosis of thyroid cancer was 45.7 ± 13.3 years old, and 2669 (85.9%) patients were female. The follow-up period was 11.9 ± 4.6 (range, 1.2-19.6) years. A total of 183 secondary cancers, which included 162 solid and 21 hematologic cancers, occurred in 173 patients (5.6%). There was no significant difference between solid cancer incidence in our study population who underwent RIT and the overall Korean population, but the incidence of hematologic cancers and total cancer in our study was significantly higher compared with that of the Korean population. A multivariate analysis identified independent prognostic factors for the development of secondary cancer including age at 1st RIT, male, and total cumulative dose over 200 mCi. CONCLUSION We need to assess the risk benefit for patients who receive over 200 mCi of a total cumulative dose.
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Han S, Jin S, Yoo SH, Lee HS, Lee SH, Jeon MJ, Ryu JS. A practical individualized radiation precaution based on the dose rate at release time after inpatient 131I ablation therapy. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251627. [PMID: 34019555 PMCID: PMC8139448 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Retained radioactivity of 131I after ablation therapy largely differs in each patient according to factors including the amount of remnant thyroid tissue, renal function, and use of recombinant human thyroid-stimulating hormone. To reduce unnecessary restriction of patient’s daily life after inpatient 131I ablation therapy, we propose a practical individualized method for radiation precaution based on dose rate at release time. Methods We evaluated 215 patients with differentiated thyroid cancer who underwent inpatient 131I ablation therapy following total thyroidectomy. Effective dose equivalent rates at 1-m distance were measured upon release (EDRR) on day 2 and during delayed whole-body scan (EDRD) visits on day 6‒8 after 131I administration. The biexponential model was designed to estimate total effective dose equivalent to others. To assess conservativeness of our model, EDRD estimated by our model was compared with measured EDRD. EDRR-based periods of precaution not to receiving 1 mSv of radiation exposure were estimated and compared with those based on administered radioactivities on American Thyroid Association (ATA) recommendations. Results The EDRR ranged from 1.0–48.9 μSv/hr. The measured EDRD were equal to or lower than estimated EDRD in all patients, except for one, indicating that our model is sufficiently conservative. According to our model, no subjects needed additional daytime restriction after release. The maximum permissible times for public transportation use were longer in all patients compared with those based on administered radioactivities. Nighttime restriction periods were significantly shorter than those based on administered radioactivity; median periods requiring sleeping apart were 0 (range, 0‒5), 4 (range, 1‒14), and 3 (range, 2‒13) days after release in patients treated with radioactivity doses of 2.96, 5.50, and 7.40 GBq, respectively, needing 8, 16, and 19 additional days, respectively, based on administered radioactivity. Conclusions Radiation safety instructions using proposed method based on EDRR of individual patient could safely reduce the burden of radiation precaution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangwon Han
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soyoung Jin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seon Hee Yoo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyo Sang Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Gangneung Asan Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Gangneung, Korea
| | - Suk Hyun Lee
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Ji Jeon
- Department of Endocrinology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-Sook Ryu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Campennì A, Barbaro D, Guzzo M, Capoccetti F, Giovanella L. Personalized management of differentiated thyroid cancer in real life - practical guidance from a multidisciplinary panel of experts. Endocrine 2020; 70:280-291. [PMID: 32772339 PMCID: PMC7581611 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-020-02418-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The standard of care for differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) includes surgery, risk-adapted postoperative radioiodine therapy (RaIT), individualized thyroid hormone therapy, and follow-up for detection of patients with persistent or recurrent disease. In 2019, the nine Martinique Principles for managing thyroid cancer were developed by the American Thyroid Association, European Association of Nuclear Medicine, Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, and European Thyroid Association. In this review, we present our clinical practice recommendations with regard to implementing these principles in the diagnosis, treatment, and long-term follow-up of patients with DTC. METHODS A multidisciplinary panel of five thyroid cancer experts addressed the implementation of the Martinique Principles in routine clinical practice based on clinical experience and evidence from the literature. RESULTS We provide a suggested approach for the assessment and diagnosis of DTC in routine clinical practice, including the use of neck ultrasound, measurement of serum thyroid-stimulating hormone and calcitonin, fine-needle aspiration, cytology, and molecular imaging. Recommendations for the use of surgery (lobectomy vs. total thyroidectomy) and postoperative RaIT are also provided. Long-term follow-up with neck ultrasound and measurement of serum anti-thyroglobulin antibody and basal/stimulated thyroglobulin is standard, with 123/131I radioiodine diagnostic whole-body scans and 18F-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography suggested in selected patients. Management of metastatic DTC should involve a multidisciplinary team. CONCLUSIONS In routine clinical practice, the Martinique Principles should be implemented in order to optimize clinical management/outcomes of patients with DTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Campennì
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morpho-Functional Imaging, Nuclear Medicine Unit, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
| | | | - Marco Guzzo
- Head and Neck Surgery Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Capoccetti
- Service Department Macerata Hospital, ASUR Marche AV3, Nuclear Medicine Unit, Macerata, Italy
| | - Luca Giovanella
- Clinic for Nuclear Medicine and Competence Centre for Thyroid Diseases, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Clinic for Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Ahn BC. Reduction of Salivary Gland Damage During Radioiodine Therapy for Differentiated Thyroid Cancers. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2020; 54:126-127. [PMID: 32582395 DOI: 10.1007/s13139-020-00643-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Byeong-Cheol Ahn
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, 50, Samduk 2-ga, Jung Gu, Daegu, 700-721 Republic of Korea
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