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Shankar A, Dubey A, Saini D, Singh M, Prasad CP, Roy S, Bharati SJ, Rinki M, Singh N, Seth T, Khanna M, Sethi N, Kumar S, Sirohi B, Mohan A, Guleria R, Rath GK. Environmental and occupational determinants of lung cancer. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2019; 8:S31-S49. [PMID: 31211104 PMCID: PMC6546634 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr.2019.03.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer has become a global problem, from a rare disease to an emerging public health issue. The current data of GLOBOCAN 2018, indicates that this disease has recorded highest mortality among all types of cancer. The etiological factors of lung cancer have become more multiplex because of increasing industrialization and environmental pollution around the world, especially in India. There is a rise in incidence of lung cancer among non-smokers and this can be attributed to environmental and occupational exposure to various kinds of hazardous substances. Target mutations are high in Lung cancer among non-smokers when compared to smokers. Some developed countries have guidelines and policies for prevention and control of risk factors focusing on these issues. Intervention aiming for primary prevention can be an important and cost-effective tool in developing countries to deal with increasing incidence of lung cancer. There is a need to define high risk group among non-smokers after taking into account environmental and occupational determinants as important risk factors. Research on etiology of lung cancer and prevention provides evidence to work on global incidence and prevalence of lung cancer, and for designing cost effective lung cancer prevention strategies. Research in the area of lung cancer prevention should be considered to recognize the areas where action is required to prevent environment and occupation related lung cancer. The government and occupational health and safety organizations have taken many steps in the last few years that can help to protect workers from these exposures. But the dangers are still there, so there is a need to do more to limit these exposures around workplace. This whole situation guides us to advocate population-based intervention along with policy implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Shankar
- Preventive Oncology, Dr BR Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Anusha Dubey
- Indian Society of Clinical Oncology, Delhi, India
| | - Deepak Saini
- Indian Society of Clinical Oncology, Delhi, India
| | - Mayank Singh
- Medical Oncology (Lab), Dr BR Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Chandra Prakash Prasad
- Medical Oncology (Lab), Dr BR Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Shubham Roy
- Indian Society of Clinical Oncology, Delhi, India
| | - Sachidanand Jee Bharati
- Oncoanaesthesia and Palliative Medicine, Dr BR Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Minakshi Rinki
- Microbiology, Swami Shraddhanand College, Delhi University, Delhi, India
| | - Navneet Singh
- Pulmonary Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Tulika Seth
- Clinical Hematology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Sunil Kumar
- Surgical Oncology, Dr BR Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Bhawna Sirohi
- Medical Oncology, Max Institute of Cancer Care, Delhi, India
| | - Anant Mohan
- Pulmonary Medicine and Sleep Disorders, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Randeep Guleria
- Pulmonary Medicine and Sleep Disorders, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Goura Kishor Rath
- Radiation Oncology, Dr BR Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India
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Intentional outdoor tanning in the United States: Results from the 2015 Summer ConsumerStyles survey. Prev Med 2017; 101:137-141. [PMID: 28601617 PMCID: PMC5664932 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
There is limited literature about adults in the United States who usually or always spend time outdoors for the purpose of developing a tan, defined as intentional outdoor tanning. Using data from the 2015 Summer ConsumerStyles, an online cross-sectional survey weighted to the US adult population (n=4,127), we performed unadjusted and adjusted multivariable logistic regressions to examine the associations between demographic characteristics, behaviors, and belief factors related to skin cancer risk and intentional outdoor tanning. Nearly 10% of the study population intentionally tanned outdoors. Outdoor tanning was more prevalent among women (11.4%), non-Hispanic white individuals (11.5%), those aged 18-29years (14.1%), those without a high school diploma (12.7%), and those in the northeast United States (13.2%). The adjusted odds of outdoor tanning were significantly higher among women than men (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.51, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.12-2.04); those with a history of indoor tanning or recent sunburn than those without (AOR 2.61, CI 1.94-3.51; AOR 1.96, CI 1.46-2.63, respectively); those who agreed they looked better with a tan than those who did not (AOR 6.69, CI 3.62-12.35); and those who did not try to protect their skin from the sun when outdoors than those who did (AOR 2.17, CI 1.56-3.04). Adults who engaged in other risky behaviors that expose a person to ultraviolet (UV) radiation were more likely to tan outdoors, further increasing their risk of skin cancer. These findings may guide potential interventions to reduce UV exposure from outdoor tanning.
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Stapleton JL, Crabtree BF. "These people, you just guide them until they become these people": learning to become a frequent indoor tanner. BMC Psychol 2017; 5:11. [PMID: 28376928 PMCID: PMC5379755 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-017-0181-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many young women experiment with using indoor tanning beds with some becoming regular users. There is a dearth of research focused on factors related to the development of regular tanning. This study was designed to gain an in-depth understanding of the experiences of a regular indoor tanning bed user for the purpose of discovering working hypotheses related to the development of this behavior. The article thesis is that initial interactions with tanning salon employees transmit insider knowledge that serves to encourage the regular use of indoor tanning beyond experimentation. Methods We used Spradley’s ethnographic interviewing technique to conduct six iterative interviews with a key informant who was an active indoor tanning bed user and former salon employee. The research was completed in the United States in 2015. Results The informant described her experiences as a salon employee including her interactions with salon patrons. The informant was trained as a salon employee to talk about tanning as a complex process that requires multiple salon visits to achieve desired results and to develop rapport with salon patrons to be viewed as an important source of guidance and advice. In the informant’s experience, indoor tanning users who viewed tanning as a complex process and felt connected to salon employees were more receptive to purchasing larger amounts of bulk tanning sessions and committing to purchasing salon memberships. Conclusions Findings provide insights into our understanding of the development of regular tanning behavior and we propose working hypotheses about this behavior to be examined in future research. There are also implications for policy makers to reduce excessive tanning behaviors including considering point-of-sale regulations that limit sales techniques of salon employees and pricing restrictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerod L Stapleton
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, Room 5570, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA.
| | - Benjamin F Crabtree
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, RWJ-Family Medicine-Research, Institute for Health, Health Care Policy and Aging Research (IFH), 112 Paterson Street, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
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