1
|
Müssig S, Reichstein J, Miller F, Mandel K. Colorful Luminescent Magnetic Supraparticles: Expanding the Applicability, Information Capacity, and Security of Micrometer-Scaled Identification Taggants by Dual-Spectral Encoding. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2107511. [PMID: 35146912 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202107511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
(Sub)micrometer-scaled identification (ID) taggants enable direct identification of arbitrary goods, thereby opening up application fields based on the possibility of tracking, tracing, and anti-counterfeiting. Due to their small dimensions, these taggants can equip in principle even the smallest subcomponents or raw materials with information. To achieve the demanded applicability, the mostly used optically encoded ID taggants must be further improved. Here, micrometer-scaled supraparticles with spectrally encoded luminescent and magnetically encoded signal characteristics are reported. They are produced in a readily customizable bottom-up fabrication procedure that enables precise adjustment of luminescent and magnetic properties on multiple hierarchy levels. The incorporation of commonly used magnetic nanoparticles and fluorescent dyes, respectively, into polymer nanocomposite particles, establishes a convenient toolbox of magnetic and luminescent building blocks. The subsequent assembly of selected building blocks in the desired ratios into supraparticles grants for all the flexibility to freely adjust both signal characteristics. The obtained spectrally resolved visible luminescent and invisible magnetic ID signatures are complementary in nature, thus expanding applicability and information security compared to recently reported optical- or magnetic-encoded taggants. Additionally, the introduced ID taggant supraparticles can significantly enhance the coding capacity. Therefore, the introduced supraparticles are considered as next-generation ID taggants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Müssig
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Inorganic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstraße 1, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jakob Reichstein
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Inorganic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstraße 1, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Franziska Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Inorganic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstraße 1, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Karl Mandel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Inorganic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstraße 1, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Neunerplatz 2, D-97082, Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu S, Zhao T, Zhu Y, Qu X, He Z, Giesy JP, Meng W. Molecular characterization of macrophyte-derived dissolved organic matters and their implications for lakes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 616-617:602-613. [PMID: 29117906 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Chemical properties of whole organic matter (OM) and its dissolved organic matter (DOM) extracted from three types of dominant macrophytes in Lake Dianchi were comparatively characterized using elemental analysis, UV, 3D-EEM and 13C NMR spectroscopy and their implications for lakes were discussed. Ratios of C/N and C/P were least in the floating water hyacinth and submerged sago pondweed, while total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) and phosphorus (TDP), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and phosphorus (DOP) were greatest in those species. In emergent species, C/N, C/P, DON and DON/TDN were less in leaves than in their corresponding shoots. The specific UV absorbance at 254nm (SUVA254) and 280nm (SUVA280) of extracts were in the range of 0.50-1.96L/mgC·m and 0.40-1.48L/mgC·m. Both SUVA values were greater in leaves than those in shoots. 3D-EEM spectra showed only a single fulvic-like fluorescence in leaves of emergent macrophytes. In contrast, protein-like peak were observed in spectra of floating and submerged species, as well as the shoot DOM of emergent species. Solid-state 13C NMR demonstrated that leaves had greater percentage of recalcitrant alkyl C and aromatic C, while shoots were rich in labile carbohydrates. The overall characterization works suggested that macrophyte-derived DOM has less aromatic constituents than do DOM in natural waters and soil leachates. Also OM and DOM derived from shoots had greater contents of protein-like and carbohydrate materials, while leaves were rich in aromatics. Floating and submerged plants possessed potential to not only accumulate excess N and P, but also for returning them to the lake. Shoots of riparian and emergent species were also an important source of nutrients. Thus, macrophyte biomass should be a great concern in nutrient regulation in Lake Dianchi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Tianhui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yuanrong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xiaoxia Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Zhongqi He
- USDA-ARS Southern Regional Research Center, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Wei Meng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu S, Zhu Y, Wu F, Meng W, Wang H, He Z, Guo W, Song F, Giesy JP. Using solid 13C NMR coupled with solution 31P NMR spectroscopy to investigate molecular species and lability of organic carbon and phosphorus from aquatic plants in Tai Lake, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:1880-1889. [PMID: 27796999 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7954-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Forms and labilities of plant-derived organic matters (OMs) including carbon (C) and phosphorus (P) were fundamental for understanding their release, degradation and environmental behaviour in lake ecosystems. Thus, solid 13C and solution 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy were used to characterize biomass of six aquatic plants in Tai Lake, China. The results showed that carbohydrates (61.2% of the total C) were predominant C functional group in the solid 13C NMR spectra of plant biomass, which may indicate high lability and bioavailability of aquatic plants-derived organic matter in lakes. There was 72.6-103.7% of the total P in aquatic plant biomass extracted by NaOH-EDTA extracts. Solution 31P NMR analysis of these NaOH-EDTA extracts further identified several molecular species of P including orthophosphate (50.1%), orthophosphate monoesters (46.8%), DNA (1.6%) and pyrophosphate (1.4%). Orthophosphate monoesters included β-glycerophosphate (17.7%), hydrolysis products of RNA (11.7%), α-glycerophosphate (9.2%) and other unknown monoesters (2.1%). Additionally, phytate, the major form of organic P in many lake sediments, was detected in floating plant water poppy. These inorganic P (e.g. orthophosphate and pyrophosphate) and organic P (e.g. diester and its degradation products) identified in plant biomass were all labile and bioavailable P, which would play an important role in recycling of P in lakes. These results increased knowledge of chemical composition and bioavailability of OMs derived from aquatic plants in lakes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Liu
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Yuanrong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Fengchang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Wei Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Hao Wang
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Zhongqi He
- USDA-ARS Southern Regional Research Center, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA, 70124, USA
| | - Wenjing Guo
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Fanhao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - John P Giesy
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
- Department of Biomedical and Veterinary Biosciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu S, Zhu Y, Wu F, Meng W, He Z, Giesy JP. Characterization of plant-derived carbon and phosphorus in lakes by sequential fractionation and NMR spectroscopy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 566-567:1398-1409. [PMID: 27282495 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Although debris from aquatic macrophytes is one of the most important endogenous sources of organic matter (OM) and nutrients in lakes, its biogeochemical cycling and contribution to internal load of nutrients in eutrophic lakes are still poorly understood. In this study, sequential fractionation by H2O, 0.1M NaOH and 1.0M HCl, combined with (13)C and (31)P NMR spectroscopy, was developed and used to characterize organic carbon (C) and phosphorus (P) in six aquatic plants collected from Tai Lake (Ch: Taihu), China. Organic matter, determined by total organic carbon (TOC), was unequally distributed in H2O (21.2%), NaOH (29.9%), HCl (3.5%) and residual (45.3%) fractions. For P in debris of aquatic plants, 53.3% was extracted by H2O, 31.9% by NaOH, and 11% by HCl, with 3.8% in residual fractions. Predominant OM components extracted by H2O and NaOH were carbohydrates, proteins and aliphatic acids. Inorganic P (Pi) was the primary form of P in H2O fractions, whereas organic P (Po) was the primary form of P in NaOH fractions. The subsequent HCl fractions extracted fewer species of C and P. Some non-extractable carbohydrates, aromatics and metal phytate compounds remained in residual fractions. Based on sequential extraction and NMR analysis, it was proposed that those forms of C (54.7% of TOC) and P (96.2% of TP) in H2O, NaOH and HCl fractions are potentially released to overlying water as labile components, while those in residues are stable and likely preserved in sediments of lakes. These results will be helpful in understanding internal loading of nutrients from debris of aquatic macrophytes and their recycling in lakes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Liu
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; State Key Laboratory of Environment Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yuanrong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Fengchang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Wei Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Zhongqi He
- USDA-ARS Southern Regional Research Center, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA
| | - John P Giesy
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Department of Biomedical and Veterinary Biosciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu S, Zhu Y, Meng W, He Z, Feng W, Zhang C, Giesy JP. Characteristics and degradation of carbon and phosphorus from aquatic macrophytes in lakes: Insights from solid-state (13)C NMR and solution (31)P NMR spectroscopy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 543:746-756. [PMID: 26624522 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Water extractable organic matter (WEOM) derived from macrophytes plays an important role in biogeochemical cycling of nutrients, including carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in lakes. However, reports of their composition and degradation in natural waters are scarce. Therefore, compositions and degradation of WEOM derived from six aquatic macrophytes species of Tai Lake, China, were investigated by use of solid-state (13)C NMR and solution (31)P NMR spectroscopy. Carbohydrates were the predominant constituents of WEOM fractions, followed by carboxylic acid. Orthophosphate (ortho-P) was the dominant form of P (78.7% of total dissolved P) in the water extracts, followed by monoester P (mono-P) (20.6%) and little diester P (0.65%). The proportion of mono-P in total P species increased with the percentage of O-alkyl and O-C-O increasing in the WEOM, which is likely due to degradation and dissolution of biological membranes and RNA from aquatic plants. Whereas the proportion of mono-P decreased with alkyl-C, NCH/OCH3 and COO/N-C=O increasing, which may be owing to the insoluble compounds including C functional groups of alkyl-C, NCH/OCH3 and COO/N-C=O, such as aliphatic biopolymers, lignin and peptides. Based on the results of this study and information in the literature about water column and sediment, we propose that WEOM, dominated by polysaccharides, are the most labile and bioavailable component in debris of macrophytes. Additionally, these WEOMs would also be a potential source for bioavailable organic P (e.g., RNA, DNA and phytate) for lakes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Liu
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; State Key Laboratory of Environment Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yuanrong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Wei Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Zhongqi He
- USDA-ARS Southern Regional Research Center, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA
| | - Weiying Feng
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; State Key Laboratory of Environment Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - John P Giesy
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Department of Biomedical and Veterinary Biosciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| |
Collapse
|