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Alale EM, Tulashie SK, Miyittah M, Baidoo EB, Adukpoh KE, Dadzie EO, Osei CA, Gah BK, Acquah D, Quasi PA. Oil produced from Ghana Shea Nut crop for prospective industrial applications. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31171. [PMID: 38868070 PMCID: PMC11168295 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Though little research has been done, shea nut oil (Shea Butter), is a promising shea product with great potential for use in industrial shea product manufacture. To assess the oil obtained from the shea nuts for personal, commercial, and industrial use, this study focuses on the extraction process, the optimal solvent for extraction, thermodynamics and kinetic studies, and characterization of the oil. Using different solvents as well as extraction temperatures and times, the oil was extracted using the solvent extraction method. Moreover, models of thermodynamics and kinetics were used in examining the Shea nut oil extraction at different durations and temperatures. At the highest temperature of 333 K (at 130min), the highest oil yields of 70.2 % and 59.9 % for n-hexane and petroleum ether, respectively, were obtained, following first order kinetics. For both petroleum ether and n-hexane, the regression coefficient (R2) was 1. For the extraction with n-hexane and petroleum ether, the mass transfer coefficient (Km), activation energy (Ea), entropy change (ΔS), enthalpy change (ΔH), and Gibb's free energy (ΔG) were, respectively, (0.0098 ± 0.0061 and 0.0123 ± 0.0084) min-1, 74.59 kJ mol-1 and 88.65 kJ mol-1, (-236.15 ± 0.16 and -235.63 ± 0.17) J/mol K, (71.88 ± 0.06 and 85.94 ± 0.06) kJ/mol, and (148.75 ± 1.52 and 162.46 ± 1.52) kJ/mol. These values favor an irreversible, forward, endothermic, and spontaneous process. Gas chromatography analysis was used to identify the principal fatty acids in the oil, which include stearic acid (52 %), oleic acid (30 %), and linoleic acid (3 %), as well as various minor fatty acids. The oil's potential bonds and functional groups were identified using Fourier Transform Infrared analysis, and the physicochemical parameters such as the iodine value, peroxide value, acid and free fatty acid values were found to be within acceptable ranges for use in domestic, commercial, and industrial settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enoch Mbawin Alale
- Industrial Chemistry Section, Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Takoradi - Cape Coast Rd, Cape Coast, Central Region P.M.B. University Post Office, Ghana
| | - Samuel Kofi Tulashie
- Industrial Chemistry Section, Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Takoradi - Cape Coast Rd, Cape Coast, Central Region P.M.B. University Post Office, Ghana
- Department of Chemical and Renewable Energy Engineering, School of Sustainable Engineering, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Takoradi - Cape Coast Rd, Cape Coast, Central Region P.M.B. University Post Office, Ghana
| | - Michael Miyittah
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Biological Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Emmanuel Boafo Baidoo
- Industrial Chemistry Section, Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Takoradi - Cape Coast Rd, Cape Coast, Central Region P.M.B. University Post Office, Ghana
| | - Kingsley Enoch Adukpoh
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ashanti Region, Ghana
| | - Enock Opare Dadzie
- Industrial Chemistry Section, Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Takoradi - Cape Coast Rd, Cape Coast, Central Region P.M.B. University Post Office, Ghana
| | - Clement Akonnor Osei
- Industrial Chemistry Section, Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Takoradi - Cape Coast Rd, Cape Coast, Central Region P.M.B. University Post Office, Ghana
| | - Bright Komla Gah
- Industrial Chemistry Section, Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Takoradi - Cape Coast Rd, Cape Coast, Central Region P.M.B. University Post Office, Ghana
| | - Desmond Acquah
- Industrial Chemistry Section, Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Takoradi - Cape Coast Rd, Cape Coast, Central Region P.M.B. University Post Office, Ghana
| | - Philip Agudah Quasi
- Industrial Chemistry Section, Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Takoradi - Cape Coast Rd, Cape Coast, Central Region P.M.B. University Post Office, Ghana
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Draelos ZD. The Efficacy and Tolerability of Turmeric and Salicylic Acid in Psoriasis Treatment. Psoriasis (Auckl) 2022; 12:63-71. [PMID: 35516971 PMCID: PMC9064175 DOI: 10.2147/ptt.s360448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Patients and Methods Results Conclusion
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Diana Draelos
- Dermatology Consulting Services, PLLC, High Point, NC, USA
- Correspondence: Zoe Diana Draelos, Dermatology Consulting Services, PLLC, 2444 North Main Street, High Point, NC, 27262, USA, Tel +1-336-841-2040, Fax +1 336-841-2044, Email
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Abstract
Most seed oils are edible while some are used generally as raw material for soap production, chocolate, margarine, and recently in biodiesel formulations as potential candidates capable of replacing fossil fuels which are costly and destructive to the environment. Oilseeds are a green and major reservoir which when properly exploited can be used sustainably for the production of chemicals at both the laboratory and industrial scales. Oil extraction is one of the most critical steps in seed oil processing because it determines the quality and quantity of oil extracted. Optimization of the extraction conditions for each extraction method enhances yield and quality meanwhile a carefully chosen optimization process equally has the potential of saving time and heat requirements with an associated consequence on cost reduction of the entire process. In this review, the techniques used to optimize oil extraction from plant materials which can be consulted by stakeholders in the field are brought to focus and the merits and demerits of these methods highlighted. Additionally, different types of optimization techniques used for various processes including modeling and the software employed in the optimization processes are discussed. Finally, the quality of the oil as affected by the methods of extraction and the optimization process used are also presented.
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