Effect of pre-cooking methods on the chemical and sensory deterioration of ready-to-eat chicken patties during chilled storage and microwave reheating

The effect of instant tea on the aroma of duck meat

Tea products, such as instant tea, have been shown to improve the aroma of meat products. However, the mechanisms by which tea products enhance meat aroma have not been adequately explained. In this study, we analyzed the impact of instant tea on the aroma of duck meat. Our results showed that treatment with instant tea led to increases in floral, baked, and grassy notes while reducing fishy and fatty notes. Several alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, indole and dihydroactinidiolide exhibited significantly increased OAVs. Conversely, certain saturated aldehydes, unsaturated aldehydes and alcohols displayed significantly decreased OAVs. The enhanced floral, baked and grassy notes were attributed to volatile compounds present in instant tea. The reduction in fishy and fatty notes was linked to polyphenols in instant tea interacting with nonanal, undecanal, (E)-2-octenal, (E)-2-nonenal, (E)-2-decenal, and 2,4-decadienal through hydrophobic interactions and electronic effects. This study enhances our understanding of how tea products improve meat aromas.

Selection and quantification of volatile indicators for quality deterioration of reheated pork based on simultaneously extracting volatiles and reheating precooked pork

This study was to screen and quantify characteristic volatiles tied to the quality deterioration of reheated pork via simultaneously reheating (75 °C, 30 min) and collecting headspace volatiles of precooked pork (100 °C, 10 min; stored: 0 °C, 0-14 d) for GC-MS analysis. The concentrations of hexanal (6.05 ± 0.86-12.05 ± 0.44 mg/kg), (E)-2-octenal (1.54 ± 0.16-3.07 ± 0.08 mg/kg), (E,E)-2,4-heptadienal (1.52 ± 0.44-2.58 ± 0.31 mg/kg) and 8 other selected volatiles in reheated pork increased as the storage time of the precooked counterparts increased. The increase rate of hexanal was 2.9-199 times faster than that of other volatiles based on zero-order reaction fitting (R² = 0.876-0.997). Results from clustering analysis of these volatiles were consistent with their formation pathways tied to lipid autooxidation. This simple approach, reheating and collecting volatiles of precooked meat concurrently, introduces a new possibility for standardizing volatile analysis of precooked meats required being reheated before consumption.

Oxidative stability of white striping chicken breasts: effect of cold storage and heat treatments

This study aimed to investigate the level of lipid and protein oxidation in poultry breasts with severe white striping (WS; striation thickness > 1 mm) and nonaffected meats (N; normal breast) during storage under refrigeration (1°C for 14 d) and freezing (-18°C for 90 d). WS presented higher lipid content, although no difference in protein content was detected, compared to normal broiler breast (N). Regarding oxidative damages, a reduction in malondialdehyde and carbonyl protein, hexanal, octanal and nonanal levels, alongside the interaction of these compounds with other compounds in raw, roasted, and reheated breasts was observed under refrigerated storage (14 d). Freezing storage promotes an increase in carbonyls proteins, hexanal, octanal and nonanal levels at 45 d of storage in poultry meats and subsequent decrease, indicating the evolution of oxidative reactions. Regardless of the type of storage, in general, breasts with WS myopathy have higher levels of lipid and protein oxidation.

Formation of advanced glycation end products of chicken breast meat induced by freeze-thaw cycles and subsequent cooking

The impacts of freeze-thaw (F-T) cycles and cooking on the basic composition, protein and lipid oxidation, and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) of chicken breasts were studied. During F-T cycles, the moisture and protein contents of raw and cooked chicken breasts decreased, and protein and lipid oxidation occurred, increasing carbonyl and TBARS contents. Meanwhile, the contents of methylglyoxal, glyoxal, and hydroxymethylfurfural in raw meat increased by 2.27, 2.27, and 5 times, respectively, whereas glyoxal and hydroxymethylfurfural contents increased by 2.73 and 3 times, respectively, after cooking as F-T cycles increased. The formation of carboxymethyl lysine, pentosidine, and fluorescent AGEs in cooked samples was confirmed using an ELISA kit and fluorescent intensity. The study also revealed that AGEs contents of chicken meat were negatively correlated with moisture contents and positively correlated with carbonyl and TBARS levels. Therefore, F-T cycles and subsequent cooking promoted AGEs formation in cooked meat.

Physicochemical Characteristics and Flavor-Related Compounds of Fresh and Frozen-Thawed Thigh Meats from Chickens

The physicochemical characteristics and flavor-related compounds of thigh meat derived from diverse Korean native chickens (KNC), namely Hanhyup No. 3 (HH3), Woorimatdag No 1 (WRMD 1), and Woorimatdag No 2 (WRMD 2), under fresh and frozen-thawed conditions were studied and compared with those of commercial broilers (CB). Regardless of the breed, KNC showed a higher (p < 0.05) percentage of linoleic and arachidonic acid. The highest proportion of docosahexaenoic acid was observed in WRMD 2. Despite having a higher collagen content, thigh meat derived from KNC maintained a similar texture profile in comparison to that of CB. The concentrations of most free amino acids (FAA), except for taurine, tryptophan, and carnosine, were higher in frozen-thawed meat than in fresh meat. Regarding volatile organic compounds (VOC), following freezing, the concentration of favorable VOCs increased in CB, but decreased in WRMD 1, suggesting a loss of pleasant flavor in frozen-thawed meat. This study indicated that changes in VOCs, including hydrocarbons (d-limonene, heptadecane, hexadecane, naphthalene, pentadecane, 3-methyl-, tridecane), esters (arsenous acid, tris(trimethylsilyl) ester, decanoic acid, ethyl ester, hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester), alcohol (1-hexanol, 2-ethyl-), ketones (5,9-undecadien-2-one, 6,10-dimethyl-), and aldehydes (pentadecanal-, tetradecanal, tridecanal), may be a promising marker for distinguishing between fresh and frozen-thawed chicken thigh meat. These findings are of critical importance as preliminary data for developing high-quality chicken meat products.

Dissecting grilled red and white meat flavor: Its characteristics, production mechanisms, influencing factors and chemical hazards

Meat flavor is composed of a complex mixture of volatile compounds developed as a result of heat driven multi-directional reactions. Typical reactions include Maillard reaction, lipid oxidation, as well as nitrogenous compounds degradation. Such complex flavor is characterized by a rich variety of volatile species, and to strongly influence consumer's preference. The objective of this review is to holistically dissect the flavor characteristic for cooked meat products with special emphasis on grilling and the factors that affect their production to ensure best quality and or safety levels. The review also highlights different analytical techniques used for the detection of flavor compounds in grilled meat. This comprehensive literature research critically analyze grilled flavor derived from heat mediated reactions, with a special emphasis on key flavors or hazard chemicals and their production mechanism. The various influencing factors i.e., grilling temperature, meat, food components, animal ante-mortem factors and food additives are summarized.

Shelf-Life Evaluation of Ingredient Combinations and Technologies for Use in Pet Food Formulations

Simple Summary

Creation of new meat-based pet food and pet treats continues to grow at a steady annual rate within the pet food industry. Poultry co-products are often overlooked due to their poor quality and low customer acceptance. However, poultry co-products pose great potential and added value to the pet food industry. Two of the most common poultry co-products (wooden breast and carcass frames) often directed towards pet food were used in a fresh pet food formulation. Due to variations in meat quality because of the wooden breast and carcass frames, a hydrocolloid was utilized to improve fresh pet food characteristics. A hydrocolloid is a type of protein that when added to meat products aids with binding and stabilization of the pet food. For the current study, the combination of sodium alginate and encapsulated calcium lactate pentahydrate (ALGIN) was used. Due to the perceived poor quality of wooden breast and carcass frames, it is plausible that the addition of hydrocolloids can combat the undesirable characteristics. Results from the current study suggest that the impact of ALGIN in poultry co-product pet food combinations does not severely alter shelf-life characteristics of a fresh pet food. However, the inclusion of varying amounts of wooden breast and ground carcass frame can impart a greater impact on shelf-life characteristics in fresh pet food by altering surface color and lipid oxidation.

Abstract

Poultry co-product chicken frames (CF) and wooden breast (WB) along with ingredient technology use may bring enhanced value to the pet food industry. Therefore, the current study focused on evaluating CF and WB combinations along with sodium alginate and encapsulated calcium lactate pentahydrate (ALGIN) inclusion within a fresh pet food formulation under simulated shelf-life conditions. Fresh chicken frames (CF) and boneless-skinless wooden breast (WB) were ground and allocated randomly to one of ten treatment combinations with either 0.5 or 1.0% added ALGIN. Ground treatments were placed into a form and fill vacuum package and stored using a reach-in refrigerated case for 21 days. Packages were evaluated for instrumental surface color, lipid oxidation, water activity, and pH on days 1, 3, 7, 14 and 21 of the display. Packages of pet food were lighter, less red, and more yellow (p < 0.05) with increasing percentages of CF regardless of ALGIN inclusion, whereas pH was greater (p < 0.05) and lipid oxidation was less (p < 0.05) with increasing percentage of WB. Water activity increased (p < 0.05) when WB and ALGIN inclusion increased. The current results suggest that the use of ALGIN in a poultry co-product pet food formulation can improve shelf-life characteristics such as surface color and lipid oxidation in fresh pet food.

The Role of Coffee Silver Skin against Oxidative Phenomena in Newly Formulated Chicken Meat Burgers after Cooking

Coffee Silver Skin (CSS) is the unique by-product discarded after the roasting of coffee beans. This research aimed to evaluate the effect of two levels of CSS (1.5% and 3%) added as a natural ingredient in new formulations of chicken meat burgers. This is one of the first studies proposing a "formulation approach" to control the emergence of off flavours after meat cooking. Physical, chemical, and sensory analyses were carried out, within the CSS content and the evolution of volatile organic compounds in different samples. Newly formulated chicken burgers could limit food waste, while also becoming a source of fibres, minerals, and bioactive molecules. CSS limited weight losses (after cooking process) to 10.50% (1.5% addition) and 11.05% (3% addition), significantly lower (p < 0.01) than the control (23.85%). In cooked burgers, the occurrence of hexanal was reduced from 55.1% (CTRL T₀) to 11.7% (CSS T₀ 1.5%) to 0 (CSS T₀ 3%). As for the limitation of off-flavours, CSS also showed good activity, contrasting with the emergence of octanal, alcohols and other markers of lipid oxidation. From the sensory test carried out, the volatile profile of CSS does not seem to impair the flavour of burgers, though at higher percentages hydrocarbons and pyrazines are traceable. The thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS assay confirmed the protective effect of CSS against oxidation.

Effect of Multiple Freeze-Thaw Cycles on Myoglobin and Lipid Oxidations of Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) Surimi with Different Pork Back Fat Content

Fresh grass carp was used to produce surimi and 50 g/kg, 100 g/kg, or 150 g/kg pork back fat was added. The water distribution, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), myoglobin oxidation, color parameter (L*, a*, and b*), heme and non-heme iron content of samples were determined to analyze the effects of different fat content on the oxidation of myoglobin and lipids during multiple freeze-thaw cycles of grass carp surimi. Both multiple freeze-thaw cycles and increased fat content lead to an increase in TBARS, a blue shift in the absorption peak of myoglobin porphyrin, a decrease in heme iron content, and an increase of non-heme iron content. Repeated freeze-thaw caused a decrease in immobilised water content and L*, and caused an increase in a* and b*. Increased fat content caused an increase in immobilised water content, L* and a*, and caused a decrease in b*.

Influence of Reheating Methods and Frozen Storage on Physicochemical Characteristics and Warmed-Over Flavor of Nutmeg Extract-Enriched Precooked Beef Meatballs

The effects of convection-oven precooking, frozen storage (−18 °C/ two months) and four different reheating methods—namely, boiling, pan-roasting, convection oven and microwave oven on pH, color, texture, antioxidant activity and warmed-over flavor of beef meatballs were investigated. In this study, four kinds of beef meatballs were prepared: with added butylated hydroxyl toluene (0.02% BHT, M1); with nutmeg extract (0.02%, M2); with nutmeg powder (0.02%, M3) and control (no antioxidant). Addition of (0.02%) nutmeg extracts in beef meatballs M2 resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in lipid and protein oxidation, hardness and gumminess values after convection oven precooking. Again, M2 reheated by microwave oven significantly (p < 0.05) reduced cooking loss, gumminess, springiness, rancid flavor, saltiness and burnt taste and increased oxidative stability, redness and adhesiveness with the chewiness intensity and overall acceptability compared to control, M1 and M3. Conclusively, the addition of nutmeg extracts (0.02%) as a natural plant antioxidant to precooked beef meatballs can result in reduced lipid and protein oxidation levels, stabilized color and texture values and improved overall acceptance after reheated by microwave oven during two months of frozen storage.

Effects of Shiitake (Lentinus edodes P.) Mushroom Powder and Sodium Tripolyphosphate on Texture and Flavor of Pork Patties

Increasing consumer desire for functional food ingredients, including such PRODUCTS as shiitake mushroom (Lentinus edodes P.) powder (SM), demands that the sensory impact of such ingredients be tested in an appropriate food system. Pork patties are a common food in many Asian countries. Pork patties in this study were prepared with and without SM, an ingredient that is gaining popularity around the world. A lexicon for describing the texture and flavor of cooked pork patties, with and without 0.5% sodium tripolyphosphate (STP), a typical additive to meat, and with varying amounts of SM (0% to 6%) was developed by a highly trained panel to compare sensory properties for each type of patty. The attributes evaluated were juiciness, toughness, rubberiness, mealiness, pork identity (pork ID), meatiness, mushroom, onion, garlic, black pepper, heat/burn, soapy, chemical, animal hair, fatty, salty, sour, bitter, slick, and astringent. An addition of 0.5% STP produced more intense ratings for soapy, salty, sour, and astringent attributes. Without STP, patties containing shiitake mushroom powder had a more mealy consistency but more pork ID than they did with STP.

Impact of chicken wooden breast on quality and oxidative stability of raw and cooked sausages subjected to frozen storage

BACKGROUND

Considering (i) the increased incidence of wooden breast (WB) myopathy in broilers, (ii) the poor meat quality in such breasts and (iii) the lack of studies on the industrial use of WBs; the objective of this study was to investigate the quality of chicken sausages made with WB under frozen conditions. Three formulations of chicken sausage [100% normal (N) breast, 100% WB, and 50% N breast + 50% WB] were considered and raw and cooked (70 °C/10 min) sausages were frozen for 180 days and evaluated for their quality and oxidative stability.

RESULTS

WB formulations exhibited higher pH, moisture (%), and shear force (SF), associated with lower water holding capacity (WHC) and fat (%). During the freezing period, there was a decrease in WHC and redness (a*) and an increase in cooking loss (CL) and SF for all formulations. Additionally, during freezing, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances values were higher in raw sausages made with N breast than in sausage made with WB probably due to the higher fat content in the former. Results showed that the products did not reach noticeable rancid levels (<2 mg malondialdehyde/kg) and that WB sausage presented great resistance to oxidation, which suggests that WB sausage can be kept frozen at -20 °C for up to 198 days.

CONCLUSION

Using WBs for the manufacture of chicken sausages subjected to freezing is a viable option given their overall quality and resistance to oxidation. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Impact of use of byproducts (chicken skin and abdominal fat) on the oxidation of chicken sausage stored under freezing

Fresh chicken sausage is a meat product with high consumption in the world. The addition of a lipid source (other than abdominal fat), such as chicken skin, is considered an alternative to harnessing slaughter byproducts in the preparation of processed meat products. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of use of skin and/or abdominal fat on chicken sausages and their effect on oxidative stability of chicken sausages during freezing storage. Three formulations with chicken meat added of abdominal fat (SF), or chicken skin (SS), or chicken fat and skin (SFS) were elaborated. Chemical composition, fatty acid profile, instrumental color and texture, oxidative stability of lipids and proteins, and sensory acceptability of chicken sausages were determined. SS formulation showed lower lipid and protein oxidation and softness during storage. Consumers showed greater preference and high purchase intent for SFS formulation, which showed average values of chemical composition and oxidation of chicken sausages stored under freezing. Therefore, the combined addition of lipid sources, skin, and abdominal fat is recommended for use in chicken sausages, considering that the addition of fat improves the sensory characteristics of chicken sausages and skin minimizes the oxidative effects of storage. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The combined addition of skin fat and abdominal fat is recommended for use in chicken sausages as it does not interfere with consumer acceptability and further ensures nutritional quality during freezing storage. In addition, it is an alternative to using a byproduct of chicken slaughter, bringing economic advantages to the industry and less environmental damage to the world.

Interrelationship between myoglobin oxidation and lipid oxidation during the processing of Cantonese sausage with d-sodium erythorbate

BACKGROUND

Pork is used as raw material to produce Cantonese sausage, and 0.5 or 1 g kg^-1 of d-sodium erythorbate is added to the pork meat. In this study the myoglobin oxidation rate, relative metmyoglobin content, heme iron content, redness, pH, free radical content and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) value were measured at different processing times and different content of d-sodium erythorbate.

RESULTS

It was found that d-sodium erythorbate significantly reduced the free radical content and myoglobin and lipid oxidation rates and increased heme iron levels. When d-sodium erythorbate was added to the sausage, the absorption peak of myoglobin porphyrin shifted left, migrating from 414 to 405 nm. At 72 h, with an increase in the d-sodium erythorbate content, a significant negative correlation was identified between heme iron and the degree of redness (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSION

During sausage processing, there are strong correlations among TBARS values, free radical content, metmyoglobin levels, heme iron levels, a* and pH at the same d-sodium erythorbate level. At the same processing time, adding d-sodium erythorbate can slow the rate of myoglobin and lipid oxidation and prevent the discoloration of sausage. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

Lipid and protein oxidation of emulsified chicken patties prepared using abdominal fat and skin

Skin (SK) and abdominal fat (AF) are by-products that are abundantly produced in poultry slaughterhouses. Skin is used in meat products, especially in sausages, but its use is related to microbiological contamination and susceptibility to oxidation. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of SK replacement with AF on the quality characteristics of emulsified patties stored under freezing conditions (-18°C) for 90 D. The AF showed higher lipid content than did the SK, but the SK had a higher predominance of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Regarding the partial chemical composition, the treatments showed differences in moisture, lipids, and total collagen. The values for para-anisidine and carbonyl compounds at the end of 90 D of storage were not influenced by the incorporation of SK or AF. The judges also did not observe differences in the color and aroma of the emulsified products during the 90 D. Furthermore, volatile compounds considered oxidation markers were not detected at the end of the storage period. Given these results, emulsified patties made with SK or AF undergo, to a similar degree, low levels of lipid and protein oxidation when stored under freezing conditions (-18°C) for 90 D, which allows the use of some of these lipid sources in meat products.

Effect of wooden breast condition on quality traits of emulsified chicken patties during frozen storage

Wooden breast (WB) is a recent abnormality characterized by tougher consistency in raw broiler breast fillets. This myopathy has been associated with negative alterations in chicken meat quality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of WB condition on quality parameters of emulsified chicken patties (ECP) during frozen storage. Three formulations of ECP were processed, namely, PN (100% normal breast), PW (100% WB) and PNW (50%:50% normal:WB). ECP were frozen stored during 90 days and assessed by physicochemical and sensory analysis. Variations in redness were less pronounced in PW along the storage. TBARS were higher in PW and PNW until 30 days of storage compared to PN samples. Incorporation of WB into ECP formulation resulted in reduced peroxide-value, p-anisidine index and carbonyl content at the end of storage. Despite the different alterations in lipid and protein oxidation markers along storage time, results did not influence sensory acceptability, since no effect of wooden breast condition and storage time in odor and color liking was found in our experiment. This study elucidates for the first time that the use of WB meat for the elaboration of ECP is a feasible strategy to minimize economic losses for the poultry industry.

Changes in Lipase and Antioxidant Enzyme Activities during Processing of Cantonese Sausage with D-Sodium Erythorbate

Pork was used as raw material to produce Cantonese sausage, with additions of 0.05% or 0.1% D-sodium erythorbate. The oxidation indices (peroxide value, TBARS value, carbonyl value, and conjugated dienes value) and enzyme activity (total phospholipase, acid lipase, neutral lipase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase) were measured in the sausages at different processing periods. The results showed slowed lipid oxidation in the presence of D-sodium erythorbate, inhibition of total phospholipase, acid lipase, and neutral lipase activities, and increased superoxide dismutase activity, with little change in glutathione peroxidase activities. When increasing D-sodium erythorbate, the superoxide dismutase activity was negatively correlated with the peroxide value at 5 h (P<0.01), the neutral lipase activity was positively correlated with the conjugated dienes value at 15 h (P<0.01), and the total phospholipase activity was positively correlated with the peroxide value at 30 h (P<0.01). This study explored the antioxidant effect of D-sodium erythorbate and provides a theoretical foundation to improve the quality of Cantonese sausage.

Domestic Cooking of Muscle Foods: Impact on Composition of Nutrients and Contaminants

Meat and fish are muscle foods rich in valuable nutrients, such as high-quality proteins, vitamins, and minerals, and, in the case of fish, also unsaturated fatty acids. The escalation of meat and fish production has increased the occurrence of pesticide and antibiotic residues, as result of pest control on feed crops, and antibiotics used to fight infections in animals. Meat and fish are usually cooked to enrich taste, soften texture, increase safety, and improve nutrient digestibility. However, the impact of cooking on nutritional properties and formation of deleterious compounds must be understood. This review summarizes studies, published in the last decade, that have focused on how domestic cooking affects: (i) composition of nutrients (protein, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals); (ii) antibiotic and pesticide residue contents; and (iii) the formation of cooking-induced contaminants (heterocyclic aromatic amines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and thermal degradation products of antibiotics and pesticides). Cooking affects the nutritional composition of meat and fish; frying is the cooking method that causes the greatest impact. Cooking may reduce the pesticide and antibiotic residues present in contaminated raw meat and fish; however, it may result in the formation of degradation products of unknown identity and toxicity. Control of cooking time and temperature, use of antioxidant-rich marinades, and avoiding the dripping of fat during charcoal grilling can reduce the formation of cooking-induced contaminants.

Hawberry (Crataegus monogyna Jaqc.) extracts inhibit lipid oxidation and improve consumer liking of ready-to-eat (RTE) pork patties

The objective of this work was to study the effectiveness of extracts from hawberry (Crataegus monogyna Jacq.) to inhibit lipid oxidation and odor deterioration during processing of ready-to-eat (RTE) pork patties subjected to roasting (180 °C/16 min), chilling (10 days/+3 °C) and reheating in microwave (600 mW/1 min). Acetone extracts of hawberry were chosen based on their total phenolic content (1281.1 ± 84.8 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100 g fruit) and in vitro antiradical activity (DPPH) (53.33 ± 15.40 g equivalent Trolox per g of fruits). Pork patties treated with increasing concentrations of hawberry extract, 200 and 800 ppm GAE (T2 and T8, respectively) and a control group (T0) of samples, were analyzed for TBARS, volatile carbonyls and odor liking in a consumer test. Hawberry extracts significantly improved the oxidative stability of cooked pork patties keeping TBARS and hexanal counts at basal levels during the whole process. The addition of hawberry phenolic-rich extracts significantly improved the degree of consumer satisfaction regarding the odor of patties. In conclusion, the hawberry extract displayed potential usage as an ingredient with antioxidant properties for the manufacture of high-quality RTE meat products.