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Hegde A, Gupta S, Kumari P, Joshi R, Srivatsan V. Wild Edible Flowers of Western Himalayas: Nutritional Characterization, UHPLC-QTOF-IMS-Based Phytochemical Profiling, Antioxidant Properties, and In Vitro Bioaccessibility of Polyphenols. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:40212-40228. [PMID: 37929082 PMCID: PMC10620890 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Four edible flowers commonly consumed in the Western Himalayan region, namely, Bauhinia variegata (Kachnar), Tropaeolum majus (Nasturtium), Matricaria chamomilla (Chamomile), and Tagetes erecta (Marigold), were characterized for their nutritional and phytochemical composition. Through the UHPLC-QTOF-IMS-based metabolomics approach, 131 compounds were tentatively identified consisting of phenolic acids, flavonoid glycosides, terpenoids, amino acids, and fatty acid derivatives. Kaempferol and quercetin glycosides for Kachnar, apigenin glycosides and caffeoylquinic acid derivatives for Chamomile, patulin and quercetin derivatives for Marigold, cyanidin and delphinidin glycosides for Nasturtium were the predicted marker metabolites identified through non-targeted metabolomics. Kachnar and Chamomile scored best in terms of macronutrients and essential micronutrients, respectively. Nasturtium contained high concentrations of α-linolenic acid, anthocyanins, and lutein. Kachnar contained the highest total phenolic acids (63.36 ± 0.38 mg GAE g-1), while Marigold contained the highest total flavonoids (118.90 ± 1.30 mg QUE g-1). Marigolds possessed excellent free radical scavenging and metal chelation activities. Chamomile exhibited strong α-glucosidase inhibition activity, followed by Nasturtium. The in vitro gastrointestinal digestibility of flower extracts indicated that the bioaccessibility of phenolic acids was higher than that of flavonoids. Polyphenols from Nasturtium and Chamomile showed the highest bioaccessibility. The study is an attempt to characterize traditionally consumed edible flowers and promote their wider utilization in gastronomy and nutraceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athrinandan
S. Hegde
- Applied
Phycology and Food Technology Laboratory, Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre (CSIR-HRDC)
Campus, Postal Staff College Area, Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Smriti Gupta
- Applied
Phycology and Food Technology Laboratory, Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre (CSIR-HRDC)
Campus, Postal Staff College Area, Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Poonam Kumari
- Division
of Agrotechnology, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan
Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre (CSIR-HRDC)
Campus, Postal Staff College Area, Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Robin Joshi
- Applied
Phycology and Food Technology Laboratory, Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre (CSIR-HRDC)
Campus, Postal Staff College Area, Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Vidyashankar Srivatsan
- Applied
Phycology and Food Technology Laboratory, Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre (CSIR-HRDC)
Campus, Postal Staff College Area, Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
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