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Aktaş Ş, Aminzai MT, Tegin İ, Yabalak E, Acar O. Determination of pesticide residues in varieties of pepper sold at different periods and provinces in Turkey and investigation of their adverse effects on human health and the environment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024; 34:2491-2503. [PMID: 37668001 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2023.2254720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are dangerous chemicals that can harm to people and the environment when applied inappropriately or in excess. In this research, various pesticide residues were investigated in 48 pepper samples using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). All samples were collected randomly in two periods of time (September and December) from markets and greengrocers in four provinces (Siirt, Mardin, Diyarbakir, and Batman). Considering the means of the first and second periods, diclofop-methyl had the highest concentration of 29.4 ± 7.7 µg kg-1, and diazinon had the lowest of 21.1 ± 4.6 µg kg-1. Based on the maximum residue limits (MRLs) of pesticides specified in the Turkish Food Codex, pyrimethanil, bupirimate, and diclofop-methyl were found to be below the maximum acceptable residue limit, while pyridaphention, dinoseb, diazinon, and pirimiphos-methyl were found to be above the limit. Thus, the current study demonstrated the potential of LC-MS/MS as a crucial technique for accurate measurements and confirmations of pesticides in different pepper varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Şerafettin Aktaş
- Faculty of Arts and Science, Department of Chemistry, Siirt University, Siirt, Turkey
| | - Mohammad Tahir Aminzai
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | - İbrahim Tegin
- Faculty of Arts and Science, Department of Chemistry, Siirt University, Siirt, Turkey
| | - Erdal Yabalak
- Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Orhan Acar
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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He G, Hou X, Han M, Qiu S, Yu X, Qin S, Wang F, Li Y. Determination of multiclass contaminants in chilli powder based on magnetic multiwalled carbon nanotubes and UPLC-QTOF/MS. Food Res Int 2023; 173:113263. [PMID: 37803576 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
A multiclass analysis approach was developed using magnetic multiwalled carbon nanotubes sorbents and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF/MS) for the rapid screening and simultaneous determination of 216 contaminants including 15 mycotoxins, 9 synthetic colourants, and 192 pesticides in chilli powder. The sample preparation process was optimized. The optimal preparation procedure utilized NaCl and NaAc as the salting-out agents, and Fe3O4-MWCNTs as the sorbents, resulting in reduced chemical consumption, improved cleaning performance, and facilitated high-throughput analysis. The proposed method was validated, and satisfactory parameters were obtained. Approximately 85.6% of the target analytes exhibited a weak matrix effect, with the matrix effects falling within the range of 0.8 ∼ 1.2. The method demonstrated acceptable recoveries of the analytes, falling within the range of 62.14%∼119.76% at three fortified levels with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of less than 20%. Additionally, the method's limit of quantification (LOQ) ranged from ranged from 0.50 μg·kg-1 to 49.56 μg·kg-1. The method was further applied for analysis of 27 chilli powder samples, demonstrating its potential for screening and quantification of multiclass contaminants for spices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyun He
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Chengdu Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Xue Hou
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Chengdu Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu 610066, China.
| | - Mei Han
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Chengdu Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Shiting Qiu
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Chengdu Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Xi Yu
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, 999078, Macau
| | - Shudi Qin
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Chengdu Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Fengyi Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Chengdu Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Ying Li
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Chengdu Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu 610066, China
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Yoo B, Lee H, Lee S, Lee KG. Analysis of biogenic amines and benzo[α]pyrene in black pepper prepared under various cooking methods. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Kandaswamy C, Presley D, Ahammed TPS, Anadaram S. Improved chromatographic performance in red chilli powder pesticide residue quantitation by retention gap introduction in gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 59:1692-1703. [PMID: 35531408 PMCID: PMC9046519 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-021-05177-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of agrochemical residues in red chilli powder is always considered difficult because of higher matrix interference due to carotenoid pigments and other co-extractives. During the sample preparation, matrix components were co-extracted along with the target compounds leading to frequent source cleaning, changing of liner and column. Efforts were made to improve the chromatographic performance by optimizing sample preparation, choosing matrix-free transitions and introducing a retention gap. The Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) extraction was experimented using different dispersive adsorbents and the purified extract was analyzed by gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) system. 84 pesticides under different class were validated and established a limit of quantification of 0.002-0.007 mgkg-1. The recovery was between 70 and 110% at 0.01, 0.025 and 0.05 mgkg-1 fortification level and corresponding precision was between 3 and 16% RSD. Suitability of the validated method was established through analysis of market samples of chilli powder for the quantitation of targeted pesticide residues. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-021-05177-3.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Davis Presley
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, 603110 India
| | - T. P. Shabeer Ahammed
- National Referral Laboratory, ICAR-National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune, 4123072 India
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Patra B, Meena R, Rosalin R, Singh M, Paulraj R, Ekka RK, Pradhan SN. Untargeted Metabolomics in Piper betle Leaf Extracts to Discriminate the Cultivars of Coastal Odisha, India. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 194:4362-4376. [PMID: 35237923 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-03873-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Betel leaf is consumed as a mouth freshener due to its characteristic flavor, aromaticity, and medicinal values. Abundance of phytochemicals in betel leaf contributes towards unique qualitative features. Screening of metabolites is quintessential for identifying flavoring betel leaves and their origin. Metabolomics presently lays emphasis on the cumulative application of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic approaches. Here we adopted different protocols based on the above-mentioned analytical metabolomics platform for untargeted plant metabolite profiling followed by multivariate analysis methods and a phytochemical characterization of Piper betel leaf cultivars endemic to coastal Odisha, India. Based on variation in the solvent composition, concentration of solvent, extraction temperature, and incubation periods, five extraction methods were followed in GC-MS and NMR spectroscopy of betel leaf extracts. Phytochemical similarities and differences among the species were characterized through multivariate analysis approaches. Principal component analysis, based on the relative abundance of phytochemicals, indicated that the betel cultivars could be grouped into three groups. Our results of FTIR-, GC-MS-, and NMR-based profiling combined with multivariate analyses suggest that untargeted metabolomics can play a crucial role in documenting metabolic signatures of endemic betel leaf varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswajit Patra
- School of Life Sciences, Sambalpur University, Sambalpur, Odisha, India.,School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Ramovatar Meena
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
| | - Rosina Rosalin
- Department of Botany, Baruneswar Mohavidyalaya, Jajpur, Odisha, India
| | - Mani Singh
- Department of Environmental Science, Lakshmi Bai College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - R Paulraj
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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Girame R, Shabeer TPA, Ghosh B, Hingmire S, Natarajan R, Dubey PN. Multi-residue method validation and safety evaluation of pesticide residues in seed spices cumin (Cuminum cyminum) and coriander (Coriandrum sativum) by gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Food Chem 2021; 374:131782. [PMID: 34920409 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The manuscript reports comprehensive multi-residue determination of 215 pesticides in two commercially important Indian spices, Cumin (Cuminum cyminum) and Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) by GC-MS/MS analysis. The proposed method involved liquid-liquid extraction with acetonitrile, d-SPE clean-up and final reconstitution of extract in ethyl acetate. d-SPE clean-up with PSA and C18 minimized the matrix effects by 40 and 16%, respectively. Reconstitution of final extract reduced the non-volatile matrix co-extractives by 36-40%. The method was validated as per SANTE/12682/2019 and recoveries at 10, 25 and 50 μg kg-1 were within 70-120% with RSD ≤ 20%. A fit for purpose method LOQ of 10 μgkg-1 was achieved for 85% of analytes. The method was successfully applied for comprehensive screening of cumin and coriander market samples. The calculated TMDI for acute and chronic exposure assessment were less than calculated MPI in respective matrices and therefore did not cause any adverse effect to consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rushali Girame
- National Referral Laboratory, ICAR-National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune, Maharashtra 412307, India
| | - T P Ahammed Shabeer
- National Referral Laboratory, ICAR-National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune, Maharashtra 412307, India.
| | - Bappa Ghosh
- National Referral Laboratory, ICAR-National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune, Maharashtra 412307, India
| | - Sandip Hingmire
- National Referral Laboratory, ICAR-National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune, Maharashtra 412307, India
| | - Ramesh Natarajan
- Quality Evaluation Laboratory, Spice Board, Cochin, Kerala 682025, India
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Mozzaquatro JDO, César IA, Pinheiro AEB, Caldas ED. Pesticide residues analysis in passion fruit and its processed products by LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS: Method validation, processing factors and dietary risk assessment. Food Chem 2021; 375:131643. [PMID: 34836670 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A method for the determination of 80 pesticides (including five metabolites) in passion fruit using ethyl acetate extraction and dispersive solid-phase extraction followed by LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS was validated at LOQ of 0.005 or 0.010 mg kg-1 (70 to 120% recovery; RSD ≤ 20%). Fifty-five passion fruit samples were obtained from producers, and 30 samples of frozen pulp and 12 samples of flour purchased. About 27% of the pesticides were detected; at least one in 60% of the peel samples, mainly imidacloprid and carbendazim (max. of 0.274 mg kg-1). Median processing factor was 0.5 for washed peel and 6.5 for dried peel (flour). About 63% of frozen pulp samples were positive, and 4 flour samples contained residues, mainly methamidophos. About 70% of the detected pesticides are not authorized in passion fruit in Brazil. Chronic and acute exposure from the consumption of passion fruit products did not indicate a health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Izabelle Araújo César
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Brasília, Brasília, Federal District 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Anna Eduarda Barbosa Pinheiro
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Brasília, Brasília, Federal District 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Eloisa Dutra Caldas
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Brasília, Brasília, Federal District 70910-900, Brazil.
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