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Manik S, Meena GS, Singh AK, Khetra Y, Singh R, Arora S, Vishweswaraiah RH. Valorization of Sour Buttermilk (A Potential Waste Stream): Conversion to Powder Employing Reverse Osmosis and Spray Drying. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:799. [PMID: 37755221 PMCID: PMC10534478 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13090799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Reverse osmosis (RO) is known for the economic dewatering of dairy streams without any change in phase. At the household level, surplus milk is fermented and churned to obtain butter, which is subsequently heated to obtain clarified milk fat (ghee). The production of 1 kg ghee generates 15-20 kg sour buttermilk (SBM) as a by-product that is mostly drained. This causes a loss of milk solids and environmental pollution. The processing, preservation and valorization of SBM are quite challenging because of its low total solids (TS) and pH, poor heat stability and limited shelf life. This investigation aimed to transform SBM into a novel dried dairy ingredient. SBM was thermized, filtered, defatted and concentrated at 35 ± 1 °C, employing RO up to 3.62× (12.86%). The RO concentrate was subsequently converted into sour buttermilk powder (SBMP) by employing spray drying. SBMP was further characterized for its physicochemical, reconstitution and functional properties; rheological and morphological characteristics; and amino acid and fatty acid profiling, along with FTIR and XRD spectra. SBMP was "instant soluble-3 s" and exhibited excellent emulsion stability (80.70%), water binding capacity (4.34 g/g of protein), flowability (28.36°) and antioxidant properties. In nutshell, a process was developed for the valorization of sour buttermilk to a novel dairy ingredient by employing reverse osmosis and a spray-drying process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhadip Manik
- Dairy Technology Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India (Y.K.)
| | - Ganga Sahay Meena
- Dairy Technology Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India (Y.K.)
| | - Ashish Kumar Singh
- Dairy Technology Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India (Y.K.)
| | - Yogesh Khetra
- Dairy Technology Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India (Y.K.)
| | - Richa Singh
- Dairy Chemistry Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India
| | - Sumit Arora
- Dairy Chemistry Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India
| | - Raghu H. Vishweswaraiah
- Dairy Microbiology Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India
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Kumbhare S, Prasad W, Khamrui K, Wani AD, Sahu J. Recent innovations in functionality and shelf life enhancement of ghee, clarified butter fat. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2023; 60:11-23. [PMID: 36618046 PMCID: PMC9813307 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-021-05335-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Ghee (clarified butter fat) is a well relished traditional fat rich dairy product. Ghee preparation involves concentration of milk fat using of different techniques, followed by heat treated at 110-120 °C for 10-20 min. During this process, moisture evaporates from the system with simultaneous changes in protein, lactose, fat and minerals. Interaction among these thermally altered species results into the development of characteristic 'ghee' flavor. But, the presence of unsaturated free fatty acids makes it highly susceptible to oxidative spoilage. Efforts have been made to increase the shelf life and functionality of ghee by adding many functional ingredients and natural antioxidants from different sources. This review deals with the different process employed for ghee preparation and the attempts made in the past two decades years to increase the functionality and shelf life of ghee. Also, the changes taking place during ghee preparation and flavour generation has been discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Kumbhare
- Dairy Technology Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana 132001 India
| | - Writdhama Prasad
- Dairy Technology Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana 132001 India
| | - Kaushik Khamrui
- Dairy Technology Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana 132001 India
| | - Aakash Dadarao Wani
- Dairy Technology Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana 132001 India
| | - Jatindra Sahu
- Center for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology – Delhi, New Delhi, India
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Liu Z, Li H, Gao D, Su J, Su Y, Ma Z, Li Z, Qi Y, Ding G. Microbial diversity of milk ghee in southern Gansu and its effect on the formation of ghee flavor compounds. Open Life Sci 2022; 17:1629-1640. [PMID: 36567720 PMCID: PMC9746701 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghee is a traditional Tibetan dairy product with high-fat content, low yield, plasticity, caseation, and rich nutrition. In this study, we analyzed the diversity of microbial communities in yak milk and ghee samples at high and low altitudes, especially the Lactobacillus genus, and further used metabolomic techniques to compare the differences in metabolites in yak ghee at different altitudes. The results showed that the increase in altitude had a significant and generally inhibitory effect on the microbial community diversity in milk ghee, and yak milk at high altitude was abundant in nutrients, which could antagonize the negative impact of increased altitude. Using non-targeted metabolomics, we infer the composition of flavor compounds in ghee: nine kinds of carboxylic acids, 11 kinds of esters, six kinds of ketones, two kinds of alcohols, and four kinds of alkene compounds, among which the key flavor compounds are dl-2-(acetylamino)-3-phenylephrine acid, 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-propanone, sebacic acid, Lysope 18:1, and uracil 1-beta-d-arabinofuranoside. These flavor substances are found in Lactococcus, Lactobacillus, and Streptococcus. With the participation of Lactobacillus, it is synthesized through biosynthesis of alkaloids derived from ornithine, lysine, and nicotine acid and glyoxylate and decarboxylate metabolism, among which Lactococcus plays a key role. In this study, a variety of lactic acid bacteria related to ghee fermentation were screened out, revealing the composition of volatile flavor compounds in Gannan yak milk ghee in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and providing a reference for further key volatile flavor compounds and the formation mechanism of flavor compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zewen Liu
- Life Science and Engineering College, China-Malaysia National Joint Laboratory, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, PR China
- Ganan Research Institute of Yak Milk, Hezuo, 747000, PR China
| | - Huixia Li
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, PR China
| | - Dandan Gao
- China-Malaysia National Joint Laboratory, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, PR China
| | - Junhong Su
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Yuxin Su
- China-Malaysia National Joint Laboratory, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, PR China
| | - Zhongren Ma
- China-Malaysia National Joint Laboratory, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, PR China
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- Department of Dentistry, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Stomatology of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, PR China
| | - Yanjiao Qi
- Key laboratory for utility of environment-friendly composite materials and biomass in universities of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730030, PR China
| | - Gongtao Ding
- Life Science and Engineering College, China-Malaysia National Joint Laboratory, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, PR China
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