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Ossai IC, Hamid FS, Aboudi-Mana SC, Hassan A. Ecotoxicological effects, human and animal health risks of pollution and exposure to waste engine oils: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2024; 46:416. [PMID: 39240425 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-024-02198-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Waste engine oils are hazardous waste oils originating from the transportation sector and industrial heavy-duty machinery operations. Improper handling, disposal, and miscellaneous misuses cause significant air, soil, sediments, surface water, and groundwater pollution. Occupational exposure by prolonged and repeated contact poses direct or indirect health risks, resulting in short-term (acute) or long-term (chronic) toxicities. Soil pollution causes geotoxicity by disrupting the biocenosis and physicochemical properties of the soil, and phytotoxicity by impairing plant growth, physiology and metabolism. Surface water pollution impacts aquatic ecosystems and biodiversity. Air pollution from incineration causes the release of greenhouse gases creating global warming, noxious gases and particulate matter eliciting pulmonary disorders. The toxicity of waste engine oil is due to the total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) composition, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene (BTEX), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) congeners, organometallic compounds, and toxic chemical additives. The paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the ecotoxicological effects, human and animal health toxicology and exposure to waste engine oils. It highlights the properties and functions of engine oil and describes waste engine oil generation, disposal and recycling. It provides intensive evaluations and descriptions of the toxicokinetics, metabolism, routes of exposure and toxicosis in human and animal studies based on toxicological, epidemiological and experimental studies. It emphasises the preventive measures in occupational exposure and recommends risk-based remediation techniques to mitigate environmental pollution. The review will assist in understanding the potential risks of waste engine oil with significant consideration of the public health benefits and importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Innocent Chukwunonso Ossai
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
- Centre for Research in Waste Management, Institute of Research Management and Monitoring, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
- Tetragram Bioresources Limited, Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja, Nigeria.
| | - Fauziah Shahul Hamid
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Centre for Research in Waste Management, Institute of Research Management and Monitoring, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Suzanne Christine Aboudi-Mana
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Centre for Research in Waste Management, Institute of Research Management and Monitoring, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Auwalu Hassan
- Centre for Research Excellence and Incubation Management, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abdidin, 21300, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu Darul Iman, Malaysia
- Faculty of Bioresources and Food Industry, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abdidin, 21300, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu Darul Iman, Malaysia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Federal University Kashere, Kashere, Gombe State, Nigeria
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Wolak A, Żywica R, Molenda J, Banach JK. Electrical Parameters as Diagnostics of Fresh Engine Oil Condition-Correlation with Test Voltage Frequency. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:3981. [PMID: 37112325 PMCID: PMC10146063 DOI: 10.3390/s23083981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess whether electrical parameters (capacitance and conductivity) of fresh engine oils-tested over a wide range of measurement voltage frequencies-can be used for oil quality assessment and its identification, based on physicochemical properties. The study encompassed 41 commercial engine oils with different quality ratings (American Petroleum Institute (API) and European Automobile Manufacturers' Association (ACEA)). As part of the study, the oils were tested for their total base number (TBN) and total acid number (TAN), as well as their electrical parameters, including impedance magnitude, phase shift angle, conductance, susceptance, capacitance and quality factor. Next, the results for all of the samples were examined for correlations between the mean electrical parameters and the test voltage frequency. A statistical analysis (k-means and agglomerative hierarchical clustering) was applied to group oils with similar readings, drawing on the values for all electrical parameters to produce group oils with the highest similarity to each other into clusters. The results show that the electrical-based diagnostics of fresh engine oils can serve as a highly selective method for identifying oil quality, offering much higher resolution than assessments based on the TBN or the TAN. This is further supported by the cluster analysis, with five clusters generated for electrical parameters of the oils, compared to only three generated for TAN- and TBN-based measurements. Out of all the tested electrical parameters, capacitance, impedance magnitude and quality factor were found to be the most promising for diagnostic purposes. The value of electrical parameters of fresh engine oils is mostly dependent on the test voltage frequency (with the exception of capacitance). The correlations identified in the course of the study can be used to select for those frequency ranges that offer the highest diagnostic utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Wolak
- Department of Quality and Safety of Industrial Products, Cracow University of Economics, Sienkiewicza 4 St., 30-033 Kraków, Poland
| | - Ryszard Żywica
- Institute of Management and Quality, Faculty of Economics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Jarosław Molenda
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute for Sustainable Technologies, 6/10 Pułaskiego St., 26-600 Radom, Poland
| | - Joanna Katarzyna Banach
- Institute of Management and Quality, Faculty of Economics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
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Abstract
Samples of gasoline engine oil (SAE 5W20) that had been exposed to various oxidation times were inspected with a UV-Visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer to select the best wavelengths and wavelength ranges for distinguishing oxidation times. Engine oil samples were subjected to different thermal oxidation periods of 0, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, and 144 hours, resulting in a range of total base number (TBN) levels. Each wavelength (190.5 – 849.5 nm) and selected wavelength ranges were evaluated to determine the wavelength or wavelength ranges that could best distinguish among all oxidation times. The best wavelengths and wavelength ranges were analyzed with linear regression to determine the best wavelength or range to predict oxidation time.
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