Multifunctional AgNPs@Wool: colored, UV-protective and antioxidant functional textiles

Phenolic Compounds from By-Products for Functional Textiles

Textile dyeing is known to have major environmental concerns, especially with the high use of toxic chemicals. The use of alternatives such as natural dyes rich in phenolic compounds has become extremely appealing in order to move towards a more sustainable circular economy. Phenolic dyes have the potential to functionalize textile fabrics with properties such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, and UV protection. Wastes/residues from the agri-food industries stand out as highly attractive sources of these compounds, with several by-products showing promising results in textile dyeing through the implementation of more sustainable and eco-friendly processes. This review presents an up-to-date exploration of the sources of phenolic compounds used in the textile industry over the past two decades, with a primary focus on the functional properties they provide to different fabrics. The research highlights a surge in interest in this theme since 2017, accentuating a noticeable upward trend. Throughout this review, emphasis is given to by-products from the agri-food industry as the sources of these compounds. The reviewed papers lay the foundation for future research, paving the way for exploring the potential of raw materials and by-products in the creation of functional and smart textiles.

Surface Functionalization of Polyester Textiles for Antibacterial and Antioxidant Properties

One of the recommendations for future textile development is the modification of textiles to produce materials for human performance (sports, medical, and protective). In the current work, modifying a polyester surface with silver nanoparticles improved antioxidant and antibacterial protection. For this purpose, ethylenediamine aminolysis was utilized as ligands to fabricate polyester textiles, trapping silver ions to further reduce silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Dopamine (PDA) was used to provide antibacterial and antioxidant properties to the polyester textile by converting silver ions into AgNPs through its phenolic hydroxyl groups. Pristine polyester, polyester treated with ethylenediamine, and PDA-coated AgNP-loaded polyester ethylenediamine were characterized using SEM, EDX, FTIR, TGA, and tensile strength. The antibacterial properties against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were examined through the broth test. PDA-AgNPs composite nanocoating exhibited improved tensile strength and antibacterial and antioxidant properties, demonstrating that polyester with a PDA-AgNPs overlay may be used for long-term biomedical textiles.

Functional silver nanoparticles synthesis from sustainable point of view: 2000 to 2023 ‒ A review on game changing materials

The green and facile synthesis of metallic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is getting tremendous attention for exploring superior applications because of their small dimensions and shape. AgNPs are already proven materials for superior coloration, biocidal, thermal, UV-protection, and mechanical performance. Originally, some conventional chemical-based reducing agents were used to synthesize AgNPs, but these posed potential risks, especially for enhanced toxicity. This became a driving force to innovate plant-based sustainable and green metallic nanoparticles (NPs). Moreover, the synthesized NPs using plant-based derivatives could be tuned and regulated to achieve the required shape and size of the AgNPs. AgNPs synthesized from naturally derived materials are safe, economical, eco-friendly, facile, and convenient, which is also motivating researchers to find greener routes and viable options, utilizing various parts of plants like flowers, stems, heartwood, leaves and carbohydrates like chitosan to meet the demands. This article intends to provide a comprehensive review of all aspects of AgNP materials, including green synthesis methodology and mechanism, incorporation of advanced technologies, morphological and elemental study, functional properties (coloration, UV-protection, biocidal, thermal, and mechanical properties), marketing value, future prospects and application, especially for the last 20 years or more. The article also includes a SWOT (Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) analysis regarding the use of AgNPs. This report would facilitate the industries and consumers associated with AgNP synthesis and application through fulfilling the demand for sustainable, feasible, and low-cost product manufacturing protocols and their future prospects.

Development of Environmentally Friendly Wool Shrink-Proof Finishing Technology Based on L-Cysteine/Protease Treatment Solution System

The particular scale structure and mechanical properties of wool fiber make its associated fabrics prone to felting, seriously affecting the service life of wool products. Although the existing Chlorine–Hercosett treatment has a remarkable effect, it can lead to environmental pollution. Therefore, it is of great significance to develop an environmentally friendly and effective shrink-proof finishing technology. For this study, L-cysteine was mixed with protease to form a treatment solution system for shrink-proof finishing of wool fibers. The reduction performance of L-cysteine and its effect on wool were compared with those of other reagents, demonstrating that L-cysteine has an obvious reduction and destruction effect on the wool scale layer. Based on this, L-cysteine and protease 16L were mixed in a certain proportion to prepare an L-cysteine/protease treatment solution system (L/PTSS). The shrink-proof finishing of a wool top was carried out by the continuous multiple-padding method, and the processing parameters were optimized using the response surface method. The results indicated that when the concentrations of L-cysteine and protease 16L were 9 g/L and 1 g/L, respectively, the wool was padded five times at 50 °C, and each immersion time was 30 s, the felt ball density of the treated wool reduced from 135.86 kg/m3 to 48.65 kg/m3. The structure and properties of the treated wool were also characterized using SEM, TG, and tensile strength tests, which indicated that the fiber scale structure was stripped evenly. Meanwhile, the treated fibers still retained adequate thermal and mechanical properties, indicating suitable application value. XPS, FT-IR, Raman, UV absorbance, and other test results revealed the reaction mechanism of L/PTSS with the wool fibers. After L-cysteine rapidly reduced the disulfide bonds in wool, protease can hydrolyze peptide chains more effectively, causing the scale layer to gradually peel off. Compared with the chlorination method and other protease shrink-proof technologies, L/PTSS can achieve the finishing effect on wool rapidly and effectively, without causing excessive pollution to the environment. The conclusions of this study provide a foundation for the development and industrial application of biological enzyme shrink-proof finishing technology.

In Situ Coating of Polydopamine-AgNPs on Polyester Fabrics Producing Antibacterial and Antioxidant Properties

Nanoparticles are increasingly utilized as coating materials to improve the properties of polyester textiles. In this work, polyester textiles were successfully fabricated, with hydrazide groups serving as ligands for the entrapment of sliver ions and subsequent reduction to AgNPs. Polydopamine (PDA) was used in this work to impart antibacterial and antioxidant properties to the polyester textiles through its phenolic hydroxyl groups, which can convert silver ions into AgNPs. Moreover, glucose was used as a reducing agent to create AgNPs-loaded polyester hydrazide. ATR-FTIR, SEM, EDX, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and tensile strength were used to characterize the pristine polyester, the polyester hydrazide, the PDA-coated AgNP-loaded polyester hydrazide and the AgNP-loaded polyester hydrazide. A broth test was also used to investigate the textile's antimicrobial activities against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Overall, the composite nanocoating with PDA-AgNPs demonstrated good tensile strength and antioxidant and antibacterial characteristics, implying the practicality of PDA-AgNPs coating polyester for biomedical textile applications.

Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles: What We Know and What Do We Need to Know?

Nanobiotechnology is considered to be one of the fastest emerging fields. It is still a relatively new and exciting area of research with considerable potential for development. Among the inorganic nanomaterials, biogenically synthesized silver nanoparticles (bio-AgNPs) have been frequently used due to their unique physicochemical properties that result not only from their shape and size but also from surface coatings of natural origin. These properties determine antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and many more activities of bio-AgNPs. This review provides the current state of knowledge on the methods and mechanisms of biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles as well as their potential applications in different fields such as medicine, food, agriculture, and industries.

Protective Multifunctional Fibrous Systems Based on Natural Fibers and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles

In recent years, an unprecedented increase in the development of products and technologies to protect the human being has been observed. Now, more than ever, the world population is exposed to several threats, harmful to their well-being and health. Chemical and biological hazardous agents stand out as one of the biggest threats, not only for the military forces, but also for the civilians. Consequently, it's essential to develop personal protective systems that are able to protect their user, not only passively, but actively, being able to detect, adsorb, degrade and decontaminate pesticides, pollutants, microorganisms and most importantly: chemical/biological warfare agents. One recent strategy for the development of active fibrous structures with improved functions and new properties is their functionalization with nanoparticles (NPs), especially metal oxides. Although their known effectiveness in the decomposition of harmful agents, the NPs could also include other functionalities in the same structure using low quantities of material, without adding extra weight, which is of huge importance for a soldier in the battlefield. The use of natural fibers as the substrate is also very interesting, since this material is a much sustainable alternative when compared to synthetic ones, also providing excellent properties.

Multifunctional fabric coatings with slow-releasing fragrance and UV resistant properties from ethyl cellulose/silica hybrid microcapsules

The synthesis of multifunctional microcapsules using natural polymers has contributed to a broad range of practical applications on fabric coatings. This paper presents a facile and environment-friendly approach for waterborne multifunctional fabric coatings by using cellulose/silica hybrid microcapsules. In this method, lavender fragrance oil-loaded cellulose/silica hybrid microcapsules were one-step synthesized via emulsion solvent diffusion. This microcapsule is core-shell structure with UV absorbers and methacrylic acid grafted silica in the shell and then added into the waterborne polysiloxane resins to form multifunctional fabric coatings. The as-obtained fabric coatings not only exhibited controlled lavender fragrance oil-releasing performance, and it can keep above 30 % fragrance after ninety days due to the slow releasing of lavender fragrance oil in the capsules, but also showed excellent UV resistant property with 159 UPF value.

A Novel Coloration of Polyester Fabric through Green Silver Nanoparticles (G-AgNPs@PET)

This paper reports a novel route for the coloration of polyester fabric with green synthesized silver nanoparticles (G-AgNPs@PET) using chitosan as a natural eco-friendly reductant. The formation of AgNPs was confirmed by UV-visible spectroscopy. The morphologies and average particles size of G-AgNPs was investigated by transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis. The uniform deposition of G-AgNPs on the PET fabric surface was confirmed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The thermal properties were investigated using a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). The coloration and fastness properties of fabric were found to be significantly improved, a result related to the surface plasmon resonance of G-AgNPs. The antibacterial properties of fabric were also found to be excellent as more than 80% bacterial reduction was noticed even after 10 washing cycles. Overall, the proposed coating process using green nanoparticles can contribute to low-cost production of sustainable textiles.