Green synthesis, characterization and hepatoprotective activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized from pre-formulated Liv-Pro-08 poly-herbal formulation

Euphorbia royleana Boiss Derived Silver Nanoparticles and Their Applications as a Nanotherapeutic Agent to Control Microbial and Oxidative Stress-Originated Diseases

Nanotechnology is one of the most advance and multidisciplinary fields. Recent advances in nanoscience and nanotechnology radically changed the way we diagnose, treat, and prevent various diseases in all aspects of human life. The use of plants and their extracts is one of the most valuable methods towards rapid and single-step protocol preparation for various nanoparticles, keeping intact "the green principles" over the conventional ones and proving their dominance for medicinal importance. A facile and eco-friendly technique for synthesizing silver nanoparticles has been developed by using the latex of Euphorbia royleana as a bio-reductant for reducing Ag+ ions in an aqueous solution. Various characterization techniques were employed to validate the morphology, structure, and size of nanoparticles via UV-Vis spectroscopy, XRD, SEM, and EDS. FTIR spectroscopy validates different functional groups associated with biomolecules stabilizing/capping the silver nanoparticles, while SEM and XRD revealed spherical nanocrystals with FCC geometry. The results revealed that latex extract-mediated silver nanoparticles (LER-AgNPs) exhibited promising antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and -negative bacterial strains (Bacillus pumilus, Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Streptococcus viridians). Both latex of E. royleana and LER-AgNPs were found to be potent in scavenging DPPH free radicals with respective EC50s and EC70s as 0.267% and 0.518% and 0.287% and 0.686%. ROSs produced in the body damage tissue and cause inflammation in oxidative stress-originated diseases. H2O2 and OH* scavenging activity increased with increasing concentrations (20-100 μg/mL) of LER-AgNPs. Significant reestablishment of ALT, AST, ALP, and bilirubin serum levels was observed in mice intoxicated with acetaminophen (PCM), revealing promising hepatoprotective efficacy of LER-AgNPs in a dose-dependent manner.

Blackberry-Loaded AgNPs Attenuate Hepatic Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury via PI3K/Akt/mTOR Pathway

Liver ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a pathophysiological insult that often occurs during liver surgery. Blackberry leaves are known for their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Aims: To achieve site-specific delivery of blackberry leaves extract (BBE) loaded AgNPs to the hepatocyte in IRI and to verify possible molecular mechanisms. Methods: IRI was induced in male Wister rats. Liver injury, hepatic histology, oxidative stress markers, hepatic expression of apoptosis-related proteins were evaluated. Non-targeted metabolomics for chemical characterization of blackberry leaves extract was performed. Key findings: Pre-treatment with BBE protected against the deterioration caused by I/R, depicted by a significant improvement of liver functions and structure, as well as reduction of oxidative stress with a concomitant increase in antioxidants. Additionally, BBE promoted phosphorylation of antiapoptotic proteins; PI3K, Akt and mTOR, while apoptotic proteins; Bax, Casp-9 and cleaved Casp-3 expressions were decreased. LC-HRMS-based metabolomics identified a range of metabolites, mainly flavonoids and anthocyanins. Upon comprehensive virtual screening and molecular dynamics simulation, the major annotated anthocyanins, cyanidin and pelargonidin glucosides, were suggested to act as PLA2 inhibitors. Significance: BBE can ameliorate hepatic IRI augmented by BBE-AgNPs nano-formulation via suppressing, oxidative stress and apoptosis as well as stimulation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.

Biosynthesis of Silver and Gold Nanoparticles and Their Efficacy Towards Antibacterial, Antibiofilm, Cytotoxicity, and Antioxidant Activities

The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that the emergence of multidrug-resistant and the slow advent of novel and more potent antitumor and antimicrobial chemotherapeutics continue to be of the highest concern for human health. Additionally, the stability, low solubility, and negative effects of existing drugs make them ineffective. Studies into alternative tactics to tackle such tenacious diseases was sparked by anticancer and antibacterial. Silver (Ag) and gold (Au) nanoparticles (NPs) were created from Trichoderma saturnisporum, the much more productive fungal strain. Functional fungal extracellular enzymes and proteins carried out the activities of synthesis and capping of the generated nano-metals. Characterization was done on the obtained Ag-NPs and Au-NPs through UV-vis, FTIR, XRD, TEM, and SEM. Additionally, versus methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, the antibacterial activities of Ag-NPs and Au-NPs were assessed. In particular, the Ag-NPs were more effective against pathogenic bacteria than Au-NPs. Furthermore, antibiofilm study that shown Au-NPs had activity more than Ag-NPs. Interestingly, applying the DPPH procedure, these noble metallic NPs had antioxidant activity, in which the IC₅₀ for Ag-NPs and Au-NPs was 73.5 μg/mL and 190.0 μg/mL, respectively. According to the cytotoxicity evaluation results, the alteration in the cells was shown as loss of their typical shape, partial or complete loss of monolayer, granulation, shrinking, or cell rounding with IC₅₀ for normal Vero cell were 693.68 μg/mL and 661.24 μg/mL, for Ag-NPs and Au-NPs, respectively. While IC₅₀ for cancer cell (Mcf7) was 370.56 μg/mL and 394.79 μg/mL for Ag-NPs and Au-NPs, respectively. Ag-NPs and Au-NPs produced via green synthesis have the potential to be employed in the medical industry as beneficial nanocompounds.