Antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and microbial barrier properties of poly (ε-caprolactone)/cloisite 30B thin films

Influence of Fiber Diameter of Polycaprolactone Nanofibrous Materials on Biofilm Formation and Retention of Bacterial Cells

To develop microbiologically safe nanofibrous materials, it is crucial to understand their interactions with microbial cells. Current research indicates that the morphology of nanofibers, particularly the diameter of the fibers, may play a significant role in biofilm formation and retention. However, it has not yet been determined how the fiber diameter of poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL), one of the most widely used biopolymers, affects these microbial interactions. In this study, two nanofibrous materials electrospun from PCL (PCL45 and PCL80) with different fiber diameter and characteristic distance δ between fibers were compared in terms of their ability to support or inhibit bacterial biofilm formation and retain bacterial cells. Strains of Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922 and ATCC 8739) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923 and ATCC 6538) were used as model bacteria. Biofilm formation rate and retention varied significantly between the E. coli and S. aureus strains (p < 0.05) for the tested nanomaterials. In general, PCL showed a lower tendency to be colonized by the tested bacteria compared to the control material (polystyrene). Fiber diameter did not influence the biofilm formation rate of S. aureus strains and E. coli 25922 (p > 0.05), but it did significantly impact the biofilm formation rate of E. coli 8739 and biofilm morphology formed by all of the tested bacterial strains. In PCL45, thick uniform biofilm layers were formed preferably on the surface, while in PCL80 smaller clusters formed preferably inside the structure. Further, fiber diameter significantly influenced the retention of bacterial cells of all the tested strains (p < 0.001). PCL45, with thin fibers (average fiber diameter of 376 nm), retained up to 7 log (CFU mL-1) of staphylococcal cells (100% retention). The overall results indicate PCL45's potential for further research and highlight the nanofibers' morphology influence on bacterial interactions and differences in bacterial strains' behavior in the presence of nanomaterials.

Potential of Polyamide Nanofibers With Natamycin, Rosemary Extract, and Green Tea Extract in Active Food Packaging Development: Interactions With Food Pathogens and Assessment of Microbial Risks Elimination

Increasing microbial safety and prolonging the shelf life of products is one of the major challenges in the food industry. Active food packaging made from nanofibrous materials enhanced with antimicrobial substances is considered a promising way. In this study, electrospun polyamide (PA) nanofibrous materials functionalized with 2.0 wt% natamycin (NAT), rosemary extract (RE), and green tea extract (GTE), respectively, were prepared as active packaging and tested for the food pathogens Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica, and Staphylococcus aureus. The PAs exhibited: (i) complete retention of bacterial cells reaching 6.0-6.4 log10removal, (ii) antimicrobial activity with 1.6-3.0 log10suppression, and (iii) antibiofilm activity with 1.7-3.0 log10suppression. The PAs prolonged the shelf life of chicken breast; up to 1.9 log10(CFU/g) suppression of total viable colonies and 2.1 log10(CFU/g) suppression of L. monocytogenes were observed after 7 days of storage at 7°C. A beneficial effect on pH and sensory quality was verified. The results confirm microbiological safety and benefits of PA/NAT, PA/RE, and PA/GTE and their potential in developing functional and ecological packaging.

Modulating the Properties of Poly(glycerol sebacate)-Based Polyurethane Hydrogels Using an Organoclay

Elastomeric hydrogels are promising in soft tissue applications due to their biomimetic mechanical and physical behaviors. In this study, we design and synthesize a poly(glycerol sebacate)-based polyurethane-clay nanocomposite hydrogel system with controllable mechanical, swelling, drug release, and biodegradation behaviors. The polymer-clay nanocomposites are synthesized by in situ polymerization in the presence of a solvent, which facilitates the dispersion of clay within the polymer matrix and their bonding. The nanocomposite hydrogels exhibit higher water swelling ratios in comparison to the neat polymer. The fully swollen hydrogels are capable of enduring complex mechanical deformations such as stretching and knotting, while the tensile moduli of the hydrogels mimic various soft tissues in human body. The mechanical behavior of hydrogels is significantly enhanced by the addition of no more than 3 phr clay, showing higher stiffness, strength, ductility, and toughness. The drug loading and release behavior of the hydrogels is investigated with three model drugs, showing selective drug loading capacity and sustained release, based on the Coulombic interaction between the clay and drug molecules. Biodegradation tests under a simulated body condition reveal a highly tunable degradation rate by the clay content in the nanocomposite hydrogels. Good cytocompatibility by the cell metabolic assay with mouse fibroblasts in vitro is also demonstrated. Finally, three-dimensional microporous foam is manufactured as a proof-of-concept study.

Physical and biological properties of electrospun poly(d,l-lactide)/nanoclay and poly(d,l-lactide)/nanosilica nanofibrous scaffold for bone tissue engineering

Electrospun scaffolds exhibiting high physical performances with the ability to support cell attachment and proliferation are attracting more and more scientific interest for tissue engineering applications. The inclusion of inorganic nanoparticles such as nanosilica and nanoclay into electrospun biopolymeric matrices can meet these challenging requirements. The silica and clay incorporation into polymeric nanofibers has been reported to enhance and improve the mechanical properties as well as the osteogenic properties of the scaffolds. In this work, for the first time, the physical and biological properties of polylactic acid (PLA) electrospun mats filled with different concentrations of nanosilica and nanoclay were evaluated and compared. The inclusion of the particles was evaluated through morphological investigations and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The morphology of nanofibers was differently affected by the amount and kind of fillers and it was correlated to the viscosity of the polymeric suspensions. The wettability of the scaffolds, evaluated through wet contact angle measurements, slightly increased for both the nanocomposites. The crystallinity of the systems was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry highlighting the nucleating action of both nanosilica and nanoclay on PLA. Scaffolds were mechanically characterized with tensile tests to evaluate the reinforcing action of the fillers. Finally, cell culture assays with pre-osteoblastic cells were conducted on a selected composite scaffold in order to compare the cell proliferation and morphology with that of neat PLA scaffolds. Based on the results, we can convince that nanosilica and nanoclay can be both considered great potential fillers for electrospun systems engineered for bone tissue regeneration.

Development of Novel Thin Polycaprolactone (PCL)/Clay Nanocomposite Films with Antimicrobial Activity Promoted by the Study of Mechanical, Thermal, and Surface Properties

Infection with pathogenic microorganisms is of great concern in many areas, especially in healthcare, but also in food packaging and storage, or in water purification systems. Antimicrobial polymer nanocomposites have gained great popularity in these areas. Therefore, this study focused on new approaches to develop thin antimicrobial films based on biodegradable polycaprolactone (PCL) with clay mineral natural vermiculite as a carrier for antimicrobial compounds, where the active organic antimicrobial component is antifungal ciclopirox olamine (CPX). For possible synergistic effects, a sample in combination with the inorganic antimicrobial active ingredient zinc oxide was also prepared. The structures of all the prepared samples were studied by X-ray diffraction, FTIR analysis and, predominantly, by SEM. The very different structure properties of the prepared nanofillers had a fundamental influence on the final structural arrangement of thin PCL nanocomposite films as well as on their mechanical, thermal, and surface properties. As sample PCL/ZnOVER_CPX possessed the best results for antimicrobial activity against examined microbial strains, the synergic effect of CPX and ZnO combination on antimicrobial activity was proved, but on the other hand, its mechanical resistance was the lowest.

MicroRNA expression changes in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients' leukocytes prior to and following deep brain stimulation (DBS)

The second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder worldwide in the elderly is Parkinson's disease (PD). It is a major risk factor for aging. Objectives: Currently the involvement of miRNAs in the disease is mainly unclear. Additionally, the disease aetiology is complex and there are no available disease-modifying medications. Therefore, more evidence is required concerning its pathogenesis and developing new treatment modalities. Methods: Here, we studied the expression profiles of about 900 miRNAs in PD patients prior to and following deep brain stimulation (DBS) both on and following 1 hour off electrical stimulation and as compared with age and gender matched healthy control (HC) donor samples, using Affymetrix miRNA microarrays. We analysed statistically the data using Affymetrix expression console software. Results: We detected significantly altered miRNAs pre and post DBS treatment. Conclusions: Our findings indicate the involvement of miRNAs in PD. Future studies can enlarge the number of samples and use RNA sequencing platform to quantify further miRNAs in PD samples. We may also use the expression levels of miRNAs as biomarkers for PD in the blood.

Advances in research and development of bioplastic for food packaging

BACKGROUND

The article reviews the recent developments in bioplastic food packaging. Several bioplastic materials (polylactide, polyhydroxyalkanoates, and starch) have been successfully converted into food packaging using conventional plastic conversion technologies including extrusion, injection molding, and compression molding. Recently, bioplastic packaging has been developed into active packaging which can either control the release of active ingredients or scavenge undesirable substances. This review emphasizes the advances in bioplastic packaging with regard to active packaging applications and applications requiring gas and water barrier.

RESULTS

The review shows that antioxidant and antimicrobial functions are major developments for the control-release application in bioplastic packaging. Factors affecting the release of active ingredients have been reviewed. The sorption of low molecular weight substances such as humidity, aromas, and gases, also affects the properties of packaging materials. Some patents are available for oxygen-scavenging bioplastic packaging. Moreover, improved high-barrier packaging technologies (modified polymer, coating, and lamination) have been developed to increase the shelf-life of food products.

CONCLUSION

The finding shows that the development of bioplastic into food packaging included control-release (desorption), scavenging (absorption) and permeation technologies. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

Research of Binary and Ternary Composites Based on Selected Aliphatic or Aliphatic-Aromatic Polymers, 5CB or SWCN Toward Biodegradable Electrodes

The main goal of this paper was to study the optical, electrical, and thermal properties of hybrid composites based on biodegradable polymers (L,D-poly(lactic acid), polycaprolactone or Ecoflex®), single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCN), and 4'-pentyl-4-biphenylcarbonitrile (5CB). The biodegradable polymers' binary and ternary compositions were analyzed in detail by ultraviolet and visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy taking into consideration their chemical structure and interactions with 5CB and SWCN. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies of the created hybrid layers showed thermal stability and changes in glass transition temperature and melting point in comparison to neat polymers, depending on the chemical structure of the polymer used and the type of composition. Morphology of the created layers were investigated by atomic force and polarizing microscopy. The static contact angle measurements of a water drop showed that all of the neat polymer layers were hydrophobic with angle values ranging from 108° to 115°. In addition, in the case of the Ecoflex layers, both with and without additives, a rapid sorption of the deposited water drop was observed. Finally, a simple device with poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)/indium tin oxide (ITO)/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS)/poly [[4,8-bis[(2-ethylhexyl)oxy]benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene-2,6-diyl][3-fluoro-2-[(2-ethylhexyl)carbonyl]thieno[3,4-b]thiophenediyl ]] (PTB7) : [6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC70BM)/Ag/biodegradable polymer:SWCN architecture was constructed and tested using an infrared (IR) thermographic camera to investigate the surface defects on the created hybrid layers. Increasing the SWCN admixture from 0.01 to 0.5% significantly improved the conductivity only in the case of L,D-poly(lactic acid):SWCN (10:0.5), for which above 5 V, a current with a resistance of 3030.7 Ω could be measured. In order to use the created layers as flexible electrodes, the first experiments were carried out with an admixture of SWCN and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) as conductive compounds.

The Role of Nanoparticle Shapes and Structures in Material Characterisation of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) Bionanocomposite Films

Three different types of nanoparticles, 1D Cloisite 30B clay nanoplatelets, 2D halloysite nanotubes (HNTs), and 3D nanobamboo charcoals (NBCs) were employed to investigate the impact of nanoparticle shapes and structures on the material performance of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) bionanocomposite films in terms of their mechanical and thermal properties, morphological structures, and nanomechanical behaviour. The overall results revealed the superior reinforcement efficiency of NBCs to Cloisite 30B clays and HNTs, owing to their typical porous structures to actively interact with PVA matrices in the combined formation of strong mechanical and hydrogen bondings. Three-dimensional NBCs also achieved better nanoparticle dispersibility when compared with 1D Cloisite 30B clays and 2D HNTs along with higher thermal stability, which was attributed to their larger interfacial regions when characterised for the nanomechanical behaviour of corresponding bionanocomposite films. Our study offers an insightful guidance to the appropriate selection of nanoparticles as effective reinforcements and the further sophisticated design of bionanocomposite materials.

Intercepting signalling mechanism to control environmental biofouling

Biofouling in environmental systems employs bacterial quorum sensing signals (autoinducers) and extracellular polymeric substances to onset the event. The present review has highlighted on the fundamental mechanisms behind biofilm formation over broad spectrum environmental niches especially membrane biofouling in water systems and consequent chances of pathogenic contamination leading to global economic loss. It has broadly discussed on bioelectrical signal (via, potassium gradient) and molecular signal (via, AHLs) mediated quorum sensing which help to propagate biofilm formation. The review has illustrated the potential of genomic intervention towards biofouled membrane microbial community and has uncovered possible features of biofilm microenvironment like quorum quenching bacteria, bioelectrical waves capture, siderophores arrest and surface modifications. Based on information, the concept of interception of quorum signals (AHLs) and bioelectrical signals (K⁺) by employing electro-modified (negative charges) membrane surface have been hypothesized in the present review to favour anti-biofouling.

Zinc oxide-curcumin nanocomposite loaded collagen membrane as an effective material against methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococci

Zinc oxide nanoparticles and curcumin are excellent antimicrobial agents. They have the potential to be used as alternative to antibiotics in wound infection management. In this study, ZnO-curcumin nanocomposite was synthesized and characterized. Physical adsorption of the nanocomposite onto collagen skin wound dressing was conducted and structural investigation was carried out by SEM. Antimicrobial assay, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and viability assays of different concentrations of nanocomposite loaded collagen membrane were conducted against clinically isolated methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococci (MRCoNS), such as S. epidermidis, S. hemolyticus, and S. saprophyticus. The nanocomposite showed excellent anti-CoNS activity on time kill assay with the MIC value of 195 µg/mL against S. epidermidis, S. hemolyticus and 390 µg/mL against S. saprophyticus. The nanocomposite loaded collagen membrane also showed excellent in vitro antistaphylococcal activity. This study may lead to the development of antibiotic alternate strategies to control and limit the MRCoNS in wound-related infections.