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Karthikeyan M, Yogiraj GP, Elaiyabharathi T, Jesu BAJ, Johnson I, Jaffer SB, Dhanabalan SP, Boopathi NM, Marimuthu S, Nejad HS, Adorada DL, Periyannan S. Comprehensive analysis of little leaf disease incidence and resistance in eggplant. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:576. [PMID: 38890568 PMCID: PMC11184749 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05257-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little leaf disease caused by phytoplasma infection is a significant threat to eggplant (also known as brinjal) cultivation in India. This study focused on the molecular characterisation of the phytoplasma strains and insect vectors responsible for its transmission and screening of brinjal germplasm for resistance to little leaf disease. RESULTS Surveys conducted across districts in the Tamil Nadu state of India during 2021-2022 showed a higher incidence of phytoplasma during the Zaid (March to June), followed by Kharif (June to November) and Rabi (November to March) seasons with mean incidence ranging from 22 to 27%. As the name indicates, phytoplasma infection results in little leaf (reduction in leaf size), excessive growth of axillary shoots, virescence, phyllody, stunted growth, leaf chlorosis and witches' broom symptoms. PCR amplification with phytoplasma-specific primers confirmed the presence of this pathogen in all symptomatic brinjal plants and in Hishimonus phycitis (leafhopper), providing valuable insights into the role of leafhoppers in disease transmission. BLAST search and phylogenetic analysis revealed the phytoplasma strain as "Candidatus Phytoplasma trifolii". Insect population and disease dynamics are highly influenced by environmental factors such as temperature, relative humidity and rainfall. Further, the evaluation of 22 eggplant accessions revealed immune to highly susceptible responses where over 50% of the entries were highly susceptible. Finally, additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) and won-where biplot analyses identified G18 as a best-performing accession for little leaf resistance due to its consistent responses across multiple environments. CONCLUSIONS This research contributes essential information on little leaf incidence, symptoms, transmission and resistance profiles of different brinjal genotypes, which together ensure effective and sustainable management of this important disease of eggplants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthusamy Karthikeyan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641003, Tamil Nadu, India.
- Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia.
| | - Gawande Priya Yogiraj
- Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Thiyagarajan Elaiyabharathi
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Bonipas Antony John Jesu
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Iruthayasamy Johnson
- Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shajith Basha Jaffer
- Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shanmuga Priya Dhanabalan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Subbaiyan Marimuthu
- National Pulses Research Centre, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Vamban, 622303, Tamil Nadu, India
- Centre for Applied Climate Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia
| | - Hamid Shobeiri Nejad
- School of Mathematics, Physics and Computing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia
| | - Dante L Adorada
- Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia
| | - Sambasivam Periyannan
- Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia.
- School of Agriculture and Environmental Science, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia.
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Lin Y, Huang Z, Wu L, Zhao P, Wang X, Ma X, Chen W, Bi R, Jia Y. Influence of phosphorus on the uptake and biotransformation of arsenic in Porphyra haitanensis at environmental relevant concentrations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 800:149534. [PMID: 34392210 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Edible seaweeds are rich in essential vitamins and minerals, which made them a popular food worldwide. Porphyra haitanensis is one of the most commonly consumed seaweeds with the known ability to accumulate a high level of total arsenic (As). A large number of articles have shown arsenic and phosphorus (P) interactions in microalgae due to the plant's inability to differentiate arsenate from phosphate. However, very limited information is available for edible seaweed at environmentally relevant concentrations. In this study, P. haitanensis was treated with arsenic as AsV (As1: 0.06 μM, As2: 0.4 μM, As3: 1.2 μM) and phosphorous (P1: 3.2 μM, P2: 13 μM) in a filtered seawater matrix under laboratory condition for six days. A better growth rate was found in seaweeds grown in P2 treatments. Moreover, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content measurements revealed that a higher P concentration prevent seaweeds from lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress. Transcriptome studies indicated the As replacement to P has the ability to target seaweed cell membrane composition, transmembrane transport, DNA and ATP binding. The inorganic As (iAs) had a concentration of 0.54 to 4.45 mg/kg in P. haitanensis on Day 6 with As1, As2, and As3 treatments under low P regime (P1), which exceeds the limits of iAs concentration (0.1-0.5 mg/kg) in National Food Safety Standard-Limits of Pollutants in Food (GB 2762-2017). High P regime (P2) not only reduced the total As but also iAs effectively, even in the highest As treatment (As3), the iAs concentration was less than 0.5 mg/kg on Day 6. These findings provide a good insight for seafood safety guarantees and are important for the management of coastal artificial seaweed farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubing Lin
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Zhangxun Huang
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Lin Wu
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Puhui Zhao
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Xinjie Wang
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Xu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Weizhou Chen
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Ran Bi
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 511458, China.
| | - Yongfeng Jia
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
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Phytoplasma diseases of plants: molecular diagnostics and way forward. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 37:102. [PMID: 34009500 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03061-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Phytoplasmas are obligate phytopathogenic bacteria associated with devastating diseases in hundreds of crops across the world. They have been responsible for huge economic losses in many crop plants for decades now. Isolation and establishment of axenic culture of phytoplasma in complex media is a recent progress in phytoplasma research. Earlier methods for phytoplasma disease detection included symptom profiling, microscopy, serology and dodder transmission studies. With advancement in the field of molecular biology, phytoplasma diagnostics and characterisation witnessed radical improvement. Starting from PCR amplification which often necessities a nested PCR on account of low titre of phytoplasmas, to the closed tube quantitative PCR assays and then the ddPCR, an array of diagnostics have been developed for phytoplasma. The isothermal diagnostic platforms are the latest addition to this and the Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) assay has been applied for the detection of phytoplasma from several hosts. The futuristic approach in phytoplasma detection will be very likely provided by an integration of nanotechnology and molecular diagnostics. Phytoplasma disease management majorly relies on early detection, vector control, use of disease free planting materials and cultivation of resistant varieties. Hence understanding the molecular mechanism of phytoplasma-host interaction is as important as timely and accurate detection, in the management of phytoplasma diseases. Further, the changing climatic scenario and global warming may lead to an upsurge in the phytoplasma diseases spread and severity across the world, making disease management even more challenging.
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Panda P, Nigam A, Rao GP. Multilocus gene analysis reveals the presence of two phytoplasma groups in Impatiens balsamina showing flat stem and phyllody. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:122. [PMID: 33633922 PMCID: PMC7878611 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02666-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Rose balsam (Impatiens balsamina) is an important ornamental species grown worldwide for its attractive flowers and also having medicinal properties. Flat stem, little leaf, and phyllody symptoms were observed in I. balsamina nurseries in Uttar Pradesh and Tripura states of India during surveys from 2018 to 2020, with an incidence from 6 to 27%. Amplicons of ~ 1.2 kb were amplified in all the tested symptomatic samples of I. balsamina using universal phytoplasma primer pairs from different surveyed locations, but not from the asymptomatic plants. Pairwise sequence comparison, phylogeny, and virtual RFLP analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences identified the phytoplasmas as 16SrI-B subgroup strain from Tripura (Lembucherra) and 16SrII-D subgroup strain from Uttar Pradesh (Gorakhpur and Faizabad). Phytoplasma presence and identity was further confirmed by amplifying secA, rp, secY, and tuf genes. This is the first report of 16SrI-B and 16SrII-D phytoplasmas detection in I. balsamina in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyam Panda
- Discipline of Life Sciences, Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi, 110068 India
| | - Amrita Nigam
- Discipline of Life Sciences, Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi, 110068 India
| | - G. P. Rao
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
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Yuan C, Zhang S, Hu R, Wei D, Tang Q, Wang Y, Tian S, Niu Y, Wang Z. Comparative transcriptome analysis provides insight into the molecular mechanisms of anther dehiscence in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). Genomics 2020; 113:497-506. [PMID: 33370584 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Anther dehiscence releases pollen and therefore is a key event in plant sexual reproduction. Although anther dehiscence has been intensively studied in some plants, such as Arabidopsis thaliana and rice (Oryza sativa), the molecular mechanism of anther dehiscence in eggplant (Solanum melongena) is largely unknown. To provide insight into this mechanism, we used RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) to analyze the transcriptomic profiles of one natural male-fertile line (F142) and two male-sterile lines (S12 and S13). We assembled 88,414 unigenes and identified 3446 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). GO and KEGG analysis indicated that these DEGs were mainly involved in "metabolic process", "catalytic activity", "biosynthesis of amino acids", and "carbon metabolism". The present study provides comprehensive transcriptomic profiles of eggplants that do and do not undergo anther dehiscence, and identifies a number of genes and pathways associated with anther dehiscence. The information deepens our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of anther dehiscence in eggplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yuan
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Shaowei Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ruolin Hu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Dayong Wei
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qinglin Tang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yongqin Wang
- The Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 400055, China
| | - Shibing Tian
- The Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 400055, China
| | - Yi Niu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Zhimin Wang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China.
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Rao GP, Mitra S, Johnson JM, Debnath P, Bahadur A, Das SC. Genetic diversity of phytoplasma strains inducing phyllody, flat stem and witches' broom symptoms in Manilkara zapota in India. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 26:1685-1693. [PMID: 32801496 PMCID: PMC7415051 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-020-00854-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
During a survey performed in sapota orchards of India, from 2015 to 2018, symptoms of phyllody, little leaf, flat stem and witches' broom were observed in three states: Karnataka, Kerala and Tripura. The association of phytoplasmas was confirmed in all the symptomatic sapota samples by using nested PCR specific primers (P1/P7, R16F2n/R16R2 and 3Far/3Rev) with amplification of fragments of ~ 1.25 kb and ~ 1.3 kb. Association of three phytoplasma groups, aster yellows with flat stem from Tripura (Lembucherra), clover proliferation with phyllody symptoms at Karnataka (Bengaluru) and bermuda grass white leaf with flat stem and little leaf from Kerala (Thiruvananthapuram) and Tripura (Cocotilla) were confirmed by 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison analysis. Virtual RFLP analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences using pDRAW32 further classified the sapota phytoplasma isolates into 16SrI-B, 16SrVI-D and 16SrXIV-A subgroups. This is the first report on identification of three phytoplasma groups in sapota in world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govind Pratap Rao
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Surabhi Mitra
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Joy Michal Johnson
- Kerala Agriculture University, Vellanikkara, Thrissur, Kerala 680656 India
| | - Prasenjit Debnath
- College of Agriculture, Tripura, Lembucherra, West Tripura, 799210 India
| | - Amar Bahadur
- College of Agriculture, Tripura, Lembucherra, West Tripura, 799210 India
| | - Sukhen Chandra Das
- College of Agriculture, Tripura, Lembucherra, West Tripura, 799210 India
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Bragard C, Dehnen‐Schmutz K, Gonthier P, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas‐Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Thulke H, Van der Werf W, Civera AV, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Bosco D, Chiumenti M, Di Serio F, Galetto L, Marzachì C, Pautasso M, Jacques M. Pest categorisation of the non-EU phytoplasmas of Cydonia Mill., Fragaria L., Malus Mill., Prunus L., Pyrus L., Ribes L., Rubus L. and Vitis L. EFSA J 2020; 18:e05929. [PMID: 32626484 PMCID: PMC7008834 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.5929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of nine phytoplasmas of Cydonia Mill., Fragaria L., Malus Mill., Prunus L., Pyrus L., Ribes L., Rubus L. and Vitis L. (hereafter "host plants") known to occur only outside the EU or having a limited presence in the EU. This opinion covers the (i) reference strains of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense', 'Ca. P. fraxini', 'Ca. P. hispanicum', 'Ca. P. trifolii', 'Ca. P. ziziphi', (ii) related strains infecting the host plants of 'Ca. P. aurantifolia', 'Ca. P. pruni', and 'Ca. P. pyri', and (iii) an unclassified phytoplasma causing Buckland valley grapevine yellows. Phytoplasmas can be detected by available methods and are efficiently transmitted by vegetative propagation, with plants for planting acting as a major entry pathway and a long-distance spread mechanism. Phytoplasmas are also transmitted in a persistent and propagative manner by some insect families of the Fulgoromorpha, Cicadomorpha and Sternorrhyncha (order Hemiptera). No transovarial, pollen or seed transmission has been reported. The natural host range of the categorised phytoplasmas varies from one to more than 90 plant species, thus increasing the possible entry pathways. The host plants are widely cultivated in the EU. All the categorised phytoplasmas can enter and spread through the trade of host plants for planting, and by vectors. Establishment of these phytoplasmas is not expected to be limited by EU environmental conditions. The introduction of these phytoplasmas in the EU would have an economic impact. There are measures to reduce the risk of entry, establishment, spread and impact. Uncertainties result from limited information on distribution, biology and epidemiology. All the phytoplasmas categorised here meet the criteria evaluated by EFSA to qualify as potential Union quarantine pests, and they do not qualify as potential regulated non-quarantine pests, because they are non-EU phytoplasmas.
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Gopala, Khasa E, Rao A, Madhupriya, Rao GP. Molecular characterization of 'Clover proliferation' phytoplasma subgroup-D (16SrVI-D) associated with vegetables crops in India. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 24:203-210. [PMID: 29515315 PMCID: PMC5834985 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-017-0499-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nine vegetable plants species exhibiting phytoplasma suspected symptoms of white/purple leaf, little leaf, flat stem, witches' broom, phyllody and leaf yellowing were observed in experimental fields at Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi from December 2015 to July 2016. Total DNA extracted from the three healthy and three symptomatic leaves of all the nine vegetables were subjected to PCR assays using phytoplasma specific primers P1/P7 followed by R16F2n/R16R2 and 3Far/3Rev to amplify the 16S rDNA fragments. No amplifications of DNA were observed in first round PCR assays with primer pair P1/P7 from any of the symptomatic samples. However, phytoplasma DNA specific fragments of ~ 1.3 kb were amplified from Apium graveolens L. (two isolates), Brassica oleracea vr. capitata L. (one isolate) and Solanum melongena L. (one isolate) by using 3Far/3Rev primer pair and 1.2 kb fragment was amplified from Lactuca sativa L. (one isolate) by using R16F2n/R16R2 primer pair. No DNA amplification was seen in other symptomatic vegetable samples of tomato, carrot, cucurbit, bitter gourd and Amaranthus species utilizing either P1/P7 primer pair followed by 3Far/3Rev or R16F2n/R16R2 primer pairs. Out of three leafhopper species collected from the symptomatic vegetable fields, only Hishimonus phycitis was found positive for association of phytoplasma. No DNA amplifications were observed in healthy plant samples and insects collected from non-symptomatic fields. Comparative sequence comparison analyses of 16S rDNA of positive found vegetable phytoplasma strains revealed 100% sequence identities among each other and with phytoplasma strains of 'clover proliferation' (16SrVI) group. Phytoplasma sequences, virtual RFLPs and phylogenetic analyses of 16S rDNA sequence comparison confirmed the identification of 16SrVI subgroup D strain of phytoplasmas in four vegetables and one leafhopper (HP) species. Further virtual RFLP analysis of 16S rDNA sequence of the vegetables phytoplasma strains confirmed their taxonomic classification with strains of 'clover proliferation' subgroup D. Since, H. phycitis feeding on symptomatic vegetable species in the study was also tested positive for the 16SrVI phytoplasma subgroup-D as of vegetables; it may act as potent natural reservoir of 16SrVI-D subgroup of phytoplasmas infecting vegetable and other important agricultural crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopala
- Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Ekta Khasa
- Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Ashutosh Rao
- Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Madhupriya
- Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - G. P. Rao
- Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012 India
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Gopala, Rao GP. Molecular characterization of phytoplasma associated with four important ornamental plant species in India and identification of natural potential spread sources. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:116. [PMID: 29430377 PMCID: PMC5801105 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1126-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoplasma suspected symptoms of phyllody, witches' broom, leaf yellowing, stunting and little leaf were observed in Chrysanthemum morifolium, Bougainvillea glabra, Jasminum sambac and Callistephus chinensis during survey of flower nurseries and experimental ornamental fields at Delhi, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka from 2014 to 2016. Pleomorphic bodies typical to phytoplasma structures were observed in the phloem sieve elements of ultrathin sections of all the four symptomatic ornamental plants (stem tissue) in transmission electron microscope. Amplification of 1.8 and 1.2 kb phytoplasma DNA products was observed in all the four test plants in PCR assays using universal primer pairs P1/P7 followed by nested primer pair R16F2n/R16R2, respectively. Pairwise sequence comparison, phylogeny and virtual RFLP analysis of 16S rDNA sequences confirmed the association of two phytoplasma subgroups (16SrI-B and 16SrII-D) in four ornamental plant species. 'Ca. P. aurantifolia' subgroup D (16SrII-D) was found associated with chrysanthemum phyllody and leaf yellowing at Delhi and Tamil Nadu, bougainvillea little leaf and yellowing at Delhi and Chinese aster phyllody at Bengaluru, Karnataka. However, jasmine little leaf and yellowing at Bengaluru, Karnataka and chrysanthemum stunting at Pune were found to be associated with 'Ca. P. asteris' subgroup B-related strains (16SrI-B). The identification of 16SrII-D subgroup phytoplasma infecting bougainvillea and 16SrI-B subgroup infecting jasmine are the new reports to the world. Besides weed species, Cannabis sativa showing witches' broom in jasmine fields at Bengaluru and Parthenium hysterophorus showing witches' broom symptoms in chrysanthemum fields at Delhi were identified to be caused by phytoplasma strains classified under subgroups 16SrI-B and 16SrII-D, respectively, by PCR assays and 16Sr DNA sequence comparison analysis. Among the three major leafhopper species identified, only Hishimonas phycitis was identified positive for 16SrI-B and 16SrII-D subgroups of phytoplasmas from chrysanthemum fields at Delhi and jasmine fields at Bengaluru, respectively. The identity of similar phytoplasma strains infecting ornamental species in leafhopper and the weed species in the present study suggested that H. phycitis and weeds may act as potential natural sources for secondary spread of the identified phytoplasma strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopala
- Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi 110012 India
| | - G. P. Rao
- Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi 110012 India
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