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Rodríguez Mejía Y, Romero Romero F, Basavanag Unnamatla MV, Ballesteros Rivas MF, Varela Guerrero V. Metal-Organic Frameworks as bio- and heterogeneous catalyst supports for biodiesel production. REV INORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/revic-2022-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
As biodiesel (BD)/Fatty Acid Alkyl Esters (FAAE) is derived from vegetable oils and animal fats, it is a cost-effective alternative fuel that could complement diesel. The BD is processed from different catalytic routes of esterification and transesterification through homogeneous (alkaline and acid), heterogeneous and enzymatic catalysis. However, heterogeneous catalysts and biocatalysts play an essential role towards a sustainable alternative to homogeneous catalysts applied in biodiesel production. The main drawback is the supporting material. To overcome this, currently, Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) have gained significant interest as supports for catalysts due to their extremely high surface area and numerous binding sites. This review focuses on the advantages of using various MOFs structures as supports for heterogeneous catalysts and biocatalysts for the eco-friendly biodiesel production process. The characteristics of these materials and their fabrication synthesis are briefly discussed. Moreover, we address in a general way basic items ranging from biodiesel synthesis to applied catalysts, giving great importance to the enzymatic part, mainly to the catalytic mechanism in esterification/transesterification reactions. We provide a summary with recommendations based on the limiting factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yetzin Rodríguez Mejía
- Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Facultad de Química , Paseo Colón esq. Paseo Tollocan s/n, 50120 , Toluca , Estado de México , CP 50120 , México
| | - Fernando Romero Romero
- Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Facultad de Química , Carretera Toluca-Ixtlahuaca Km. 15, Unidad el Cerrillo , Toluca , Estado de México , 50200 , México
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM-UNAM , Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco Km 14.5 , Toluca , Estado de México , 50200 , México
| | - Murali Venkata Basavanag Unnamatla
- Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Facultad de Química , Paseo Colón esq. Paseo Tollocan s/n, 50120 , Toluca , Estado de México , CP 50120 , México
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM-UNAM , Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco Km 14.5 , Toluca , Estado de México , 50200 , México
| | - Maria Fernanda Ballesteros Rivas
- Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Facultad de Química , Paseo Colón esq. Paseo Tollocan s/n, 50120 , Toluca , Estado de México , CP 50120 , México
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM-UNAM , Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco Km 14.5 , Toluca , Estado de México , 50200 , México
| | - Victor Varela Guerrero
- Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Facultad de Química , Paseo Colón esq. Paseo Tollocan s/n, 50120 , Toluca , Estado de México , CP 50120 , México
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM-UNAM , Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco Km 14.5 , Toluca , Estado de México , 50200 , México
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Gao R, Sun S, Zhou Y, Chen X, Zhang H, Yao N. Low-cost liquid lipase selective deacidification of corn oil with high triglyceride yield. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Sampaio CS, Angelotti JAF, Fernandez-Lafuente R, Hirata DB. Lipase immobilization via cross-linked enzyme aggregates: Problems and prospects - A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 215:434-449. [PMID: 35752332 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.06.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In this review we have focused on the preparation of cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) from lipases, as these are among the most used enzyme in bioprocesses. This immobilization method is considered very attractive due to preparation simplicity, non-use of supports and the possibility of using crude enzyme extracts. CLEAs provide lipase stabilization under extreme temperature or pH conditions or in the presence of organic solvents, in addition to preventing enzyme leaching in aqueous medium. However, it presents some problems in the preparation and limitations in their use. The problems in preparation refer mainly to the crosslinking step, and may be solved using an aminated feeder. The problems in handling have been tackled designing magnetic-CLEAs or trapping the CLEAs in particles with better mechanical properties, the substrate diffusion problems has been reduced by producing more porous-CLEAs, etc. The enzyme co-immobilization using combi-CLEAs is also a new tendency. Therefore, this review explores the CLEAs methodology aimed at lipase immobilization and its applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila S Sampaio
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Alfenas, 37130-001 Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Joelise A F Angelotti
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Alfenas, 37130-001 Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Roberto Fernandez-Lafuente
- Department of Biocatalysis, ICP-CSIC, Campus UAM-CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.; Center of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, Member of The External Scientific Advisory Board, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Daniela B Hirata
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Alfenas, 37130-001 Alfenas, MG, Brazil.
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Prospects of Catalysis for Process Sustainability of Eco-Green Biodiesel Synthesis via Transesterification: A State-Of-The-Art Review. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14127032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollution caused by conventional petro-diesel initiates at time of crude oil extraction and continues until its consumption. The resulting emission of poisonous gases during the combustion of petroleum-based fuel has worsened the greenhouse effect and global warming. Moreover, exhaustion of finite fossil fuels due to extensive exploitation has made the search for renewable resources indispensable. In light of this, biodiesel is a best possible substitute for the regular petro-diesel as it is eco-friendly, renewable, and economically viable. For effective biodiesel synthesis, the selection of potential feedstock and choice of efficient catalyst is the most important criteria. The main objective of this bibliographical review is to highlight vital role of different catalytic systems acting on variable feedstock and diverse methods for catalysis of biodiesel synthesis reactions. This paper further explores the effects of optimized reaction parameters, modification in chemical compositions, reaction operating parameters, mechanism and methodologies for catalysts preparation, stability enhancement, recovery, and reusability with the maximum optimum activity of catalysts. In future, the development of well-planned incentive structures is necessary for systematic progression of biodiesel process. Besides this, the selection of accessible and amended approaches for synthesis and utilization of specific potential catalysts will ensure the sustainability of eco-green biodiesel.
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de Araujo-Silva R, Vieira AC, de Campos Giordano R, Fernandez-Lafuente R, Tardioli PW. Enzymatic Synthesis of Fatty Acid Isoamyl Monoesters from Soybean Oil Deodorizer Distillate: A Renewable and Ecofriendly Base Stock for Lubricant Industries. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27092692. [PMID: 35566043 PMCID: PMC9104904 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, soybean oil deodorizer distillate (SODD), a mixture of free fatty acids and acylglycerides, and isoamyl alcohol were evaluated as substrates in the synthesis of fatty acid isoamyl monoesters catalyzed by Eversa (a liquid formulation of Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase). SODD and the products were characterized by the chemical and physical properties of lubricant base stocks. The optimal conditions to produce isoamyl fatty acid esters were determined by response surface methodology (RSM) using rotational central composite design (RCCD, 23 factorial + 6 axial points + 5 replications at the central point); they were 1 mol of fatty acids (based on the SODD saponifiable index) to 2.5 mol isoamyl alcohol, 45 °C, and 6 wt.% enzymes (enzyme mass/SODD mass). The effect of the water content of the reactional medium was also studied, with two conditions of molecular sieve ratio (molecular sieve mass/SODD mass) selected as 39 wt.% (almost anhydrous reaction medium) and 9 wt.%. Ester yields of around 50 wt.% and 70 wt.% were reached after 50 h reaction, respectively. The reaction products containing 43.7 wt.% and 55.2 wt.% FAIE exhibited viscosity indices of 175 and 163.8, pour points of -6 °C and -9 °C, flash points of 178 and 104 °C, and low oxidative stability, respectively. Their properties (mainly very high viscosity indices) make them suitable to be used as base stocks in lubricant formulation industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael de Araujo-Silva
- Graduate Program in Chemical Engineering (PPGEQ), Laboratory of Enzyme Technologies (LabEnz), Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos (DEQ/UFSCar), Rod. Washington Luiz, km 235, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil; (R.d.A.-S.); (A.C.V.); (R.d.C.G.)
| | - Ana Carolina Vieira
- Graduate Program in Chemical Engineering (PPGEQ), Laboratory of Enzyme Technologies (LabEnz), Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos (DEQ/UFSCar), Rod. Washington Luiz, km 235, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil; (R.d.A.-S.); (A.C.V.); (R.d.C.G.)
| | - Roberto de Campos Giordano
- Graduate Program in Chemical Engineering (PPGEQ), Laboratory of Enzyme Technologies (LabEnz), Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos (DEQ/UFSCar), Rod. Washington Luiz, km 235, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil; (R.d.A.-S.); (A.C.V.); (R.d.C.G.)
| | - Roberto Fernandez-Lafuente
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, ICP-CSIC, Campus UAM-CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Center of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, External Scientific Advisory Board, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (R.F.-L.); (P.W.T.); Tel.: +34-91594804 (R.F.-L.); +55-16-3351-9362 (P.W.T.)
| | - Paulo Waldir Tardioli
- Graduate Program in Chemical Engineering (PPGEQ), Laboratory of Enzyme Technologies (LabEnz), Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos (DEQ/UFSCar), Rod. Washington Luiz, km 235, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil; (R.d.A.-S.); (A.C.V.); (R.d.C.G.)
- Correspondence: (R.F.-L.); (P.W.T.); Tel.: +34-91594804 (R.F.-L.); +55-16-3351-9362 (P.W.T.)
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Remonatto D, Miotti Jr. RH, Monti R, Bassan JC, de Paula AV. Applications of immobilized lipases in enzymatic reactors: A review. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Lv W, Wu C, Lin S, Wang X, Wang Y. Integrated Utilization Strategy for Soybean Oil Deodorizer Distillate: Synergically Synthesizing Biodiesel and Recovering Bioactive Compounds by a Combined Enzymatic Process and Molecular Distillation. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:9141-9152. [PMID: 33842783 PMCID: PMC8028127 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Soybean oil deodorizer distillate (SODD) is well recognized as a good source of both biodiesel and high-value bioactive compounds of tocopherols, squalene, and phytosterols. To achieve a one-step synthesis of biodiesel and recovery of bioactive compounds from SODD, four commercial immobilized enzymes (Novozym 435, Lipozyme TLIM, Lipozyme RMIM, and Lipozyme RM) and one self-prepared immobilized lipase MAS1-H108A were compared. The results showed that immobilized lipase MAS1-H108A due to the better methanol tolerance and higher catalytic activity gave the highest biodiesel yield of 97.08% under the optimized conditions: molar ratio of 1:2 (oil/methanol), temperature of 35 °C, and enzyme loading of 35 U/g SODD, even after 10 persistent cycles without significant decrease of activity. Simultaneously, there was no loss of tocopherols and squalene in SODD during the enzymatic reaction. Pure biodiesel (characterized by fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)) and a high concentration of bioactive compounds could be successfully separated by molecular distillation at 100 °C. In a word, this work provides an interesting idea to achieve environmentally friendly treatment of SODD by combining an enzymatic process and molecular distillation, and it is suitable for industrial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Lv
- School
of Food Science and Engineering, South China
University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Chunjian Wu
- School
of Food Science and Engineering, South China
University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Sen Lin
- School
of Food Science and Engineering, South China
University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Xuping Wang
- Sericultural
& Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural
Sciences, Guangzhou 510610, P. R. China
| | - Yonghua Wang
- School
of Food Science and Engineering, South China
University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
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