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Sharma T, Sharma U, Kumar S. Iridoid glycosides from Picrorhiza genus endemic to the Himalayan region: phytochemistry, biosynthesis, pharmacological potential and biotechnological intercessions to boost production. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2022; 44:1-16. [PMID: 36184806 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2022.2117681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Iridoid glycosides are monoterpenoids synthesized in several plant species known to exhibit a diverse range of pharmacological activities. They are used as important bioactive ingredients in many commercially available drug formulations and as lead compounds in pharmaceutical research. The genus Picrorhiza comprises two medicinally important herbs endemic to the Himalayan region viz. Picrorhiza kurrooa Royle and Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora Hong. The medicinal properties of these two species are mainly due to iridoid glycosides present in their root, rhizome, and leaves. Unregulated harvesting from the wild, habitat specificity, narrow distribution range, small population size and lack of organized cultivation led to the enrolling of these species in the endangered category by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). Therefore, there is a need for immediate biotechnological and molecular interventions. Such intercessions will open up new vistas for large-scale propagation, development of genomic/transcriptomic resources for understanding the biosynthetic pathway, the possibility of genetic/metabolic manipulations, and possible commercialization of iridoid glycosides. The current review article elucidates the phytochemistry and pharmacological importance of iridoid glycosides from the genus Picrorhiza. In addition, the role of biotechnological approaches and opportunities offered by next-generation sequencing technologies in overcoming challenges associated with the genetic engineering of these species are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvi Sharma
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Upendra Sharma
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource and Technology, Palampur, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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Mao Z, Jiang H, Wang S, Wang Y, Yu L, Zou Q, Liu W, Jiang S, Wang N, Zhang Z, Chen X. The MdHY5-MdWRKY41-MdMYB transcription factor cascade regulates the anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in red-fleshed apple. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 306:110848. [PMID: 33775373 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.110848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Red-fleshed apple fruits are popular because of their high flavonoid content. Although MdMYB10 and its homologs have been identified as crucial regulators of the fruit coloring process, other transcription factors (TFs) contributing to the differences in flesh coloration have not been fully characterized. In this study, we investigated the regulatory effects of MdWRKY41 on anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin (PA) synthesis in red-fleshed apples. The overexpression of MdWRKY41 in red-fleshed apple calli inhibited anthocyanin and PA accumulation by downregulating the expression of a MYB TF gene (MdMYB12) and specific structural genes (MdLAR, MdUFGT, and MdANR). Furthermore, MdWRKY41 was shown to interact with MdMYB16 to form a complex that can further suppress MdANR and MdUFGT expression. Interestingly, MdWRKY41 was targeted by the photoresponse factor MdHY5 and inhibited its transcription. Overall, our findings provide insights into a novel MdHY5-MdWRKY41-MdMYB regulatory module influencing anthocyanin and PA synthesis in red-fleshed apple fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuolin Mao
- College of Horticulture, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271000, Shandong, China
| | - Huiyan Jiang
- College of Horticulture, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271000, Shandong, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- College of Horticulture, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271000, Shandong, China
| | - Yicheng Wang
- College of Horticulture, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271000, Shandong, China
| | - Lei Yu
- College of Horticulture, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271000, Shandong, China
| | - Qi Zou
- College of Horticulture, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271000, Shandong, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- College of Horticulture, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271000, Shandong, China
| | - Shenghui Jiang
- College of Horticulture, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271000, Shandong, China
| | - Nan Wang
- College of Horticulture, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271000, Shandong, China
| | - Zongying Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271000, Shandong, China.
| | - Xuesen Chen
- College of Horticulture, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271000, Shandong, China.
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