Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cytotoxicity, anti-amyloidogenic activity and cyclooxygenase inhibition of Lasianthus trichophlebus (Rubiaceae)

Neuroprotection by Anethum graveolens (Dill) Seeds and Its Phytocompounds in SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cell Lines and Acellular Assays

Neurodegeneration diseases (NDs) are a group of complex diseases primarily characterized by progressive loss of neurons affecting mental function and movement. Oxidative stress is one of the factors contributing to the pathogenesis of NDs, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). These reactive species disturb mitochondrial function and accelerate other undesirable conditions including tau phosphorylation, inflammation, and cell death. Therefore, preventing oxidative stress is one of the imperative methods in the treatment of NDs. To accomplish this, we prepared hexane and ethyl acetate extracts of Anethum graveolens (dill) and identified the major phyto-components (apiol, carvone, and dihydrocarvone) by GC-MS. The extracts and major bioactives were assessed for neuroprotective potential and mechanism in hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in the SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell model and other biochemical assays. The dill (extracts and bioactives) provided statistically significant neuroprotection from 0.1 to 30 µg/mL by mitigating ROS levels, restoring mitochondrial membrane potential, reducing lipid peroxidation, and reviving the glutathione ratio. They moderately inhibited acetylcholine esterase (IC50 dill extracts 400-500 µg/mL; carvone 275.7 µg/mL; apiole 388.3 µg/mL), displayed mild anti-Aβ1-42 fibrilization (DHC 26.6%) and good anti-oligomerization activity (>40% by dill-EA, carvone, and apiole). Such multifactorial neuroprotective displayed by dill and bioactives would help develop a safe, low-cost, and small-molecule drug for NDs.

Integration of UHPLC/Q-OrbitrapMS-based metabolomics and activities evaluation to rapidly explore the anti-inflammatory components from lasianthus

Lasianthus, belonging to Rubiaceae, has been verified to improve clinical syndrome in immune diseases (e.g., hepatitis, nephritis, and rheumatoid arthritis). Both the anti-inflammatory function and chemical composition of Lasianthus vary considerably between different species but few studies focus. So essential it is to explore lasianthus and further search for anti-inflammatory substances. The target of this artical is to analyze the anti-inflammatory activity and chemical composition of lasianthus of different species. And the subsequent active compounds were explored. Primary, the anti-inflammatory activity among seven species of lasianthus (e.g., L. fordii., L. wallichii., L. hookeri C., L. verticillatus., L. sikkimensis., L. appressihirtus., and L. hookeri var) were evaluated by vitro experiments (RAW 264.7 cells). Next, UHPLC/Q-Orbitrap-MS-based metabolomics and the mass defect filter (MDF) algorithm were performed to explore metabolites. In addition, principal component analysis (PCA) was to screen out differential compounds in seven species. Finally, the correlation analysis between activities and composition to rapidly discover the active compounds (compounds were verified pharmacologically). Among the 7 species of lasianthus, the L. fordii. and L. hookeri C indicated the best anti-inflammatory activity. Untargeted metabolomics and MDF show 112 compounds, classified into six dominant types (e.g., flavonoids, phenolic acids, alkaloids, iridoids, coumarins, and anthraquinones). Furthermore, 33 differential metabolites were confirmed by PCA. Then according to correlation analysis and pharmacological validation, 7 compounds IC₅₀＜100 (e.g., scopoletin, asperulosidic acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, betaine, syringic acid, and emodin) were verified as anti-inflammatory compounds and conduct quantitative analysis. Metabolomics integrated with activities evaluation might be a rapid and effective strategy to explore the active compounds from natural products.

Methanolic extract of O.umbellata L. exhibits anti-osteoporotic effect via promoting osteoblast proliferation in MG-63 cells and inhibiting osteoclastogenesis in RANKL-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Oldenlandia umbellataL., belonging to the Rubiaceae family, is an annual plant possessing anti-inflammatory and antipyretic, anti-nociceptive, anti-bacterial, anti-helminthic, antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities and used in traditional medicine to treat inflammation and respiratory diseases.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The present study aims to evaluate the anti-osteoporotic effect of Methanolic extract of O.umbellata in MG-63 cells and RANKL-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The methanolic extract from the aerial parts of O.umbellata was subjected to metabolite profiling. The anti-osteoporotic effect of MOU was assessed in MG-63 cells and RANKL-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. In MG-63 cells, the proliferative effect of MOU was evaluated using MTT assay, ALP assay, Alizarin red staining, ELISA and western blot. Similarly, the anti-osteoclastogenic effect of MOU was assessed in RANKL-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells via MTT, TRAP staining and western blot.

RESULTS

LC-MS metabolite profiling showed the presence of 59 phytoconstituents including scandoside, scandoside methyl ester, deacetylasperuloside, asperulosidic acid, and cedrelopsin in MOU. In MG-63 cells, MOU has increased the proliferation of osteoblast cells and ALP activity, thereby increasing bone mineralization. ELISA results showed increased levels of osteogenic markers such as osteocalcin and osteopontin in the culture media. Western blot analysis showed inhibition of GSK3β protein expression and increased the expression levels of β-catenin, Runx-2, col 1 and osterix, promoting osteoblast differentiation. In RANKL-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, MOU did not elicit any significant cytotoxicity; instead, it suppressed the osteoclastogenesis reducing the osteoclast number. MOU has reduced TRAP activity in a dose-dependent manner. MOU inhibited the TRAF6, NFATc1, c-Jun, C-fos and cathepsin K expression, thereby inhibiting osteoclast formation.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, MOU promoted osteoblast differentiation via inhibiting GSK3β and activating Wnt/β catenin signalling and its transcription factors, including β catenin, Runx2 and Osterix. Similarly, MOU inhibited osteoclast formation by inhibiting the expression of TRAF6, NFATc1, c-Jun, C-fos and cathepsin K in RANK-RANKL signalling. Finally, it can be emphasised that O.umbellata is a potential source of therapeutic leads for the treatment of osteoporosis.

Neuroprotective effects on amyloid-beta induced cytotoxicity of Pandanus clementis Merr

The present study determined the neuroprotective potential of the alcoholic and aqueous extracts of Pandanus clementis Merr. (Pandanaceae) to protect the neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells against amyloid-beta _1-42 (Aβ) cytotoxicity. Inhibition of Aβ aggregation was determined by Thioflavin T (ThT) assay, and in vitro neuroprotective cell viability, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were evaluated with human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells insulted with Aβ. Chromatographic separation on the alcoholic extract yielded known phytosterols. Results showed that pretreatment of the SH-SY5Y cells with the P. clementis extracts increased cell viability and MMP, and decreased ROS, suggesting protective effects. Hence, P. clementis extract has promising neuroprotective therapeutic potential.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-021-02889-3.

Neuroprotective potential of the oxindole alkaloids isomitraphylline and mitraphylline in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells

The purified oxindole alkaloids, isomitraphylline and mitraphylline from Uncaria perrottetii, revealed their ability to break amyloid aggregates in vitro suggesting their therapeutic potentials in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Thioflavin-T assay for assessing amyloid-beta (Aβ) aggregation of these alkaloids exhibited inhibitions at 60.321% ± 2.61 (50 μM) for isomitraphylline and 43.17% ± 3.48 (50 μM) for mitraphylline. Neuroprotective effects were elaborated against Aβ-induced SH-SY5Y cells at 20 μM and 10 μM for isomitraphylline, and 20 μM for mitraphylline. In addition, both alkaloids attenuated and protected the H₂O₂-induced SH-SY5Y cell cytotoxicity at 20 μM. The intracellular ROS levels of SH-SY5Y cells from H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress were reduced at 20 μM and 10 μM, and the mitochondrial membrane potentials of Aβ-induced SH-SY5Y cells were protected at 20 μM. The overall results suggested the potentials of both alkaloids to target certain pathological biomarkers of AD and could be further investigated as therapeutic or preventive drug leads against AD.