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Liu X, Wang Z, Wang X, Liu J, Waigi MG. Conversion of estriol to estrone: A bacterial strategy for the catabolism of estriol. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 280:116564. [PMID: 38865939 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Natural estrogens, including estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), and estriol (E3), are potentially carcinogenic pollutants commonly found in water and soil environments. Bacterial metabolic pathway of E2 has been studied; however, the catabolic products of E3 have not been discovered thus far. In this study, Novosphingobium sp. ES2-1 was used as the target strain to investigate its catabolic pathway of E3. The metabolites of E3 were identified by high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-HRMS) combined with stable 13C3-labeling. Strain ES2-1 could almost completely degrade 20 mg∙L-1 of E3 within 72 h under the optimal conditions of 30°C and pH 7.0. When inoculated with strain ES2-1, E3 was initially converted to E1 and then to 4-hydroxyestrone (4-OH-E1), which was then cleaved to HIP (metabolite A6) via the 4, 5-seco pathway or cleaved to the B loop via the 9,10-seco pathway to produce metabolite with a long-chain ketone structure (metabolite B4). Although the ring-opening sequence of the above two metabolic pathways was different, the metabolism of E3 was achieved especially through continuous oxidation reactions. This study reveals that, E3 could be firstly converted to E1 and then to 4-OH-E1, and finally degraded into small molecule metabolites through two alternative pathways, thereby reducing E3 pollution in water and soil environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Liu
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Zeming Wang
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Xiu Wang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Poultry Science, Nanjing 210017, PR China
| | - Juan Liu
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - Michael Gatheru Waigi
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
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Liu N, Maser E, Zhang T. Genomic analysis of Gordonia polyisoprenivorans strain R9, a highly effective 17 beta-estradiol- and steroid-degrading bacterium. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 350:109685. [PMID: 34653397 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The increasing levels of estrogens and pollution by other steroids pose considerable challenges to the environment. In this study, the genome of Gordonia polyisoprenivorans strain R9, one of the most effective 17 beta-estradiol- and steroid-degrading bacteria, was sequenced and annotated. The circular chromosome of G. polyisoprenivorans R9 was 6,033,879 bp in size, with an average GC content of 66.91%. More so, 5213 putative protein-coding sequences, 9 rRNA, 49 tRNA, and 3 sRNA genes were predicted. The core-pan gene evolutionary tree for the genus Gordonia showed that G. polyisoprenivorans R9 is clustered with G. polyisoprenivorans VH2 and G. polyisoprenivorans C, with 93.75% and 93.8% similarity to these two strains, respectively. Altogether, the three G. polyisoprenivorans strains contained 3890 core gene clusters. Strain R9 contained 785 specific gene clusters, while 501 and 474 specific gene clusters were identified in strains VH2 and C, respectively. Furthermore, whole genome analysis revealed the existence of the steroids and estrogens degradation pathway in the core genome of all three G. polyisoprenivorans strains, although the G. polyisoprenivorans R9 genome contained more specific estrogen and steroid degradation genes. In strain R9, 207 ABC transporters, 95 short-chain dehydrogenases (SDRs), 26 monooxygenases, 21 dioxygenases, 7 aromatic ring-hydroxylating dioxygenases, and 3 CoA esters were identified, and these are very important for estrogen and steroid transport, and degradation. The results of this study could enhance our understanding of the role of G. polyisoprenivorans R9 in estradiol and steroid degradation as well as evolution within the G. polyisoprenivorans species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Edmund Maser
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School, Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Brunswiker Str. 10, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Tingdi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
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Harthern-Flint SL, Dolfing J, Mrozik W, Meynet P, Eland LE, Sim M, Davenport RJ. Experimental and Genomic Evaluation of the Oestrogen Degrading Bacterium Rhodococcus equi ATCC13557. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:670928. [PMID: 34276604 PMCID: PMC8281962 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.670928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhodococcus equi ATCC13557 was selected as a model organism to study oestrogen degradation based on its previous ability to degrade 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2). Biodegradation experiments revealed that R. equi ATCC13557 was unable to metabolise EE2. However, it was able to metabolise E2 with the major metabolite being E1 with no further degradation of E1. However, the conversion of E2 into E1 was incomplete, with 11.2 and 50.6% of E2 degraded in mixed (E1-E2-EE2) and E2-only conditions, respectively. Therefore, the metabolic pathway of E2 degradation by R. equi ATCC13557 may have two possible pathways. The genome of R. equi ATCC13557 was sequenced, assembled, and mapped for the first time. The genome analysis allowed the identification of genes possibly responsible for the observed biodegradation characteristics of R. equi ATCC13557. Several genes within R. equi ATCC13557 are similar, but not identical in sequence, to those identified within the genomes of other oestrogen degrading bacteria, including Pseudomonas putida strain SJTE-1 and Sphingomonas strain KC8. Homologous gene sequences coding for enzymes potentially involved in oestrogen degradation, most commonly a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (oecB), extradiol dioxygenase (oecC), and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (oecA), were identified within the genome of R. equi ATCC13557. These searches also revealed a gene cluster potentially coding for enzymes involved in steroid/oestrogen degradation; 3-carboxyethylcatechol 2,3-dioxygenase, 2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde hydrolase, 3-alpha-(or 20-beta)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 3-(3-hydroxy-phenyl)propionate hydroxylase, cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, and 3-oxosteroid 1-dehydrogenase. Further, the searches revealed steroid hormone metabolism gene clusters from the 9, 10-seco pathway, therefore R. equi ATCC13557 also has the potential to metabolise other steroid hormones such as cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan Dolfing
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Faculty Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Wojciech Mrozik
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Paola Meynet
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy E Eland
- School of Computing Science, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Sim
- School of Computing Science, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Russell J Davenport
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Geng P, Cheng J, Yuan Z, Xiong H, Wang H, Hu X. Horizontal transfer of large plasmid with type IV secretion system and mosquitocidal genomic island with excision and integration capabilities in Lysinibacillus sphaericus. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:5131-5146. [PMID: 33728723 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We identified a ~30-kb genomic island (named GI8) carrying the binary toxin gene operon binA/binB on both the chromosome and large pBsph plasmid in the mosquitocidal Lysinibacillus sphaericus C3-41 strain. We found that GI8 is related to the occurrence of binA/binB within L. sphaericus and displays excision and integration capability by recognizing the attB region, which consists of a 2-nt target site (AT) flanked by an 11-nt imperfect inverted repeat. pBsph and two pBsph-like plasmids (p2362 and p1593) were found to carry a type IV secretion system (T4SS) and displayed transmissibility within a narrow host range specific to L. sphaericus. GI8 can be co-transferred with pBsph as a composite element by integration into its attB site, then excised from pBsph and re-integrated into the chromosomal attB site in the new host. The potential hosts of GI8, regardless of whether they are toxic or non-toxic to mosquito larvae, share good collinearity at the chromosomal level. Data indicated that the appearance of the mosquitocidal L. sphaericus lineage was driven by horizontal transfer of the T4SS-type conjugative plasmid and GI8 with excision and specific integration capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiling Geng
- College of Life Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jiao Cheng
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zhiming Yuan
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Hairong Xiong
- College of Life Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Haiying Wang
- College of Life Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xiaomin Hu
- College of Life Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, China
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The Analysis of Estrogen-Degrading and Functional Metabolism Genes in Rhodococcus equi DSSKP-R-001. Int J Genomics 2020; 2020:9369182. [PMID: 32908857 PMCID: PMC7471831 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9369182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen contamination is recognized as one of the most serious environmental problems, causing widespread concern worldwide. Environmental estrogens are mainly derived from human and vertebrate excretion, drugs, and agricultural activities. The use of microorganisms is currently the most economical and effective method for biodegradation of environmental estrogens. Rhodococcus equi DSSKP-R-001 (R-001) has strong estrogen-degrading capabilities. Our study indicated that R-001 can use different types of estrogen as its sole carbon source for growth and metabolism, with final degradation rates above 90%. Transcriptome analysis showed that 720 (E1), 983 (E2), and 845 (EE2) genes were significantly upregulated in the estrogen-treated group compared with the control group, and 270 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were upregulated across all treatment groups. These DEGs included ABC transporters; estrogen-degrading genes, including those that perform initial oxidation and dehydrogenation reactions and those that further degrade the resulting substrates into small molecules; and metabolism genes that complete the intracellular transformation and utilization of estrogen metabolites through biological processes such as amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. In summary, the biodegradation of estrogens is coordinated by a metabolic network of estrogen-degrading enzymes, transporters, metabolic enzymes, and other coenzymes. In this study, the metabolic mechanisms by which Rhodococcus equi R-001 degrades various estrogens were analyzed for the first time. A new pollutant metabolism system is outlined, providing a starting point for the construction of engineered estrogen-degrading bacteria.
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