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Carvalho JK, Krüger C, Silveira MAD, Piana PA, Rodrigues MLF, Rosado AF, da Silva de Lucca RA, Fagundes-Klen MR, da Silva EA, Buzanello CV, Teleken JG, Zanella RA. Lipolytic production from solid-state fermentation of the filamentous fungus Penicillium polonicum and its applicability as biocatalyst in the synthesis of ethyl oleate. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:28632-28643. [PMID: 38558334 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Lipases represent versatile biocatalysts extensively employed in transesterification reactions for ester production. Ethyl oleate holds significance in biodiesel production, serving as a sustainable alternative to petroleum-derived diesel. In this study, our goal was to prospect lipase and assess its efficacy as a biocatalyst for ethyl oleate synthesis. For quantitative analysis, a base medium supplemented with Rhodamine B, olive oil, and Tween 80 was used. Solid-state fermentation utilized crambe seeds of varying particle sizes and humidity levels as substrates. In the synthesis of ethyl oleate, molar ratios of 1:3, 1:6, and 1:9, along with a total enzymatic activity of 60 U in n-heptane, were utilized at temperatures of 30 °C, 37 °C, and 44 °C. Reactions were conducted in a shaker at 200 rpm for 60 min. As a result, we first identified Penicillium polonicum and employed the method of solid-state fermentation using crambe seeds as a substrate to produce lipase. Our findings revealed heightened lipolytic activity (22.5 Ug-1) after 96 h of fermentation using crambe cake as the substrate. Optimal results were achieved with crambe seeds at a granulometry of 0.6 mm and a fermentation medium humidity of 60%. Additionally, electron microscopy suggested the immobilization of lipase in the substrate, enabling enzyme reuse for up to 4 cycles with 100% enzymatic activity. Subsequently, we conducted applicability tests of biocatalysts for ethyl oleate synthesis, optimizing parameters such as the acid/alcohol molar ratio, temperature, and reaction time. We attained 100% conversion within 30 min at 37 °C, and our results indicated that the molar ratio proportion did not significantly influence the outcome. These findings provide a methodological alternative for the utilization of biocatalysts in ethyl oleate synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssyca Ketterine Carvalho
- Department of Engineering and Exact, Federal University of Paraná, Palotina, PR, Brazil.
- Engineering and Exact Sciences Center, State University Western Paraná, Toledo, PR, Brazil.
| | - Cíntia Krüger
- Department of Engineering and Exact, Federal University of Paraná, Palotina, PR, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Edson Antônio da Silva
- Engineering and Exact Sciences Center, State University Western Paraná, Toledo, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Joel Gustavo Teleken
- Department of Engineering and Exact, Federal University of Paraná, Palotina, PR, Brazil
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Peterson EC, Siao R, Chua GG, Busran CT, Pavlovic R, Thong A, Hermansen C, Sofeo N, Kanagasundaram Y, Weingarten M, Lindley N. Single cell protein and oil production from solid cocoa fatty acid distillates co-fed ethanol. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 387:129630. [PMID: 37544531 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
The use of solid lipid sidestreams have been overlooked as a feedstock for the production of microbial biomass for food and feed applications and little to no recent work has examined the utilization of solid fatty acid distillates (FADs), which are a significant residue from vegetable oil processing. Yarrowia lipolytica and Rhodosporidium toruloides cultivated on cocoa fatty acid distillates (CFAD) generated final cell dry weight values > 40 g/L, with strong productivity (3.3 g/L·h) and rich protein (>45%) and lipid content (>25%). Interestingly, microbial oils were > 65% unsaturated fatty acids, compared < 20% unsaturated content in FAD. Importantly, to overcome mass-transfer limitations associated with bioconversion of solid lipid residues, ethanol was applied as a co-substrate to solubilize FAD residues. Here, FAD residues from cocoa deodorization have been demonstrated to be high energy feedstocks that represent an attractive substrate for the production of both single cell protein and oil (SCPO).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Charles Peterson
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique - Eau Terre Environnement (INRS-ETE), 490 Rue de la Couronne, Quebec City, QC G1K 9A9, Canada; Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Level 6, Nanos, Singapore 138669, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Rowanne Siao
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Level 6, Nanos, Singapore 138669, Republic of Singapore
| | - Gi Gi Chua
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Level 6, Nanos, Singapore 138669, Republic of Singapore
| | - Coleen Toledo Busran
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Level 6, Nanos, Singapore 138669, Republic of Singapore
| | - Renata Pavlovic
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Level 6, Nanos, Singapore 138669, Republic of Singapore
| | - Aaron Thong
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Level 6, Nanos, Singapore 138669, Republic of Singapore
| | - Christian Hermansen
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Level 6, Nanos, Singapore 138669, Republic of Singapore
| | - Naazneen Sofeo
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Level 6, Nanos, Singapore 138669, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yoganathan Kanagasundaram
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Level 6, Nanos, Singapore 138669, Republic of Singapore
| | - Melanie Weingarten
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Level 6, Nanos, Singapore 138669, Republic of Singapore
| | - Nic Lindley
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Level 6, Nanos, Singapore 138669, Republic of Singapore
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Dos Santos Wanderley LA, Aguiar GPS, Calisto JFF, Magro JD, Rossato G, Zotti CA, de Souza Hassemer G, Puton BMS, Cansian RL, Dallago RM, Junges A. Microencapsulation of Yarrowia lipolytica: cell viability and application in vitro ruminant diets. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:88. [PMID: 36740658 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03534-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microencapsulation is an alternative to increase the survival capacity of microorganisms, including Yarrowia lipolytica, a widely studied yeast that produces high-value metabolites, such as lipids, aromatic compounds, biomass, lipases, and organic acids. Thus, the present study sought to investigate the effectiveness of different wall materials and the influence of the addition of salts on the microencapsulation of Y. lipolytica, evaluating yield, relationship with cell stability, ability to survive during storage, and in vitro application of ruminant diets. The spray drying process was performed via atomization, testing 11 different compositions using maltodextrin (MD), modified starch (MS) and whey protein concentrate (WPC), Y. lipolytica (Y. lipo) cells, tripolyphosphate (TPP), and sodium erythorbate (SE). The data show a reduction in the water activity value in all treatments. The highest encapsulation yield was found in treatments using MD + TPP + Y. lipo (84.0%) and WPC + TPP + Y. lipo (81.6%). Microencapsulated particles showed a survival rate ranging from 71.61 to 99.83% after 24 h. The treatments WPC + Y. lipo, WPC + SE + Y. lipo, WPC + TPP + Y. lipo, and MD + SE + Y. lipo remained stable for up to 105 days under storage conditions. The treatment WPC + SE + Y. lipo (microencapsulated yeast) was applied in the diet of ruminants due to the greater stability of cell survival. The comparison between the WPC + SE + Y. lipo treatment, wall materials, and the non-microencapsulated yeast showed that the microencapsulated yeast obtained a higher soluble fraction, degradability potential, and release of nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gean Pablo Silva Aguiar
- Environmental Sciences Area, Community University of Chapecó Region (Unochapecó), Servidão Anjo da Guarda, 295-D, Bairro Efapi, Chapecó, SC, 89809-900, Brazil
| | - Jean Felipe Fossá Calisto
- Environmental Sciences Area, Community University of Chapecó Region (Unochapecó), Servidão Anjo da Guarda, 295-D, Bairro Efapi, Chapecó, SC, 89809-900, Brazil
| | - Jacir Dal Magro
- Environmental Sciences Area, Community University of Chapecó Region (Unochapecó), Servidão Anjo da Guarda, 295-D, Bairro Efapi, Chapecó, SC, 89809-900, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Rossato
- Department of Animal Science, University of West Santa Catarina, Xanxerê, SC, 89820-000, Brazil
| | - Claiton André Zotti
- Department of Animal Science, University of West Santa Catarina, Xanxerê, SC, 89820-000, Brazil
| | - Guilherme de Souza Hassemer
- Department of Food and Chemical Engineering, URI - Erechim, 1621, Sete de Setembro Av., Erechim, RS, 99709-910, Brazil
| | - Bruna Maria Saorin Puton
- Department of Food and Chemical Engineering, URI - Erechim, 1621, Sete de Setembro Av., Erechim, RS, 99709-910, Brazil
| | - Rogério Luis Cansian
- Department of Food and Chemical Engineering, URI - Erechim, 1621, Sete de Setembro Av., Erechim, RS, 99709-910, Brazil
| | - Rogério Marcos Dallago
- Department of Food and Chemical Engineering, URI - Erechim, 1621, Sete de Setembro Av., Erechim, RS, 99709-910, Brazil
| | - Alexander Junges
- Department of Food and Chemical Engineering, URI - Erechim, 1621, Sete de Setembro Av., Erechim, RS, 99709-910, Brazil.
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Lad BC, Coleman SM, Alper HS. Microbial valorization of underutilized and nonconventional waste streams. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 49:kuab056. [PMID: 34529075 PMCID: PMC9118980 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuab056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The growing burden of waste disposal coupled with natural resource scarcity has renewed interest in the remediation, valorization, and/or repurposing of waste. Traditional approaches such as composting, anaerobic digestion, use in fertilizers or animal feed, or incineration for energy production extract very little value out of these waste streams. In contrast, waste valorization into fuels and other biochemicals via microbial fermentation is an area of growing interest. In this review, we discuss microbial valorization of nonconventional, aqueous waste streams such as food processing effluents, wastewater streams, and other industrial wastes. We categorize these waste streams as carbohydrate-rich food wastes, lipid-rich wastes, and other industrial wastes. Recent advances in microbial valorization of these nonconventional waste streams are highlighted, along with a discussion of the specific challenges and opportunities associated with impurities, nitrogen content, toxicity, and low productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beena C Lad
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, 100 East 24th St. Stop A5000, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Sarah M Coleman
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 200 E. Dean Keeton St. Stop C0400, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Hal S Alper
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 200 E. Dean Keeton St. Stop C0400, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, 2500 Speedway Avenue, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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Abstract
Lipases are versatile enzymes widely used in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. They are green biocatalysts with a high potential for industrial use compared to traditional chemical methods. In recent years, lipases have been used to synthesize a wide variety of molecules of industrial interest, and extraordinary results have been reported. In this sense, this review describes the important role of lipases in the synthesis of phytosterol esters, which have attracted the scientific community’s attention due to their beneficial effects on health. A systematic search for articles and patents published in the last 20 years with the terms “phytosterol AND esters AND lipase” was carried out using the Scopus, Web of Science, Scielo, and Google Scholar databases, and the results showed that Candida rugosa lipases are the most relevant biocatalysts for the production of phytosterol esters, being used in more than 50% of the studies. The optimal temperature and time for the enzymatic synthesis of phytosterol esters mainly ranged from 30 to 101 °C and from 1 to 72 h. The esterification yield was greater than 90% for most analyzed studies. Therefore, this manuscript presents the new technological approaches and the gaps that need to be filled by future studies so that the enzymatic synthesis of phytosterol esters is widely developed.
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da S. Pereira A, Souza CPL, Moraes L, Fontes-Sant’Ana GC, Amaral PFF. Polymers as Encapsulating Agents and Delivery Vehicles of Enzymes. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13234061. [PMID: 34883565 PMCID: PMC8659040 DOI: 10.3390/polym13234061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzymes are versatile biomolecules with broad applications. Since they are biological molecules, they can be easily destabilized when placed in adverse environmental conditions, such as variations in temperature, pH, or ionic strength. In this sense, the use of protective structures, as polymeric capsules, has been an excellent approach to maintain the catalytic stability of enzymes during their application. Thus, in this review, we report the use of polymeric materials as enzyme encapsulation agents, recent technological developments related to this subject, and characterization methodologies and possible applications of the formed bioactive structures. Our search detected that the most explored methods for enzyme encapsulation are ionotropic gelation, spray drying, freeze-drying, nanoprecipitation, and electrospinning. α-chymotrypsin, lysozyme, and β-galactosidase were the most used enzymes in encapsulations, with chitosan and sodium alginate being the main polymers. Furthermore, most studies reported high encapsulation efficiency, enzyme activity maintenance, and stability improvement at pH, temperature, and storage. Therefore, the information presented here shows a direction for the development of encapsulation systems capable of stabilizing different enzymes and obtaining better performance during application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adejanildo da S. Pereira
- Escola de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil; (A.d.S.P.); (C.P.L.S.); (L.M.)
| | - Camila P. L. Souza
- Escola de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil; (A.d.S.P.); (C.P.L.S.); (L.M.)
| | - Lidiane Moraes
- Escola de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil; (A.d.S.P.); (C.P.L.S.); (L.M.)
| | - Gizele C. Fontes-Sant’Ana
- Biochemical Processes Technology Department, Chemistry Institute, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20550-013, Brazil;
| | - Priscilla F. F. Amaral
- Escola de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil; (A.d.S.P.); (C.P.L.S.); (L.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-21-3938-7623
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