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Zhang X, Dou Z, Kim SH, Upadhyay G, Havert D, Kang S, Kazemi K, Huang K, Aydin O, Huang R, Rahman S, Ellis‐Mohr A, Noblet HA, Lim KH, Chung HJ, Gritton HJ, Saif MTA, Kong HJ, Beggs JM, Gazzola M. Mind In Vitro Platforms: Versatile, Scalable, Robust, and Open Solutions to Interfacing with Living Neurons. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306826. [PMID: 38161217 PMCID: PMC10953569 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Motivated by the unexplored potential of in vitro neural systems for computing and by the corresponding need of versatile, scalable interfaces for multimodal interaction, an accurate, modular, fully customizable, and portable recording/stimulation solution that can be easily fabricated, robustly operated, and broadly disseminated is presented. This approach entails a reconfigurable platform that works across multiple industry standards and that enables a complete signal chain, from neural substrates sampled through micro-electrode arrays (MEAs) to data acquisition, downstream analysis, and cloud storage. Built-in modularity supports the seamless integration of electrical/optical stimulation and fluidic interfaces. Custom MEA fabrication leverages maskless photolithography, favoring the rapid prototyping of a variety of configurations, spatial topologies, and constitutive materials. Through a dedicated analysis and management software suite, the utility and robustness of this system are demonstrated across neural cultures and applications, including embryonic stem cell-derived and primary neurons, organotypic brain slices, 3D engineered tissue mimics, concurrent calcium imaging, and long-term recording. Overall, this technology, termed "mind in vitro" to underscore the computing inspiration, provides an end-to-end solution that can be widely deployed due to its affordable (>10× cost reduction) and open-source nature, catering to the expanding needs of both conventional and unconventional electrophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Zhang
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana–ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
| | - Zhi Dou
- Department of Mechanical Science and EngineeringUniversity of Illinois at Urbana–ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
| | - Seung Hyun Kim
- Department of Mechanical Science and EngineeringUniversity of Illinois at Urbana–ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
| | - Gaurav Upadhyay
- Department of Mechanical Science and EngineeringUniversity of Illinois at Urbana–ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
| | - Daniel Havert
- Department of PhysicsIndiana University BloomingtonBloomingtonIN47405USA
| | - Sehong Kang
- Department of Mechanical Science and EngineeringUniversity of Illinois at Urbana–ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
| | - Kimia Kazemi
- Department of Mechanical Science and EngineeringUniversity of Illinois at Urbana–ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
| | - Kai‐Yu Huang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringUniversity of Illinois at Urbana–ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
| | - Onur Aydin
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana–ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
| | - Raymond Huang
- Department of Mechanical Science and EngineeringUniversity of Illinois at Urbana–ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
| | - Saeedur Rahman
- Department of Mechanical Science and EngineeringUniversity of Illinois at Urbana–ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
| | - Austin Ellis‐Mohr
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of Illinois at Urbana–ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
| | - Hayden A. Noblet
- Molecular and Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana–ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
- Neuroscience ProgramUniversity of Illinois at Urbana–ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
| | - Ki H. Lim
- Molecular and Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana–ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
| | - Hee Jung Chung
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana–ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
- Molecular and Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana–ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
- Neuroscience ProgramUniversity of Illinois at Urbana–ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and TechnologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana–ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
| | - Howard J. Gritton
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and TechnologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana–ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
- Department of Comparative BiosciencesUniversity of Illinois at Urbana–ChampaignUrbanaIL61802USA
| | - M. Taher A. Saif
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana–ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
- Department of Mechanical Science and EngineeringUniversity of Illinois at Urbana–ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
| | - Hyun Joon Kong
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana–ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringUniversity of Illinois at Urbana–ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
| | - John M. Beggs
- Department of PhysicsIndiana University BloomingtonBloomingtonIN47405USA
| | - Mattia Gazzola
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana–ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
- Department of Mechanical Science and EngineeringUniversity of Illinois at Urbana–ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
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Hong N, Nam Y. Neurons-on-a-Chip: In Vitro NeuroTools. Mol Cells 2022; 45:76-83. [PMID: 35236782 PMCID: PMC8906998 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2022.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons-on-a-Chip technology has been developed to provide diverse in vitro neuro-tools to study neuritogenesis, synaptogensis, axon guidance, and network dynamics. The two core enabling technologies are soft-lithography and microelectrode array technology. Soft lithography technology made it possible to fabricate microstamps and microfluidic channel devices with a simple replica molding method in a biological laboratory and innovatively reduced the turn-around time from assay design to chip fabrication, facilitating various experimental designs. To control nerve cell behaviors at the single cell level via chemical cues, surface biofunctionalization methods and micropatterning techniques were developed. Microelectrode chip technology, which provides a functional readout by measuring the electrophysiological signals from individual neurons, has become a popular platform to investigate neural information processing in networks. Due to these key advances, it is possible to study the relationship between the network structure and functions, and they have opened a new era of neurobiology and will become standard tools in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nari Hong
- Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Yoonkey Nam
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- KAIST Institute for Institute for Health Science and Technology, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea
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Recent Developments in Surface Topography-Modulated Neurogenesis. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-021-00040-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Ji J, Ren X, Zorlutuna P. Cardiac Cell Patterning on Customized Microelectrode Arrays for Electrophysiological Recordings. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12111351. [PMID: 34832763 PMCID: PMC8619285 DOI: 10.3390/mi12111351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cardiomyocytes (CMs) and fibroblast cells are two essential elements for cardiac tissue structure and function. The interactions between them can alter cardiac electrophysiology and thus contribute to cardiac diseases, such as arrhythmogenesis. One possible explanation is that fibroblasts can directly affect cardiac electrophysiology through electrical coupling with CMs. Therefore, detecting the electrical activities in the CM-fibroblast network is vital for understanding the coupling dynamics among them. Current commercialized platforms for studying cardiac electrophysiology utilize planar microelectrode arrays (MEAs) to record the extracellular field potential (FP) in real-time, but the prearranged electrode configuration highly limits the measurement capabilities at specific locations. Here, we report a custom-designed MEA device with a novel micropatterning method to construct a controlled network of neonatal rat CMs (rCMs) and fibroblast connections for monitoring the electrical activity of rCM-fibroblast co-cultures in a spatially controlled fashion. For the micropatterning of the co-culture, surface topographical features and mobile blockers were used to control the initial attachment locations of a mixture of rCMs and fibroblasts, to form separate beating rCM-fibroblast clusters while leaving empty space for fibroblast growth to connect these clusters. Once the blockers are removed, the proliferating fibroblasts connect and couple the separate beating clusters. Using this method, electrical activity of both rCMs and human-induced-pluripotent-stem-cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iCMs) was examined. The coupling dynamics were studied through the extracellular FP and impedance profile recorded from the MEA device, indicating that the fibroblast bridge provided an RC-type coupling of physically separate rCM-containing clusters and enabled synchronization of these clusters.
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Microfluidic electrical cell lysis for high-throughput and continuous production of cell-free varicella-zoster virus. J Biotechnol 2021; 335:19-26. [PMID: 34090951 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV), the causative agent of varicella and herpes zoster, is highly cell-associated and spreads via cell-to-cell contact in tissue culture. The lack of cell-free VZV hampers studies on VZV biology as well as antiviral and vaccine development. In the present study, a poly(methylmethacrylate) microfluidic device integrated with arrays of microelectrode was fabricated to continuously electrolyse VZV-infected cells to produce cell-free viruses. By designing multiple constrictions and microelectrode arrays, a high electric field is focused on the constricted region of the microchannel to disrupt large numbers of virus-infected cells with high-throughput on a microfluidic platform. Plaque assay and scanning electron microscopy were conducted to quantify and characterize cell-free VZV produced using the microfluidic continuous-flow electrical cell lysis device. The process of microfluidic electrical cell lysis followed by subsequent filtration and virus concentration process yielded a 1.4-2.1 × 104 plaque-forming units (PFUs) per mL of cell-free VZV from 7.0 × 106 VZV-infected human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF) cells. The high electric field formed inside a microfluidic channel combined with the continuous-flow of virus-infected cells within the microchannel enabled the rapid and efficient production of high-titer cell-free virus in large quantities with relatively low input of the voltage.
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Microbial biosensor for Salmonella using anti-bacterial antibodies isolated from human serum. Enzyme Microb Technol 2020; 144:109721. [PMID: 33541568 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2020.109721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we present a novel microbial biosensor for Salmonella based on impedance spectrometry by using isolated antibodies against a specific bacterial strain from human serum. Anti-Salmonella (or BL21(DE3)) antibodies were isolated from human serum using S. enteritidis (or BL21(DE3)) and the mutant strain ClearColi. After the purification steps, the purification yield of the antibodies was calculated to be 0.2 %. From the FACS analysis, the isolated anti-Salmonella antibodies were estimated to have more than 6-fold higher binding affinity for S. enteritidis compared to antibodies against other kinds of Gram-negative bacterial strains, including HB101, ClearColi, JM110, DH5α, and BL21(DE3). Finally, the anti-Salmonella antibodies isolated herein were used for bacterial detection using electrochemical biosensors based on impedance spectrometry and the Rct value of the antibodies was estimated for S. enteritidis from the Nyquist plot. The limit of detection of the isolated anti-Salmonella antibodies was estimated to be 1.0 × 103 cells/mL for S. enteritidis and 1.0 × 106 cells/mL for BL21(DE3), respectively.
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Thermoplasmonic neural chip platform for in situ manipulation of neuronal connections in vitro. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6313. [PMID: 33298939 PMCID: PMC7726146 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20060-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cultured neuronal networks with a controlled structure have been widely studied as an in vitro model system to investigate the relationship between network structure and function. However, most cell culture techniques lack the ability to control network structures during cell cultivation, making it difficult to assess functional changes induced by specific structural changes. In this study, we present an in situ manipulation platform based on gold-nanorod-mediated thermoplasmonics to interrogate an in vitro network model. We find that it is possible to induce new neurite outgrowths, eliminate interconnecting neurites, and estimate functional relationships in matured neuronal networks. This method is expected to be useful for studying functional dynamics of neural networks under controlled structural changes. Cultured neuron networks provide insight into network structure and function, but the ability to control network topology is a challenge. Here the authors develop a nanorod-mediated thermoplasmonics platform that enables the formation of new connections, the abolishment of existing connections, and the modulation of network activity during cultivation.
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Lee HA, Park E, Lee H. Polydopamine and Its Derivative Surface Chemistry in Material Science: A Focused Review for Studies at KAIST. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1907505. [PMID: 32134525 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201907505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Polydopamine coating, the first material-independent surface chemistry, and its related methods significantly influence virtually all areas of material science and engineering. Functionalized surfaces of metal oxides, synthetic polymers, noble metals, and carbon materials by polydopamine and its related derivatives exhibit a variety of properties for cell culture, microfluidics, energy storage devices, superwettability, artificial photosynthesis, encapsulation, drug delivery, and numerous others. Unlike other articles, this review particularly focuses on the development of material science utilizing polydopamine and its derivatives coatings at the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology for a decade. Herein, it is demonstrated how material-independent coating methods provide solutions for challenging problems existed in many interdisciplinary areas in bio-, energy-, and nanomaterial science by collaborations and independent research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haesung A Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 University Rd., Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsook Park
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 University Rd., Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Haeshin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 University Rd., Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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Nichols K, Koppes R, Koppes A. Recent advancements in microphysiological systems for neural development and disease. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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An S, Han SY, Cho SW. Hydrogel-integrated Microfluidic Systems for Advanced Stem Cell Engineering. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-019-3402-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Park JH, Song Z, Lee GY, Jeong SM, Kang MJ, Pyun JC. Hypersensitive electrochemical immunoassays based on highly N-doped silicon carbide (SiC) electrode. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1073:30-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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