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Mukubwa GK, Safari JB, Walker RB, Krause RWM. Design, Manufacturing, Characterization and Evaluation of Lipid Nanocapsules to Enhance the Biopharmaceutical Properties of Efavirenz. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14071318. [PMID: 35890214 PMCID: PMC9324270 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14071318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite their incredible contribution to fighting viral infections, antiviral viral resistance is an increasing concern and often arises due to unfavorable physicochemical and biopharmaceutical properties. To address this kind of issue, lipid nanocapsules (LNC) are developed in this study, using efavirenz (EFV) as a drug model. EFV solubility was assessed in water, Labrafac Lipophile and medium chain triglycerides oil (MCT oil). EFV turned out to be more soluble in the two latter dissolving media (solubility > 250 mg/mL); hence, given its affordability, MCT oil was used for LNC formulation. LNC were prepared using a low-energy method named phase inversion, and following a design of experiments process. This one resulted in polynomial models that predicted LNC particle size, polydispersity index and zeta potential that were, respectively, around 50 nm, below 0.2 and below −33 mV, for the optimized formulations. Once synthesized, we were able to achieve an encapsulation efficacy of 87%. On the other hand, high EFV release from the LNC carrier was obtained in neutral medium as compared to acid milieu (pH 4) with, respectively, 42 and 27% EFV release within 74 h. Other characterization techniques were applied and further supported the successful encapsulation of EFV in LNCs in an amorphous form. Stability studies revealed that the developed LNC were quite stable over the period of 28 days. Ultimately, LNCs have been demonstrated to improve the biopharmaceutical properties of EFV and could therefore be used to fight against antiviral resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grady K. Mukubwa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, Eastern Cape, South Africa; (G.K.M.); (J.B.S.)
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa XI B.P. 212, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Justin B. Safari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, Eastern Cape, South Africa; (G.K.M.); (J.B.S.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Public Health, Official University of Bukavu, Bukavu B.P. 570, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Roderick B. Walker
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, Eastern Cape, South Africa
- Correspondence: (R.B.W.); (R.W.M.K.)
| | - Rui W. M. Krause
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, Eastern Cape, South Africa; (G.K.M.); (J.B.S.)
- Center for Chemico- and Biomedical Research, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, Eastern Cape, South Africa
- Correspondence: (R.B.W.); (R.W.M.K.)
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Characterization of Thermophilic Bacteria Isolated from two Hot Springs in Jazan, Saudi Arabia. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.11.2.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Characteristics of Raw Starch-Digesting α-Amylase of Streptomyces badius DB-1 with Transglycosylation Activity and Its Applications. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 181:1283-1303. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2284-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Kumar R, Leech D. A glucose anode for enzymatic fuel cells optimized for current production under physiological conditions using a design of experiment approach. Bioelectrochemistry 2015; 106:41-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Roohi, Kuddus M. Bio-statistical approach for optimization of cold-active α-amylase production by novel psychrotolerant M. foliorum GA2 in solid state fermentation. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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