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Jayakumar D, Sachith SK, Nathan VK, Rishad KSM. Statistical optimization of thermostable alkaline protease from Bacillus cereus KM 05 using response surface methodology. Biotechnol Lett 2021; 43:2053-2065. [PMID: 34432180 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-021-03172-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Proteases have gained great attention due to their enormous applications in food, tannery, detergent, photography and many other industries. Proteases rank third position in the production of enzymes. This paper targets to isolate a bacterium with high alkaline protease activity and optimization of its production conditions using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). RESULTS A bacterium isolated from soil contaminated with detergent exhibited clearance zone on skim milk agar medium with a protease activity of 22 U/ml. The bacterial strain was identified as Bacillus cereus KM05 and optimization of its production conditions were performed using statistical methods. Further optimization with Box Behnken design resulted in an increase in protease activity by 1.5-fold (28.6 U/ml). The protease enzyme was thermotolerant up to 70 °C with stability towards alkaline pH (pH 9). The enzyme was not affected by most of the metal ions and solvents. Moreover, the protease was also compatible with six commercial detergents tested. Densitometric analysis of the destained fabric materials following the detergent-enzyme treatment, revealed a stain removal efficiency of 97%. CONCLUSION The alkaline protease enzyme obtained was stable at different conditions with stain removal efficacy. Hence, the present alkaline protease could be used for detergent formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devi Jayakumar
- Postgraduate and Research Department of Zoology, Maharaja's College, Ernakulam, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Sunish Kadayil Sachith
- Postgraduate and Research Department of Zoology, Maharaja's College, Ernakulam, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Vinod Kumar Nathan
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed To Be University, Thirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, Tamilnadu, India
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Balachandran C, Vishali A, Nagendran NA, Baskar K, Hashem A, Abd_Allah EF. Optimization of protease production from Bacillus halodurans under solid state fermentation using agrowastes. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:4263-4269. [PMID: 34354408 PMCID: PMC8324923 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.04.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine microbes are potential source for novel metabolites. They are efficient in producing these metabolites utilizing agrowastes. Protease is one of the enzymes which find wide industrial applications. In the present study, protease producing bacteria was isolated from marine sediments and the organism was identified as Bacillus halodurans. The organism was subjected to protease production under solid state fermentation (SSF) using different agrowastes as substrates. Among the substrates used, wheat bran yielded maximum quantity of protease. The fermentation process was carried out under different cultural conditions to optimize the parameters influencing the enzyme production. The results of the stain removal studies by the enzyme revealed the increased efficiency of the microbial enzyme than the commercial detergent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chellapandian Balachandran
- Department of Biotechnology, Thiagarajar College, Madurai 625 009, Tamil Nadu, India
- National Centre of Excellence (MHRD), Thiagarajar College, Madurai 625 009, Tamil Nadu, India
- Corresponding authors at: Department of Biotechnology, Thiagarajar College, Madurai 625 009, Tamil Nadu, India (Chellapandian Balachandran); Department of Ecotoxicology, Ross Lifescience, Pvt., Ltd., Bhosari, Pune, India (Kathirvelu Baskar).
| | - Alagumalai Vishali
- Department of Biotechnology, Thiagarajar College, Madurai 625 009, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Natarajan Arun Nagendran
- National Centre of Excellence (MHRD), Thiagarajar College, Madurai 625 009, Tamil Nadu, India
- Department of Zoology, Thiagarajar College, Madurai 625 009, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kathirvelu Baskar
- Department of Ecotoxicology, Ross Lifescience, Pvt., Ltd., Bhosari, Pune, India
- Corresponding authors at: Department of Biotechnology, Thiagarajar College, Madurai 625 009, Tamil Nadu, India (Chellapandian Balachandran); Department of Ecotoxicology, Ross Lifescience, Pvt., Ltd., Bhosari, Pune, India (Kathirvelu Baskar).
| | - Abeer Hashem
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box. 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Mycology and Plant Disease Survey Department, Plant Pathology Research Institute, ARC, Giza 12511, Egypt
| | - Elsayed Fathi Abd_Allah
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box. 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Liu X, Feng Y, Lai X, Deng T, Liu X, Lyu M, Wang S. Virgibacillus halodenitrificans ST-1 for fermentation of shrimp paste and hydrolysates of its protease. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:5352-5361. [PMID: 33133538 PMCID: PMC7590317 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The nutrition and flavor of shrimp paste came from hydrolyzation by enzymes that were produced by microorganisms. The salt-tolerant strain Virgibacillus halodenitrificans ST-1 isolated from shrimp paste was studied and used in the fermentation of shrimp paste. The strain and the protease produced by ST-1 were investigated. The optimum pH of the protease was 8.0, and the reaction temperature was 30°C. The protease showed high activity in the range of pH (5.0-11.0) and NaCl concentration (1%-15%). Divalent cations such as Ba2+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, and Si2+ could enhance the protease activity. Residual activity of protease was more than 90% when it was incubated with PMSF and H2O2. Also, the enzyme retained more than 90% of initial activity after it was incubated with organic solvents. Variety of natural proteins could be substrates of the protease. By analyzing the release rate of free amino acids, it was predicted that the cleavage sites of the protease were mainly Glu, Asp, Gly, Leu, and Lys. Moreover, the hydrolysates of the protease had antioxidant activity, especially for DPPH and superoxide anion radical scavenging. The strain ST-1 and the protease both were excellent candidates for food industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqin Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment /Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine BiotechnologyJiangsu Ocean UniversityLianyungangChina
- Co‐Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio‐industry TechnologyJiangsu Ocean UniversityLianyungangChina
| | - Yanli Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment /Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine BiotechnologyJiangsu Ocean UniversityLianyungangChina
- Co‐Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio‐industry TechnologyJiangsu Ocean UniversityLianyungangChina
| | - Xiaohua Lai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment /Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine BiotechnologyJiangsu Ocean UniversityLianyungangChina
- Co‐Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio‐industry TechnologyJiangsu Ocean UniversityLianyungangChina
| | - Tian Deng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment /Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine BiotechnologyJiangsu Ocean UniversityLianyungangChina
- Co‐Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio‐industry TechnologyJiangsu Ocean UniversityLianyungangChina
| | - Xin Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment /Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine BiotechnologyJiangsu Ocean UniversityLianyungangChina
- Co‐Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio‐industry TechnologyJiangsu Ocean UniversityLianyungangChina
| | - Mingsheng Lyu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment /Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine BiotechnologyJiangsu Ocean UniversityLianyungangChina
- Co‐Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio‐industry TechnologyJiangsu Ocean UniversityLianyungangChina
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological ManufacturingAnhui UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Shujun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment /Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine BiotechnologyJiangsu Ocean UniversityLianyungangChina
- Co‐Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio‐industry TechnologyJiangsu Ocean UniversityLianyungangChina
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological ManufacturingAnhui UniversityHefeiChina
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Marine microbial alkaline protease: An efficient and essential tool for various industrial applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 161:1216-1229. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Identification of a New Serine Alkaline Peptidase from the Moderately Halophilic Virgibacillus natechei sp. nov., Strain FarD T and its Application as Bioadditive for Peptide Synthesis and Laundry Detergent Formulations. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:6470897. [PMID: 31886235 PMCID: PMC6914889 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6470897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A new peptidase designated as SAPV produced from a moderately halophilic Virgibacillus natechei sp. nov., strain FarDT was investigated by purification to homogeneity followed by biochemical and molecular characterization purposes. Through optimization, it was determined that the optimum peptidase activity was 16,000 U/mL. It was achieved after 36 h incubation at 35°C in the optimized enzyme liquid medium (ELM) at pH 7.4 that contains only white shrimp shell by-product (60 g/L) as sole energy and carbon sources. The SAPV enzyme is a monomer protein with a molecular mass of 31 kDa as estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) gel filtration chromatography. The sequence of its NH2-terminal amino-acid residues showed homology with those of Bacillus peptidases S8/S53 superfamily. The SAPV showed optimal activity at pH 9 and 60°C. Irreversible inhibition of enzyme activity by diiodopropyl fluorophosphates (DFP) and phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) confirmed its belonging to the serine peptidases. Considering its interesting biochemical characterization, the sapV gene was cloned, sequenced, and heterologously overexpressed in the extracellular fraction of E. coli BL21(DE3)pLysS. The biochemical properties of the recombinant peptidase (rSAPV) were similar to those of the native one. The highest sequence identity value (97.66%) of SAPV was obtained with peptidase S8 from Virgibacillus massiliensis DSM 28587, with 9 amino-acid residues of difference. Interestingly, rSAPV showed an outstanding and high resistance to several organic solvents than SPVP from Aeribacillus pallidus VP3 and Thermolysin type X. Furthermore, rSAPV exhibited an excellent detergent stability and compatibility than Alcalase 2.4 L FG and Bioprotease N100L. Considering all these remarkable properties, rSAPV has attracted the interest of industrialists.
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Qiao C, Ryan Penton C, Liu C, Shen Z, Ou Y, Liu Z, Xu X, Li R, Shen Q. Key extracellular enzymes triggered high-efficiency composting associated with bacterial community succession. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 288:121576. [PMID: 31176934 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A consortium of key bacterial taxa plays critical roles in the composting process. In order to elucidate the identity and mechanisms by which specific bacterial species drive high-efficiency composting, the succession of key bacterial consortia and extracellular enzymes produced during the composting process were monitored in composting piles with varying initial C/N ratios. Results showed that C/N ratios of 25 and 35 enhanced composting efficiency through elevated temperatures, higher germination indices, enhanced cellulose and hemicellulose degradation, and higher cellulase and dehydrogenase activities. The activities of cellulase and β-glucosidase, cellulase and protease, and cellulase and β-glucosidase exhibited significant relationships with bacterial community composition within the mesophilic, thermophilic, and mature phases, respectively. Putative key taxa, linked to a higher composting efficiency, such as Nonomuraea, Desemzia, Cellulosimicrobium, Virgibacillus, Clostridium, and Achromobacter, exhibited significantly positive relationships with extracellular enzyme activities, suggesting a significant contribution to these taxa to the development of composting maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cece Qiao
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, PR China; College of Integrative Sciences and Arts, Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Mesa, AZ, USA
| | - C Ryan Penton
- College of Integrative Sciences and Arts, Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Mesa, AZ, USA
| | - Chao Liu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Zongzhuan Shen
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yannan Ou
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Zhengyang Liu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xu Xu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Rong Li
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Qirong Shen
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, PR China
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Mokashe N, Chaudhari B, Patil U. Operative utility of salt-stable proteases of halophilic and halotolerant bacteria in the biotechnology sector. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 117:493-522. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.05.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
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Ramamoorthy S, Gnanakan A, S. Lakshmana S, Meivelu M, Jeganathan A. Structural characterization and anticancer activity of extracellular polysaccharides from ascidian symbiotic bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 190:113-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Lam MQ, Nik Mut NN, Thevarajoo S, Chen SJ, Selvaratnam C, Hussin H, Jamaluddin H, Chong CS. Characterization of detergent compatible protease from halophilic Virgibacillus sp. CD6. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:104. [PMID: 29404232 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1133-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A halophilic bacterium, Virgibacillus sp. strain CD6, was isolated from salted fish and its extracellular protease was characterized. Protease production was found to be highest when yeast extract was used as nitrogen source for growth. The protease exhibited stability at wide range of salt concentration (0-12.5%, w/v), temperatures (20-60 °C), and pH (4-10) with maximum activity at 10.0% (w/v) NaCl, 60 °C, pH 7 and 10, indicating its polyextremophilicity. The protease activity was enhanced in the presence of Mg2+, Mn2+, Cd2+, and Al3+ (107-122% relative activity), and with retention of activity > 80% for all of other metal ions examined (K+, Ca2+, Cu2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, and Fe3+). Both PMSF and EDTA inhibited protease activity, denoting serine protease and metalloprotease properties, respectively. High stability (> 70%) was demonstrated in the presence of organic solvents and detergent constituents, and the extracellular protease from strain CD6 was also found to be compatible in commercial detergents. Proteinaceous stain removal efficacy revealed that crude protease of strain CD6 could significantly enhance the performance of commercial detergent. The protease from Virgibacillus sp. strain CD6 could serve as a promising alternative for various applications, especially in detergent industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Quan Lam
- Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor Malaysia
| | - Nik Nurhidayu Nik Mut
- Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor Malaysia
| | - Suganthi Thevarajoo
- Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor Malaysia
| | - Sye Jinn Chen
- Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor Malaysia
| | - Chitra Selvaratnam
- Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor Malaysia
| | - Huszalina Hussin
- Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor Malaysia
| | - Haryati Jamaluddin
- Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor Malaysia
| | - Chun Shiong Chong
- Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor Malaysia
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Maruthiah T, Palavesam A. Characterization of haloalkalophilic organic solvent tolerant protease for chitin extraction from shrimp shell waste. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 97:552-560. [PMID: 28065749 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Halophilic organic solvent tolerant protease (HOSP) producing Paracoccus saliphilus APCMST-CS5 was isolated from the marine sediment samples and identified through 16S rRNA sequence analysis. P. saliphilus APCMST-CS5 registered maximum HOSP production of 1,321.70U/ml in the medium contained the most significant parameters such as shrimp shell powder (SSP), CaCl2, NaCl, and sardinella powder (SP), obtained through Placket-Burman and Response Surface Methods. HOSP was further purified to 22.68 fold purity with 29.71 U/mg specific activity and its molecular weight was 39kDa. The HOSP was stable at 60°C, 9.0 pH, 3.0M NaCl concentration and it also showed maximum activity at other tested parameters. Interestingly the purified HOSP showed better antibiofilm ability against tested pathogens. Also, the HOSP effectively deproteinized (85.64%) shrimp shell chitin which in turn maximum and exhibited higher antioxidant activity. The commercial and experimental shrimp shell chitin showed similar peak pattern in FTIR and 13C CP/MAS NMR spectral analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thirumalai Maruthiah
- Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Rajakkamangalam-629 502, Kanyakumari District, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Arunachalam Palavesam
- Department of Animal Science, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli 627 012, Tamilnadu, India.
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Production, purification and characterization of a thermotolerant alkaline serine protease from a novel species Bacillus caseinilyticus. 3 Biotech 2016; 6:53. [PMID: 28330122 PMCID: PMC4752951 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-016-0377-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Alkaline proteases are important enzymes in many industrial applications, especially as additives in laundry detergent industry. Though there
are a number of Bacillus species which are reported to be producing proteases, the efficiency of a protease produced by a novel strain has to be studied in comparison to the others. Hence, in this study, an alkaline serine protease produced by a novel species Bacilluscaseinilyticus was purified and characterized for its possible usage in detergent industry. Ammonium sulphate, dialysis and DEAE column chromatographic methods were used for purification of the isolated alkaline protease. The molecular weight of the protease was determined by SDS-PAGE and it was found to be 66 kDa. Peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) was carried out using MALDI-TOF-TOF mass spectrometry and the peptides were found to be similar to that of subtilisin protease. Specific activity of purified protein was found to be 89.2 U/mg. Optimum pH and temperature for enzyme activity were at pH 8 and 60 °C, respectively, showing stability with 10 mM CaCl2. Phenyl methyl sulphonyl fluoride (PMSF) at both 5 and 10 mM concentrations completely inhibited the enzyme activity suggesting its serine nature. EDTA, metal ions Mg2+ and Ca2+ increased the enzyme activity. The one factor at a time optimisation of the protease production was carried to identify the important factors that affect its production. After optimisation, the protease was produced at lab scale, purified and characterised. This alkali, thermotolerant serine protease was found to be significantly stable in the presence of various surfactants and H2O2. Also, it was successfully able to remove blood stain when used as an additive along with commercial detergent suggesting its potential application in the laundry detergent industry.
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Wang NN, Yan X, Gao XN, Niu HJ, Kang ZS, Huang LL. Purification and characterization of a potential antifungal protein from Bacillus subtilis E1R-J against Valsa mali. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 32:63. [PMID: 26925625 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-016-2024-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In order to identify the antagonistic substances produced by Bacillus subtilis E1R-J as candidate of biocontrol agents for controlling Apple Valsa Canker, hydrochloric acid precipitation, reverse phase chromatography, gel filtration, and ion exchange chromatography were used. The purified fraction EP-2 showed a single band in native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (native-PAGE) and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Fraction EP-2 was eluted from native-PAGE and showed a clear inhibition zone against V. mali 03-8. These results prove that EP-2 is one of the most important antifungal substances produced by B. subtilis E1R-J in fermentation broth. SDS-PAGE and Nano-LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis results demonstrated that EP-2 was likely an antifungal peptide (trA0A086WXP9), with a relative molecular mass of 12.44 kDa and isoelectric point of 9.94. The examination of antagonistic mechanism under SEM and TEM showed that EP-2 appeared to inhibit Valsa mali 03-8 by causing hyphal swelling, distortion, abnormality and protoplasts extravasation. Inhibition spectrum results showed that antifungal protein EP-2 had significantly inhibition on sixteen kinds of plant pathogenic fungi. The stability test results showed that protein EP-2 was stable with antifungal activity at temperatures as high as 100 °C for 30 min and in pH values ranging from 1.0 to 8.0, or incubated with each 5 mM Cu(2+), Zn(2+), Mg(2+), or K(+). However, the antifungal activity was negatively affected by Proteinase K treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- N N Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - X Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - X N Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - H J Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Z S Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - L L Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
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Maruthiah T, Immanuel G, Palavesam A. Purification and Characterization of Halophilic Organic Solvent Tolerant Protease from Marine Bacillus sp. APCMST-RS7 and Its Antioxidant Potentials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40011-015-0603-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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