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Masumoto H, Sanders WB. The Lichen Photobiont Genus Rhizonema (cyanobacteria) Exhibits Diverse Modes of Branching, Both False and True. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2022; 58:612-625. [PMID: 35567534 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The recently described genus Rhizonema is among the most important cyanobacterial partners in lichen symbioses, but its morphological characterization in the genus diagnosis-true branching of the T-type-appears at odds with several published figures showing false branching. We investigated cyanobiont branching and cell division with light microscopy in two basidiolichens from Florida and one from Japan, including aposymbiotically cultured material of the latter. Mycobiont species identities (Cyphellostereum jamesianum, Dictyonema darwinianum, and D. moorei) and photobiont genus identity (Rhizonema) were corroborated with ITS and rbcLX sequences, respectively. Single and paired false branching occurred commonly in all three strains examined. False branches developed adjacent to necridic cells or heterocytes, or by separation of vegetative cells at compression folds in the trichome. Non-transverse cell divisions, usually oblique, were observed in two of the three Rhizonema strains examined. T-type true branches sometimes arose from such divisions, although oblique growth from the branch cell often resulted in ambiguous branch junctions. Additionally, Y-type true branches appeared to grow from contorted filaments. In cultured material, a kind of pseudo-branch sometimes arose from single- or several-celled segments liberated from trichome apices. The segments attached secondarily to filaments and grew there as apparent branches. We conclude that Rhizonema is a genus of considerable morphological flexibility, with multiple modes of branching possible in a single strain. While true branching or non-transverse divisions, when observable, may help distinguish Rhizonema from the phenotypically similar Scytonema, false branching occurs commonly in both genera, and therefore cannot be used to distinguish them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Masumoto
- Laboratory of Terrestrial Microbiology and Systematics, Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - William B Sanders
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Gulf Coast University, 10501 FGCU Blvd. South, Ft. Myers, Florida, USA
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Cyphellostereum ushimanum sp. nov. (Hygrophoraceae, Agaricales) described from Amami-Oshima Island (Kagoshima Prefecture, Ryukyu Islands), Japan, with ultrastructural observations of its Rhizonema photobiont filaments penetrated longitudinally by a central haustorium. Mycol Prog 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-021-01766-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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He MQ, Zhao RL, Hyde KD, Begerow D, Kemler M, Yurkov A, McKenzie EHC, Raspé O, Kakishima M, Sánchez-Ramírez S, Vellinga EC, Halling R, Papp V, Zmitrovich IV, Buyck B, Ertz D, Wijayawardene NN, Cui BK, Schoutteten N, Liu XZ, Li TH, Yao YJ, Zhu XY, Liu AQ, Li GJ, Zhang MZ, Ling ZL, Cao B, Antonín V, Boekhout T, da Silva BDB, De Crop E, Decock C, Dima B, Dutta AK, Fell JW, Geml J, Ghobad-Nejhad M, Giachini AJ, Gibertoni TB, Gorjón SP, Haelewaters D, He SH, Hodkinson BP, Horak E, Hoshino T, Justo A, Lim YW, Menolli N, Mešić A, Moncalvo JM, Mueller GM, Nagy LG, Nilsson RH, Noordeloos M, Nuytinck J, Orihara T, Ratchadawan C, Rajchenberg M, Silva-Filho AGS, Sulzbacher MA, Tkalčec Z, Valenzuela R, Verbeken A, Vizzini A, Wartchow F, Wei TZ, Weiß M, Zhao CL, Kirk PM. Notes, outline and divergence times of Basidiomycota. FUNGAL DIVERS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-019-00435-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe Basidiomycota constitutes a major phylum of the kingdom Fungi and is second in species numbers to the Ascomycota. The present work provides an overview of all validly published, currently used basidiomycete genera to date in a single document. An outline of all genera of Basidiomycota is provided, which includes 1928 currently used genera names, with 1263 synonyms, which are distributed in 241 families, 68 orders, 18 classes and four subphyla. We provide brief notes for each accepted genus including information on classification, number of accepted species, type species, life mode, habitat, distribution, and sequence information. Furthermore, three phylogenetic analyses with combined LSU, SSU, 5.8s, rpb1, rpb2, and ef1 datasets for the subphyla Agaricomycotina, Pucciniomycotina and Ustilaginomycotina are conducted, respectively. Divergence time estimates are provided to the family level with 632 species from 62 orders, 168 families and 605 genera. Our study indicates that the divergence times of the subphyla in Basidiomycota are 406–430 Mya, classes are 211–383 Mya, and orders are 99–323 Mya, which are largely consistent with previous studies. In this study, all phylogenetically supported families were dated, with the families of Agaricomycotina diverging from 27–178 Mya, Pucciniomycotina from 85–222 Mya, and Ustilaginomycotina from 79–177 Mya. Divergence times as additional criterion in ranking provide additional evidence to resolve taxonomic problems in the Basidiomycota taxonomic system, and also provide a better understanding of their phylogeny and evolution.
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Dal Forno M, Bungartz F, Yánez-Ayabaca A, Lücking R, Lawrey JD. High levels of endemism among Galapagos basidiolichens. FUNGAL DIVERS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-017-0380-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Dal-Forno M, Lücking R, Bungartz F, Yánez-Ayabaca A, Marcelli MP, Spielmann AA, Coca LF, Chaves JL, Aptroot A, Sipman HJM, Sikaroodi M, Gillevet P, Lawrey JD. From one to six: unrecognized species diversity in the genus Acantholichen (lichenized Basidiomycota: Hygrophoraceae). Mycologia 2017; 108:38-55. [DOI: 10.3852/15-060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Dal-Forno
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia 22030-4444
| | - Robert Lücking
- Science & Education, The Field Museum, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60605, and Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum, Königin-Luise-Straße 6-8, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Bungartz
- Biodiversity Assessment, Charles Darwin Foundation (AISBL), Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz, Galápagos, Ecuador
| | | | - Marcelo P. Marcelli
- Instituto de Botânica, Núcleo de Pesquisa em Micologia, Av. Miguel Stéfano 3687, São Paulo/SP, CEP 04301-902, Brazil
| | - Adriano A. Spielmann
- Laboratório de Botânica/Liquenologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Caixa Postal 549, CEP 79070-900, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Luis Fernando Coca
- Herbario Universidad de Caldas, Edificio Bicentenario, Manizales, A.A. 275, Caldas, Colombia
| | - José Luis Chaves
- Laboratorio de Hongos, Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad, Santo Domingo de Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Andre Aptroot
- ABL Herbarium, G.v.d. Veenstraat 107, NL-3762 XK Soest, The Netherlands
| | - Harrie J. M. Sipman
- Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum, Freie Universität, Königin-Luise-Straße 6-8, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Patrick Gillevet
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia 22030-4444
| | - James D. Lawrey
- Department of Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia 22030-4444
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Turbo-taxonomy to assemble a megadiverse lichen genus: seventy new species of Cora (Basidiomycota: Agaricales: Hygrophoraceae), honouring David Leslie Hawksworth’s seventieth birthday. FUNGAL DIVERS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-016-0374-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abstract
The number of Fungi is estimated at between 1.5 and 3 million. Lichenized species are thought to make up a comparatively small portion of this figure, with unrecognized species richness hidden among little-studied, tropical microlichens. Recent findings, however, suggest that some macrolichens contain a large number of unrecognized taxa, increasing known species richness by an order of magnitude or more. Here we report the existence of at least 126 species in what until recently was believed to be a single taxon: the basidiolichen fungus Dictyonema glabratum, also known as Cora pavonia. Notably, these species are not cryptic but morphologically distinct. A predictive model suggests an even larger number, with more than 400 species. These results call into question species concepts in presumably well-known macrolichens and demonstrate the need for accurately documenting such species richness, given the importance of these lichens in endangered ecosystems such as paramos and the alarming potential for species losses throughout the tropics.
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Hodkinson BP, Moncada B, Lücking R. Lepidostromatales, a new order of lichenized fungi (Basidiomycota, Agaricomycetes), with two new genera, Ertzia and Sulzbacheromyces, and one new species, Lepidostroma winklerianum. FUNGAL DIVERS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-013-0267-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lodge DJ, Padamsee M, Matheny PB, Aime MC, Cantrell SA, Boertmann D, Kovalenko A, Vizzini A, Dentinger BTM, Kirk PM, Ainsworth AM, Moncalvo JM, Vilgalys R, Larsson E, Lücking R, Griffith GW, Smith ME, Norvell LL, Desjardin DE, Redhead SA, Ovrebo CL, Lickey EB, Ercole E, Hughes KW, Courtecuisse R, Young A, Binder M, Minnis AM, Lindner DL, Ortiz-Santana B, Haight J, Læssøe T, Baroni TJ, Geml J, Hattori T. Molecular phylogeny, morphology, pigment chemistry and ecology in Hygrophoraceae (Agaricales). FUNGAL DIVERS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-013-0259-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Dal-Forno M, Lawrey JD, Sikaroodi M, Bhattarai S, Gillevet PM, Sulzbacher M, Lücking R. Starting from scratch: Evolution of the lichen thallus in the basidiolichen Dictyonema (Agaricales: Hygrophoraceae). Fungal Biol 2013; 117:584-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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