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Li C, Wang B, Zhou L, Hou X, Su S. Effects of lignin-based flame retardants on flame-retardancy and insulation performances of epoxy resin composites. IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-022-01052-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bembenek BM, Petersen MMS, Lilly JA, Haugen AL, Jiter NJ, Johnson AJ, Ripp EE, Winchell SA, Harvat AN, McNulty C, Thein SA, Grieger AM, Lyle BJ, Mraz GL, Stitgen AM, Foss S, Schmid ML, Scanlon JD, Willoughby PH. The Aryne-Abramov Reaction as a 1,2-Benzdiyne Platform for the Generation and Solvent-Dependent Trapping of 3-Phosphonyl Benzynes. J Org Chem 2021; 86:10724-10746. [PMID: 34236859 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic methodology utilizing two aryne intermediates (i.e., a formal benzdiyne) enables the rapid generation of structurally complex molecules with diverse functionality. This report describes the sequential generation of two ortho-benzyne intermediates for the synthesis of 2,3-disubstituted aryl phosphonates. Aryl phosphonates have proven useful in medicinal chemistry and materials science, and the reported methodology provides a two-step route to functionally dense variants by way of 3-phosphonyl benzyne intermediates. The process begins with regioselective trapping of a 3-trifloxybenzyne intermediate by an O-silyl phosphite in an Abramov-like reaction to bond the strained Csp carbons with phosphorus and silicon. Standard aryne-generating conditions follow to convert the resulting 2-silylphenyl triflate into a 3-phosphonyl benzyne, which readily reacts with numerous aryne trapping reactants to form a variety of 2,3-difunctionalized aryl phosphonate products. DFT computational studies shed light on important mechanistic details and revealed that 3-phosphonyl benzynes are highly polarizable. Specifically, the distortion in the internal bond angles at each of the Csp atoms was strongly influenced by both the electronegativity of the phosphonate ester groups as well as the dielectric of the computational solvation model. These effects were verified experimentally as the regioselectivity of benzyl azide trapping increased with more electronegative esters and/or increasingly polar solvents. Conversely, replacing the conventional solvent, acetonitrile, with nonpolar alternatives provided attenuated or even inverted selectivities. Overall, these studies showcase new reactivity of benzyne intermediates and extend the aryne relay methodology to include organophosphonates. Furthermore, this work demonstrates that the regioselectivity of aryne trapping reactions could be tuned by simply changing the solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna M Bembenek
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
| | - Maya M S Petersen
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
| | - Julia A Lilly
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
| | - Amber L Haugen
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
| | - Naomi J Jiter
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
| | - Andrew J Johnson
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
| | - Ethan E Ripp
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
| | - Shelby A Winchell
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
| | - Alisha N Harvat
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
| | - Caitlin McNulty
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
| | - Sierra A Thein
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
| | - Abbigail M Grieger
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
| | - Brandon J Lyle
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
| | - Gabriella L Mraz
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
| | - Abigail M Stitgen
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
| | - Samuel Foss
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
| | - Merranda L Schmid
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
| | - Joseph D Scanlon
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
| | - Patrick H Willoughby
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
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Wang Y, Qing Y, Sun Y, Zhu M, Dong S. A study on preparation of modified Graphene Oxide and flame retardancy of polystyrene composite microspheres. Des Monomers Polym 2020; 23:1-15. [PMID: 32127789 PMCID: PMC7034076 DOI: 10.1080/15685551.2020.1720934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, the ODOPM, a kind of 9, 10-dihydro-9-oxygen-heterooxy-10-phosphoro-10-oxygen (DOPO) derivative, was obtained by hydroxylation of DOPO. Further, a phosphorus nano-flame retardant (GO-ODOPM) was obtained by addition reaction with carboxylated Graphite Oxide (GO-COOH). And then Graphene Oxide/polystyrene (GO-ODOPM/PS) composite microspheres were obtained via suspension polymerization of styrene with GO-ODOPM. The decrease of the peak heat release rate (HRR) and total heat release rate (THR) for the GO-ODOPM/PS composite microspheres was obtained when the content of the additives was only 3.0 wt% is more than 36.2% and 33.6% compared with the pure PS microspheres, respectively. Thermogravimetric (TG), dynamic rheology and carbon residue analysis were used to study the flame-retardant mechanism of GO-ODOPM in PS microspheres. The results revealed that the addition of GO-ODOPM obviously reduced the fire hazard of polystyrene (PS) microspheres. Thus, this work provided a feasible method to design efficient flame retardants for enhancing fire safety of polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazhen Wang
- College of Chemical and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, China
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Polymeric Composition Material, Qiqihar, China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Yingbo Qing
- College of Chemical and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, China
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Polymeric Composition Material, Qiqihar, China
| | - Yu Sun
- College of Chemical and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, China
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Polymeric Composition Material, Qiqihar, China
| | - Meng Zhu
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Polymeric Composition Material, Qiqihar, China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Shaobo Dong
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Polymeric Composition Material, Qiqihar, China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, China
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Ma T, Li L, Liu T, Guo C. Synthesis of a caged bicyclic phosphates derived anhydride and its performance as a flame‐retardant curing agent for epoxy resins. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Ma
- Guangzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Woody Biomass Functional New Materials, College of Materials and EnergySouth China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
| | - Liping Li
- Guangzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Woody Biomass Functional New Materials, College of Materials and EnergySouth China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
| | - Tao Liu
- Guangzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Woody Biomass Functional New Materials, College of Materials and EnergySouth China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
| | - Chuigen Guo
- Guangzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Woody Biomass Functional New Materials, College of Materials and EnergySouth China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
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Wen Y, Cheng Z, Li W, Li Z, Liao D, Hu X, Pan N, Wang D, Hull TR. A novel oligomer containing DOPO and ferrocene groups: Synthesis, characterization, and its application in fire retardant epoxy resin. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Realinho V, Haurie L, Formosa J, Velasco JI. Flame retardancy effect of combined ammonium polyphosphate and aluminium diethyl phosphinate in acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Krivoshiev BV, Beemster GTS, Sprangers K, Cuypers B, Laukens K, Blust R, Husson SJ. Transcriptome profiling of HepG2 cells exposed to the flame retardant 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene 10-oxide (DOPO). Toxicol Res (Camb) 2018; 7:492-502. [PMID: 30090599 PMCID: PMC6060682 DOI: 10.1039/c8tx00006a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The flame retardant, 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene 10-oxide (DOPO), has been receiving great interest given its superior fire protection properties, and its predicted low level of persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity. However, empirical toxicological data that are essential for a complete hazard assessment are severely lacking. In this study, we attempted to identify the potential toxicological modes of action by transcriptome (RNA-seq) profiling of the human liver hepatocellular carcinoma cell line, HepG2. Such insight may help in identifying compounds of concern and potential toxicological phenotypes. DOPO was found to have little cytotoxic potential, with lower effective concentrations compared to other flame retardants studied in the same cell line. Differentially expressed genes revealed a wide range of molecular effects including changes in protein, energy, DNA, and lipid metabolism, along with changes in cellular stress response pathways. In response to 250 μM DOPO, the most perturbed biological processes were fatty acid metabolism, androgen metabolism, glucose transport, and renal function and development, which is in agreement with other studies that observed similar effects of other flame retardants in other species. However, treatment with 2.5 μM DOPO resulted in very few differentially expressed genes and failed to indicate any potential effects on biology, despite such concentrations likely being orders of magnitude greater than would be encountered in the environment. This, together with the low levels of cytotoxicity, supports the potential replacement of the current flame retardants by DOPO, although further studies are needed to establish the nephrotoxicity and endocrine disruption of DOPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris V Krivoshiev
- Department of Biology , Systemic Physiological & Ecotoxicological Research , University of Antwerp , Antwerp , Belgium .
| | - Gerrit T S Beemster
- Department of Biology , Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research , University of Antwerp , Antwerp , Belgium
| | - Katrien Sprangers
- Department of Biology , Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research , University of Antwerp , Antwerp , Belgium
| | - Bart Cuypers
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science , Advanced Database Research and Modelling (ADReM) , University of Antwerp , Antwerp , Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences , Unit of Molecular Parasitology , Institute of Tropical Medicine , Antwerp , Belgium
| | - Kris Laukens
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science , Advanced Database Research and Modelling (ADReM) , University of Antwerp , Antwerp , Belgium
| | - Ronny Blust
- Department of Biology , Systemic Physiological & Ecotoxicological Research , University of Antwerp , Antwerp , Belgium .
| | - Steven J Husson
- Department of Biology , Systemic Physiological & Ecotoxicological Research , University of Antwerp , Antwerp , Belgium .
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Lu L, Guo N, Qian X, Yang S, Wang X, Jin J, Shao G. Thermal degradation and combustion behavior of intumescent flame-retardant polypropylene with novel phosphorus-based flame retardants. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lingang Lu
- Chinese People's Armed Police Force Academy, Xichang Road 220; Langfang City Hebei Province 065000 People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Guo
- Chinese People's Armed Police Force Academy, Xichang Road 220; Langfang City Hebei Province 065000 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Qian
- Chinese People's Armed Police Force Academy, Xichang Road 220; Langfang City Hebei Province 065000 People's Republic of China
| | - Shousheng Yang
- Chinese People's Armed Police Force Academy, Xichang Road 220; Langfang City Hebei Province 065000 People's Republic of China
| | - Xuebao Wang
- Chinese People's Armed Police Force Academy, Xichang Road 220; Langfang City Hebei Province 065000 People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Jin
- Chinese People's Armed Police Force Academy, Xichang Road 220; Langfang City Hebei Province 065000 People's Republic of China
| | - Gaosong Shao
- Chinese People's Armed Police Force Academy, Xichang Road 220; Langfang City Hebei Province 065000 People's Republic of China
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Li Y, Liu K, Xiao R. Preparation and characterization of flame-retarded polyamide 66 with melamine cyanurate by in situ polymerization. Macromol Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-017-5081-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Fang Y, Zhou X, Xing Z, Wu Y. An effective flame retardant for poly(ethylene terephthalate) synthesized by phosphaphenanthrene and cyclotriphosphazene. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yinchun Fang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 China
- Key Laboratory of Science & Technology of Eco-Textile (Ministry of Education); Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Zhiqi Xing
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Yarong Wu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 China
- Key Laboratory of Science & Technology of Eco-Textile (Ministry of Education); Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 China
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Fang Y, Zhou X, Xing Z, Wu Y. Flame retardant performance of a carbon source containing DOPO derivative in PET and epoxy. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yinchun Fang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 China
- Key Laboratory of Science & Technology of Eco-Textile (Ministry of Education); Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Zhiqi Xing
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Yarong Wu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 China
- Key Laboratory of Science & Technology of Eco-Textile (Ministry of Education); Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 China
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Min Y, Li P, Yin XG, Ban DM. Synthesis and characterization of an novel flame retardant based on phosphaphenanthrene for epoxy resin. Polym Bull (Berl) 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-016-1693-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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