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Pang ASR, Dinesh T, Pang NYL, Dinesh V, Pang KYL, Yong CL, Lee SJJ, Yip GW, Bay BH, Srinivasan DK. Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery Systems for the Targeted Treatment of Atherosclerosis. Molecules 2024; 29:2873. [PMID: 38930939 PMCID: PMC11206617 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29122873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis continues to be a leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally. The precise evaluation of the extent of an atherosclerotic plaque is essential for forecasting its likelihood of causing health concerns and tracking treatment outcomes. When compared to conventional methods used, nanoparticles offer clear benefits and excellent development opportunities for the detection and characterisation of susceptible atherosclerotic plaques. In this review, we analyse the recent advancements of nanoparticles as theranostics in the management of atherosclerosis, with an emphasis on applications in drug delivery. Furthermore, the main issues that must be resolved in order to advance clinical utility and future developments of NP research are discussed. It is anticipated that medical NPs will develop into complex and advanced next-generation nanobotics that can carry out a variety of functions in the bloodstream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Shao-Rong Pang
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore; (A.S.-R.P.); (N.Y.-L.P.); (C.L.Y.)
| | - Tarini Dinesh
- Department of Medicine, Government Kilpauk Medical College, Chennai 600010, Tamilnadu, India;
| | - Natalie Yan-Lin Pang
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore; (A.S.-R.P.); (N.Y.-L.P.); (C.L.Y.)
| | - Vishalli Dinesh
- Department of Pathology, Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Medical College Hospital, Perambalur 621113, Tamilnadu, India;
| | - Kimberley Yun-Lin Pang
- Division of Medicine, South Australia Health, Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, SA 5112, Australia; (K.Y.-L.P.); (S.J.J.L.)
| | - Cai Ling Yong
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore; (A.S.-R.P.); (N.Y.-L.P.); (C.L.Y.)
| | - Shawn Jia Jun Lee
- Division of Medicine, South Australia Health, Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, SA 5112, Australia; (K.Y.-L.P.); (S.J.J.L.)
| | - George W. Yip
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117594, Singapore; (G.W.Y.); (B.H.B.)
| | - Boon Huat Bay
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117594, Singapore; (G.W.Y.); (B.H.B.)
| | - Dinesh Kumar Srinivasan
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117594, Singapore; (G.W.Y.); (B.H.B.)
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Hussain A, Riaz Dar MN, Alrasheed NH, Hajlaoui K, Ben Hamida MB. Assessment of heat transfer and the consequences of iron oxide (Fe 3O 4) nanoparticles on flow of blood in an abdominal aortic aneurysm. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17660. [PMID: 37449142 PMCID: PMC10336533 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study is established on a simulation using CFD analysis in COMSOL. Blood acted as the base fluid with this simulation. The taken flow is been modeled as incompressible, unsteady, laminar and Newtonian fluid, which is appropriate at high rates of shear. The characteristic of flow of blood is been studied in order to determine pressure, velocity and temperature impact caused by an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). This work employs nanoparticles of the Iron Oxide (Fe3O4) type. The CFD technique is utilized to evaluate the equations of mass, momentum, and energy. The COMSOL software is utilized to generate a normal element sized mesh. The findings of this study demonstrate that velocity alters through aneurysmal part of the aorta, that velocity is higher in a diseased segment, and that velocity increases before and after the aneurysmal region. For the heat transfer feature, the reference temperature and general inward heat flux is taken as 293.15K and 800W/m2. The nanoparticles altered blood's physical properties, including conductivity, dynamic viscosity, specific heat, and density. The inclusion of Iron Oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles managed to prevent overheating because taken nanoparticles have significant thermal conductivity. These findings will be extremely beneficial in the treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azad Hussain
- Department of Mathematics, University of Gujrat, Gujrat 50700, Pakistan
| | | | - Nashmi H. Alrasheed
- College of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalil Hajlaoui
- College of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Bechir Ben Hamida
- College of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Research Laboratory of Ionized Backgrounds and Reagents Studies (EMIR), Preparatory Institute for Engineering Studies of Monastir (IPEIM), University of Monastir, Monastir City, Tunisia
- Higher School of Sciences and Technology of Hammam Sousse (ESSTHS), University of Sousse, Tunisia
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Gandhi R, Sharma BK, Mishra NK, Al-Mdallal QM. Computer Simulations of EMHD Casson Nanofluid Flow of Blood through an Irregular Stenotic Permeable Artery: Application of Koo-Kleinstreuer-Li Correlations. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:652. [PMID: 36839020 PMCID: PMC9958988 DOI: 10.3390/nano13040652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A novel analysis of the electromagnetohydrodynamic (EMHD) non-Newtonian nanofluid blood flow incorporating CuO and Al2O3 nanoparticles through a permeable walled diseased artery having irregular stenosis and an aneurysm is analyzed in this paper. The non-Newtonian behavior of blood flow is addressed by the Casson fluid model. The effective viscosity and thermal conductivity of nanofluids are calculated using the Koo-Kleinstreuer-Li model, which takes into account the Brownian motion of nanoparticles. The mild stenosis approximation is employed to reduce the bi-directional flow of blood to uni-directional. The blood flow is influenced by an electric field along with a magnetic field perpendicular to the blood flow. The governing mathematical equations are solved using Crank-Nicolson finite difference approach. The model has been developed and validated by comparing the current results to previously published benchmarks that are peculiar to this study. The results are utilized to investigate the impact of physical factors on momentum diffusion and heat transfer. The Nusselt number escalates with increasing CuO nanoparticle diameter and diminishing the diameter of Al2O3 nanoparticles. The relative % variation in Nusselt number enhances with Magnetic number, whereas a declining trend is obtained for the electric field parameter. The present study's findings may be helpful in the diagnosis of hemodynamic abnormalities and the fields of nano-hemodynamics, nano-pharmacology, drug delivery, tissue regeneration, wound healing, and blood purification systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishu Gandhi
- Department of Mathematics, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031, India
| | - Bhupendra Kumar Sharma
- Department of Mathematics, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031, India
| | - Nidhish Kumar Mishra
- Department of Basic Science, College of Science and Theoretical Studies, Saudi Electronic University, Riyadh 11673, Saudi Arabia
| | - Qasem M. Al-Mdallal
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, College of Science, UAE University, Al-Ain P.O. Box 17551, United Arab Emirates
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Deng B, Jiang Y, Gao L, Zhao B. CFD modeling of ethylene degradation in gas-phase photocatalytic reactors. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:24132-24142. [PMID: 36333633 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23737-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic oxidation is a promising technology to degrade volatile organic compounds. The performance of photocatalytic reactors is affected by the hydrodynamics, radiation transfer, mass transfer and reaction kinetics. Baffles may improve the hydrodynamics. The effect of baffles on heterogeneous photocatalytic oxidation of gas-phase ethylene in three annular reactors is simulated using computational fluid dynamics. ANSYS Fluent is used to solve all governing equations. Baffles can improve the uniformity of flow and prolong the residence time. The residence time of the C-type reactor and B-type reactor is 0.5% greater than the unbaffled reactor. Baffles have little effect on the radiation distribution. The concentric arrangement of lamp and the reactor leads to a radial dominance of radiation. The effect of baffles on the diffusion of ethylene is complex. The effective diffusion coefficient at the catalyst surface in the C-type reactor decreases 9.5% and that in the B-type reactor increases 3% with respect to the unbaffled reactor. The outlet ethylene concentration is 4.19 ppmv for the U-type reactor, 3.93 ppmv for the C-type reactor and 3.62 ppmv for the B-type reactor. The optimal performance in the B-type reactor is due to the large diffusion coefficient of ethylene. The arrangement of baffles should enlarge the effective diffusion coefficient at the catalyst surface as far as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoqing Deng
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuanzhen Jiang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Gao
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, People's Republic of China
| | - Bensheng Zhao
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, People's Republic of China
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Magnetic Nanoparticles: Current Advances in Nanomedicine, Drug Delivery and MRI. CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemistry4030063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have evolved tremendously during recent years, in part due to the rapid expansion of nanotechnology and to their active magnetic core with a high surface-to-volume ratio, while their surface functionalization opened the door to a plethora of drug, gene and bioactive molecule immobilization. Taming the high reactivity of the magnetic core was achieved by various functionalization techniques, producing MNPs tailored for the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular or neurological disease, tumors and cancer. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) are established at the core of drug-delivery systems and could act as efficient agents for MFH (magnetic fluid hyperthermia). Depending on the functionalization molecule and intrinsic morphological features, MNPs now cover a broad scope which the current review aims to overview. Considering the exponential expansion of the field, the current review will be limited to roughly the past three years.
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Lindemann MC, Luttke T, Nottrodt N, Schmitz-Rode T, Slabu I. FEM based simulation of magnetic drug targeting in a multibranched vessel model. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2021; 210:106354. [PMID: 34464768 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2021.106354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Magnetic drug targeting (MDT) is a promising technology to improve cancer therapy. MDT describes the accumulation of drug loaded superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) at a desired location, e. g. a tumor, by application of a magnetic field. Here, we evaluate the effectivity of MDT for an endoscopic placement of two different configurations of magnet arrays, i. e. six magnets with same poles facing each other and a Halbach array. Compared to conventional magnet setups outside the body, this endoscopic placement gives the possibility to achieve higher magnetic field gradients inside the tumor. METHODS For such a MDT concept, we present FEM based simulations of MDT tracing single SPIONs in a 3D geometry of eight multibranched vessels with sizes in the range of capillaries. In these simulations, the effect of the magnetic field gradient as well as of magnet distance to the vessel geometry, magnetic flux density of the magnets, SPIONs hydrodynamic diameter and magnetic moment on the MDT effectivity is calculated. The blood flow is modelled as an incompressible Newtonian fluid and the SPIONs are suspended in the blood flow. Statistical significance of the targeting effectivity results is tested with the Mann-Whitney-U-Test. RESULTS The results show that the magnetic targeting effectivity is up to 32 % higher than the one calculated without the presence of a magnetic field. In the investigated vessel network, this effect on the targeting effectivity is dependent on the number of local magnetic field maxima that are approached with a high gradient and is noticeable up to 200 µm distance of the magnet to the vessel geometry. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that for an effective application of MDT, the magnet configuration needs to be placed close to the tumor and should yield a large number of magnetic field maxima that are approached with a high gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max C Lindemann
- Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 20, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Till Luttke
- Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 20, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Nadine Nottrodt
- Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology ILT Aachen, Steinbachstr. 15, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmitz-Rode
- Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 20, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ioana Slabu
- Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 20, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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Arshadi S, Pishevar AR. Magnetic drug delivery effects on tumor growth. INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE UNLOCKED 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2021.100789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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